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Entendiendo Política, Leyes y
Economía
Understanding Politics, Laws, and
Economics
Objetivos
Después de esta clase, deberán ser capaces de:
1. Entender el concepto de “instituciones” y su factor de importancia para reducir la
incertidumbre
2. Identificar las diferencias básicas entre democracia y totalitarismo.
3. Entender las diferencias entre derecho civil, ley común y ley teocrática
4. Entender la importancia de los derechos de propiedad y derechos de propiedad intelectual
5. Diferencias entre economía de mercado, among market economy, command economy, y
economía mixta
6. Participate in three leading debates on politics, laws, and economics
7. Draw managerial implications
INSTITUCIONES FORMALES E INFORMALES
INSTITUCIONES – se les conoce como ”las reglas del juego”
y pueden ser formales e informales
institution-based view - leading perspective on global
business in which firms constantly monitor, decode, and adapt to
the changing rules of the game to survive and prosper
INSTITUCIONES FORMALES E INFORMALES
Marco Institucional – instituciones formales e informales
que rigen el comportamiento individual y organizacional.
Instituciones Formales – leyes, regulaciones y reglas.
regulación pilar o eje - el poder coercitivo de
los gobiernos (a fuerza)
INSTITUCIONES FORMALES E INFORMALES
Instituciones Informales – son representadas por
normas, culturas y etica.
pilar normativo - como los valores, creencias y acciones de
otros actores relevantes - conocidos colectivamente como las
normas - influyen en el comportamiento de los individuos y las
empresas.
pilar cognitivo - interiorizado, que se da por sentado los
valores y creencias que guían el comportamiento individual y la
empresa
QUE HACEN LAS INSTITUCIONES?
Su rol es reducir la incertidumbre influyendo en la toma de
decisiones de personas y empresas señalando qué conducta es
legítima y aceptable y cual no lo es.
costos de transacción - los costos asociados con las
transacciones económicas, los costos de hacer negocios
oportunismo - que buscan su propio interés con engaño
transiciones institucionales – modificaciones que se
aplican a las reglas formales e informales del juego que afectan a las
organizaciones participantes
QUE HACEN LAS INSTITUCIONES?
SISTEMAS POLITICOS
Riesgos politicos – relacionados con cambios politicos que
pueden impactar negativamente empresas locales y extranjeras.
Venezuela
China
Bolivia
Irak
Estados Unidos
Mexico
Etc
SISTEMAS POLITICOS
Democracy – DEMOS (pueblo) CRATOS (poder/gob) Political
system in which citizens elect representatives to govern the country
on their behalf
-Los ciudadanos eligen a sus gobernantes.
An individual’s right to freedom of expression and organization is
a fundamental aspect of democracy that is relevant to the effective
conduct of global business
Derechos individuales, libertad de expresion y organizacion son
aspectos fundamentales de la democracia y ejes centrales para los
negocios globales.
SISTEMAS POLITICOS
Totalitarianism (or dictatorship) - political system in
which one person or party exercises absolute political control over
the population
-Una persona o partido controla a la población
Communist totalitarianism centers on a communist
party (China, Cuba, Vietnam)
Right-wing totalitarianism characterized by intense
hatred of communism with one party, typically backed by the
military, restricts political freedom, arguing that such freedom
would lead to communism – fuerza militar (Taiwan, Sudafrica,
Korea)
SISTEMAS POLITICOS
totalitarianism (or dictatorship) - political system in
which one person or party exercises absolute political control over
the population
Theocratic totalitarianism - monopolization of
political power in the hands of one religious party or group
(Iran, Araia Saudita)
Tribal totalitarianism - one tribe or ethnic group
(which may or may not be the majority of the population)
monopolizes political power and oppresses other tribes or ethnic
groups (Seris en la Isla del Tiburon)
SISTEMAS LEGALES
legal system/sistema legal- rules of the game on how a
country’s laws are enacted and enforced – como se manejan las
leyes en algun país.
civil law / derecho civil - derived from Roman law and
strengthened by Napoleon’s France, it is the oldest, most influential,
and most widely distributed law around the world
common law / ley común - shaped by precedents and
traditions, English in origin, based on previous judicial decisions
theocratic law /ley teocrática- based on religious
teachings
PROPERTY RIGHTS
property rights / derecho de propiedad - legal
rights to use an economic property (resource) and to derive income
and benefits from it / derecho legal para usar una propiedad
economica y obtener recursos a cambio
patents / patentes- legal rights awarded by government
authorities to inventors of new products or processes, who are given
exclusive (monopoly) rights to derive income from inventions
through activities such as manufacturing, licensing, or selling /
otorgado por autoridades a inventores de nuevos productos o
procesos para su uso exclusivo y obtener beneficios.
PROPERTY RIGHTS
intellectual property / propiedad intelectual -
intangible property that results from intellectual activity (such as books,
videos, and websites) / propiedad intangible que resulta de actividades
intelectuales.
intellectual property rights / derechos sobre
propiedad intelectual - rights associated with the ownership of
intellectual property.
copyrights / derecho de autor- exclusive legal rights of
authors and publishers to publish and disseminate their work
trademarks / marca registrada - exclusive legal rights of firms to
use specific names, brands, and designs to differentiate their products
from others
piracy / pirateria- unauthorized use of intellectual property rights
SISTEMAS ECONOMICOS
economic system / sistema economico- rules of
the game on how a country is governed economically
market economy /economia de mercadoscharacterized by the “invisible hand” of market forces / ofertademanda. Mercados mandan (capitalismo)
command economy / economia dirigida - all
factors of production are government- or state-owned and
controlled, and all supply, demand, and pricing are planned by the
government (socialismo)
mixed economy - characterized by elements of both a market
economy and a command economy
Drivers of Economic Development:
Culture, Geography, or Institutions?
Some African countries such as Burundi so underdeveloped (poor)?
More generally, what drives economic development in different
countries?
Speed and Effectiveness of Institutional
Transitions: China versus Russia
If democracies favor economic growth, how do you
explain the fact that China, a totalitarian regime,
boasts the fastest growing economy in the last 30
years?
Measures of Political Risk: Perception
vs. Objective Measures
How to actually measure political risk has led to a significant debate.
One side suggests that political risk is based on perception and that the best
measures can be found through surveys of international executives on their
perceptions.
However, critics argue that perception can be deceiving and misleading.
They point out that perception-based rankings in the 1990s failed to
provide warning of political changes in Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea,
and Thailand.
Critics advocate objective measures of political risk that take into account a
country’s underlying political and regulatory structures.