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La EPOC como factor de riesgo
para Cáncer de Pulmón
Dr. Juan Pablo de Torres Tajes
Servicio de Neumología
Clínica Universidad de Navarra
Resumen
•Una asociación letal
•Nuestros datos
•Posibles mecanismos patogénicos
•Propuestas para el futuro
•Conclusiones
Cáncer de Pulmón
•El 85% de los casos están
asociado al tabaco.
•La sobrevida global al
momento del diagnóstico es
del 5-15%.
•No existen aún normativas
que recomienden estudios de
cribado de cáncer de pulmón
en pacientes de alto riesgo.
Pirozynscki M. 100 years of lung cancer. Respir Med. 2006
Relación entre la mortalidad por EPOC y
Cáncer de pulmón
Obstrucción de la vía aérea y Cáncer de pulmón
“The rate of development of lung cancer
was significantly different in the two
groups (p = 0.024): the 10-year
cumulative percentage was 8.8% for
cases and 2.0% for controls” 1
113 COPD/113 smoker without COPD
10 yrs of follow up
“Among cigarette smokers, the presence
of airways obstruction was more of an
indicator for the subsequent development
of lung cancer than was age or the level
of smoking” 2
1.Skillrud DM. Higher risk of lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A
prospective, matched, controlled study. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:503-7.
2. Tockman MS. Airways obstruction and the risk for lung cancer. Ann Intern Med.1987;106:512-
Enfisema y Cáncer de pulmón
Zulueta JJ. Lung cancer in patients with bullous disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:519-22.
Rozenshtein A. Incidental lung carcinoma detected at CT in patients selected for lung volume reduction
surgery to treat severe pulmonary emphysema. Radiology. 1998;207:487-90.
Assessing the relationship between lung cancer risk
and emphysema detected on low-dose CT of the chest
• En 5 años aproximadamente 1200 fumadores fueron
examinados con low-dose spiral CT (LDCT) y
espirometría.
• Valoración visual cualitativa del enfisema
• Se diagnosticaron 20 cánceres de pulmón.
• 16 en estadío I, 2 in estadío II and 2 en estadío IIIb.
de Torres et al. CHEST 2007; 132: 1932-8
Assessing the relationship between lung cancer risk
and emphysema detected on low-dose CT of the chest
Odds Ratio para el diagnóstico de cáncer de pulmón
RR
IC 95%
Emphysema
2,51
1,01– 6,23
COPD
2,10
0,79 – 5,58
Adjusted for age, sex and pack-years, emphysema or COPD.
de Torres et al. CHEST 2007; 132: 1932-8
• Pittsburgh Lung Cancer Screening Study
• 3,638 participantes (48% mujeres)
• Espirometría Basal (sin broncodilatador)
• Valoración visual cuantitativa del enfisema
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178:738
Pittsburgh Lung Cancer Screening Study
OR
95%CI
Emphysema
3.14
1.91– 5.15
COPD
1.41
0.87- 2.29
Adjusted for age, sex and smoking and emphysema or COPD
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178:738
Lung Cancer in patients with COPD:
Incidence and Predicting factors
de Torres JP. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:913-9
Lung Cancer in patients with COPD:
Incidence and Predicting factors
•215 cases of lung cancer
•Incidence density 16.7/1000 persons year
•Most frequent histological type: squamous cell
•904 died during the follow up time
•174 due to lung cancer
de Torres JP. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:913-9
Incidencia de cáncer según el estadío de GOLD
de Torres JP. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:913-9
Variables asociadas al diagnostico de cáncer de pulmón en
pacientes con EPOC
de Torres JP. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:913-9
Mecanismos patológicos comunes propuestos
Brody J and Spira A. State of the art. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammation,
and lung cancer.Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006 Aug;3(6):535-7.
Nature medicine, october 2008
Genes potentially involved in lung carcinogenesis and
COPD pathogenesis
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha (nAChR) subunits 3 (CHRNA3) and 5 (CHRNA5),
and the 4 nAChR subunit (CHRNB4)
p53 Tumour suppressor genes
p21 wap/C1P1 cell cycle marker
RB1 Tumor supressor protein
Hedgehog interacting protein
Adcock IM. Respiration 2011; 81: 265-84
20%!!
Participants were randomly assigned to undergo three annual screenings with
either low-dose CT (26,722 participants) or single-view PA RXTX (26,732).
Lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography in
patients with mild to moderate COPD: impact on survival
Low Dose chest CT Anual
Protocolo IELCAP
Seguimiento regular EPOC
RXTX basal
Seguimiento regular EPOC
Submited
Lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography in
patients with mild to moderate COPD: impact on survival
Características de los pacientes
Submited
Lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography in
patients with mild to moderate COPD: impact on survival
Características de los pacientes
Submited
Lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography in
patients with mild to moderate COPD: impact on survival
Tipo Histológico
Estadio Oncológico TNM
Reference Group
Adeno 54%
Squamous 37%
Small cell 5%
Screenig Group
Adeno 65%
Squamous 26%
Small cell 5%
Submited
Lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography in
patients with mild to moderate COPD: impact on survival
Mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón
Submited
El Futuro del Screening?
Fumadores y ex fumadores: Edad > 30 + Paquetes-año>10
Espirometría y LDCT
Biomarcadores séricos o de esputo ?
Obstrucción + enfisema
Normal
Screening cada 5 años??
Biomarcadores ↑ ↑ ↑
Screening periódico: cada año?
Conclusiones
• Fumadores o ex fumadores adultos con
EPOC/Enfisema son población de alto riesgo
para desarrollar cáncer de pulmón.
• Aquellos con obstrucción leve y enfisema
deben ser objetivo de un seguimiento estrecho
(screening) por su riesgo especialmente alto.
MUCHAS GRACIAS
VIVA SAN FERMÍN!!!!