Download B) Oraciones interrogativas ( Reported questions)
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REPORTED SPEECH (ESTILO INDIRECTO) El estilo indirecto se usa para contarle a alguien lo que otra persona ha dicho, sin utilizar sus palabras de forma literal. He told me: “ I gave you my book yesterday “ ( DIRECT SPEECH) He told me (that) he had given me his book the day before (INDIRECT OR REPORTED SPEECH) La estructura es un poco diferente dependiendo si queremos transformar una oración enunciativa, pregunta u orden. Cuando transformamos oraciones, se tiene que llevar a cabo una serie de cambios que afectan a los pronombres, tiempos verbales, expresiones de lugar y de tiempo, la puntuación ( pérdida de los dos puntos y comillas) e incluso cambia el orden de la frase ( preguntas ) 1. CAMBIO EN LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES ¡ IMPORTANTE! 1. Cuando el verbo introductor del estilo indirecto está en “present tense “ or “future tense ”, los tiempos verbales de la oración indirecta no cambian They say :´We live near here´ They say (that) they live near here He says: ´I don´t want to study´ He says (that) he doesn´t want to study 2. También esto ocurre cuando la oración indica una verdad universal: He said: ´Smoking kills´ = He said (that) smoking kills Sin embargo cuando el verbo introductor está en pasado ( past tense ) , los cambios (backshift ) que se producen son los siguientes: DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE She said, I am happy". (Ella dijo, "Estoy feliz") He said: "I work everyday". (El dijo, "Trabajo a diario") She said that she was happy . (Ella dijo que estaba feliz) He said that he worked everyday. (El dijo que trabajaba a diario) PRESENT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE PAST CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE You said, "They are reading". (Usted dijo, "Ellos/as están leyendo") You said that they were reading. (Usted dijo que ellos/as estaban leyendo) PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE He said, "I have bought a car". He said that he had bought a car. (El dijo, "He comprado un auto") (El dijo que había comprado un auto) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He said, "I have been studying”. (El dijo, ´” he estado estudiando") He said that he had been studying. (El dijo que había estado estudiando) PAST SIMPLE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE He said, "I bought a piano". (El dijo, "Compré un piano") He said that he had bought a piano. (El dijo que había comprado un piano) PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He said, "I was working ". (El dijo, "Estuve/Estaba trabajando") He said that he had been working . (El dijo que había estado trabajando) FUTURE OF INTENTION (going to) PAST OF INTENTION (going to) She said, "I am going to win". (Ella dijo, "Voy a ganar") She said that she was going to win. (Ella dijo que iba a ganar) FUTURE SIMPLE CONDITIONAL SIMPLE They said, "We will lose ". (Ellos dijeron, "Perderemos") They said that they would lose . (Ellos dijeron que perderían) FUTURE PERFECT PERFECT CONDITIONAL He said, "I will have bought the house by June 2010". (El dijo, "Habré comprado la casa para junio 2010") He said that he would have bought the house by June 2010. (El dijo que habría comprado la casa para junio 2010) FUTURE CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL She said, "I will be having tea with Helen at 5 pm". (Ella dijo, "Estaré tomando el té con Helen a las 5 de la tarde") She said that she would be having tea with Helen at 5 pm. (Ella dijo que estaría tomando el té con Helen a las 5 de la tarde) PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE She said, "I have been painting the walls". (Ella dijo, "He estado pintando las paredes") She said that she had been painting the walls. (Ella dijo que había estado pintando las paredes) DIRECT SPEECH MODAL VERBS REPORTED SPEECH CAN COULD SHALL SHOULD MUST HAD TO HAVE TO HAD TO MAY MIGHT ¡ IMPORTANTE! : PAST PERFECT SIMPLE, WOULD, COULD , SHOULD, HAD TO , USED TO , OUGHT TO NO CAMBIAN. 2.CAMBIO EN LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES Y POSESIVOS, DETERMINANTES POSESIVOS EMISOR ESTILO DIRECTO ( 1º PERSONA) I * Me My Mine We * us our ours ESTILO INDIRECTO ( 3º PERSONA) He/she Him/her His/her His/hers They them their theirs Normalmente la primera persona cambia a tercera persona, a excepción : I said `I´m studying very hard´ I said I was studying very hard We told them ´We are playing football´ You (1) We told them we were playing football RECEPTOR you(2) your (3) yours(4) She said ` I can´t find my purse ´ DEPENDIENDO A QUIEN ESTE DIRIGIDA LA INFORMACION (RECEPTOR) : (1)I, he, she ,it, we, they (2)Me, him, her, it, us, them (3)My, his, her, its, our, their (4)Mine, his, hers, its, ours, theirs …….. she said she couldn´t find her purse He said to us ` I want you to come´ ……….. he told us he wanted us to come I told them´ I´ll help you with the homework´…. I told them I would help them with the homework 3.CAMBIO EN LAS EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO Y LUGAR DIRECT S REPORTED S DIRECT S REPORTED S this that or the* next year… the following year… these those or the* yesterday the day before /the previous day here there now then tomorrow ago before the day before yesterday today that day last year/month.. the previous year/month.. Tonight that night the next day or the following day the day after tomorrow two days before in two days time or two Yesterday evening Last evening Tomorrow morning… The following morning… This/these cambian a that/those cuando van seguidos de expresion de tiempo: This morning ………. That morning these days ……….those days This/these cambian a the cuando van seguidos de sustantivo: He said `I want this car´……….. He said he wanted the car 4. VERBOS INTRODUCTORES : SAY , TELL , ASK SAY Los verbos introductores más comunes son : say ,tell and ask. - sin objecto directo : He said `I´m still tired´ - con objecto directo: ` I´m still tired´ He said he was still tired He said to me he was still tired Error común : `I´m still a bit dizzy´ he said me IMPORTANTE La forma verbal “ say to” no se puede usar en el estilo indirecto, es necesario cambiarlo a tell. Veamos el siguiente ejemplo: He said to me `I´m reading Romeo and Juliet ´ He told me he was reading Romeo and Juliet * Este caso suele suceder en las oraciones declarativas, aunque no hay que descartar el resto de oraciones TELL - siempre va seguido de obj directo : He told me ´I´m still tired´ He told me he was still tired ASK - es obligatorio usarlo en las oraciones interrogativas. Por lo tanto si una oración interrogativa en estilo directo está introducida por (to) say / tell , es necesaria cambiarlo a (to) ask al pasarla a estilo indirecto, veamos el ejemplo: He told me : “ What time is it?” He asked me what time it was 5. TIPO DE ORACIONES A) Oraciones enunciativas ( declarative statements ) He said : “ He is at the station” = He said (THAT) He was at the station He told me : “ I will tell you something important” = He told me (THAT) He would tell me something important B) Oraciones interrogativas ( Reported questions) El verbo introductor más común usado en las oraciones interrogativas es : ask. Por lo tanto si en la oración de estilo directo, el verbo introductor es say o tell, al pasar a estilo indirecto cambia a ask . He told me : ` What are you doing´ He asked me what I was doing Otros verbos introductores usados en las oraciones interrogativas son los siguientes : know, want to know, wonder… DOS TIPOS: 1. ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS SIMPLES (YES/NO QUESTIONS) He asked me: Are you going to the party tonight? = He asked me IF I was going to the party that night Nexo – enlace : IF Oración interrogativa : cambia de orden y pasa a adquirir el orden de una oración enunciativa He asked her : Do you want something to eat? = He asked her IF she wanted something to eat 2. ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS WH- QUESTIONS ( Con partícula interrogativa) He asked me: “Why did you bring her this box? = He asked me WHY I had brought her that box Nexo – enlace : partícula interrogativa de la oración a transformar ( wh- question) Oración interrogativa: cambia de orden como la anterior ( Suj+Verbo ) He asked me : When will you go here? = He asked me WHEN I would go there C) Ordenes ( Reported commands or requests ) ESTILO DIRECTO Imperative ESTILO INDIRECTO To+ infinitive / not to+ infinitive Her mother told her : “Don`t play” = Her mother told her NOT TO play They told us : “ Read this book” = They told us TO read that book Verbos introductorios ( Reporting Verbs) Como se ha especificado anteriormente, los verbos introductores más usuales son : SAY / TELL ASK Pero hay tambien otros verbos que hay que tener en cuenta, y dependiendo del verbo la oración de estilo indirecto puede estar expresada de una forma u otra, es decir, siguiendo la regla normal ( that..) , o infinitivo o gerundio VERBO Advise someone (aconsejar) Agree ( estar de acuerdo) Answer ( contestar) Beg ( rogar) Complain(quejarse) Deny ( negarse) Explain ( explicar) Insist ( insistir) Invite ( invitar) Offer ( ofrecer) Point out ( destacar) Refuse ( rechazar) THAT... TO + INFINITIVO Advise Sb (not) to do sth: I Advised you not to play there Agree that : Agree to do Sth: I agreed that she could I agreed to make a go there ( Cuando no barbecue (Cuando tú participas en la acción) participas en la acción) Answer that: He answered (that) he wanted to go Beg Sb to do sth : He begged her to tell her everything Complain (that): He complained that everybody was making noise ( se queja en general) Deny (that) : He denied ( that) everybody spoke too much ( implica a otra/s persona/s) Explain ( that): He explained ( that) the sun goes round the earth Insist ( that) : He insisted that he should go there ( insistir en que alguien haga algo) Invite Sb to do Sth: He invited her to go to his home He offered her to bring her a milk Point out ( that): He pointed out ( that) she should eat less Refuse to do Sth: He refused to play the GERUNDIO (ING) Deny + -ing He denied doing the homeworks ( se niega a hacer algo) piano Suggest ( sugerir) Recommend ( recomendar ) Suggest (that) Recommend ( that) He suggested that she should eat less ( cuando se sugiere o se recomienda a alguien que haga algo) Suggest+ -ing: He suggested doing a barbecue ( cuando simplemente se sugiere o se recomienda , sin implicar a nadie) Thank ( agradecer) Apologise ( pedir disculpas) Warn ( avisar) Order ( ordenar) Ask ( pedir) Remind ( recordar) Thank Sb for doing sth Apologise for doing sth: He thanked her for inviting her I apologised for forgetting Warn (not) to do: He warned her not to shout so much Order (sb) to do sth Ask ( sb) to do sth Remind (sb) to do sth ( ordenar/pedir/ recordar a alguien que haga algo): I ordered her to stay here