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UNIT ONE Simple Past Tense El pasado simple se utiliza para describir acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado. Affirmative Sentences Existen dos tipos de verbos para formar el pasado simple: los verbos regulares y los verbos irregulares. A continuación observemos las conjugaciones con los dos tipos de verbos: Sujeto Verbo en pasado Complemento I worked You went He ate She walked It had We called the doctor two days ago. You came late last Tuesday. They watched TV two days ago. in a company last year. to a bank last week. a sandwich yesterday. in the park with her dog. a nice view. Rules for Regular Verbs: Para la formación de una oración en pasado con los verbos regulares se siguen las siguientes reglas: 1. Generalmente se añade – ed a la raíz del verbo. Ejemplo: listen – listened work – worked 2. Si un verbo termina en –e, se añade únicamente la –d Ejemplo: arrive- arrived dance- danced 3. Si un verbo termina en –y precedido por una consonante, este se cambia por i y se añade - ed Ejemplo: cry – cried study – studied A continuación se presenta una lista de verbos básicos en los que se aplican las reglas detalladas en la parte superior: Regular Verbs INFINITIVO PASADO SIGNIFICADO arrive ask call clean close cook cry dance die happen like love listen open play study talk travel visit wait walk want wash watch work arrived asked called cleaned closed cooked cried danced died happened liked loved listened opened played studied talked traveled visit waited walked wanted washed watched worked arribar preguntar, pedir llamar limpiar cerrar cocinar llorar bailar morir ocurrir gustar amar escuchar abrir jugar / tocar estudiar hablar viajar visitar esperar caminar querer lavar mirar trabajar TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE Las expresiones de tiempo que generalmente se utilizan con oraciones en el pasado simple son las siguientes: yesterday (ayer) last week/ year/ month (el mes anterior) one week / two days ago (hace dos días) Ejemplos: - Steven visited Jennifer last month. - Claudia worked yesterday. - Jennifer talked to me three days ago. Steven visitó a Jennifer el mes pasado. Claudia trabajó ayer. Jennifer habló conmigo hace tres días. EJERCICIO 1 I. Cambie los siguientes verbos regulares al pasado aplicando las reglas establecidas previamente a. fry ____________ f. invent ____________ b. live ____________ g. move ____________ c. carry ____________ h. share ____________ d. like ____________ i. try ____________ e. look ____________ j. copy ____________ II. Use las palabras en paréntesis, ordénelas de ser necesario y forme oraciones afirmativas en pasado simple a. ( Amy / clean / the windows/ last night) _________________________________________ b. ( arrive / Jerry / late / yesterday) _________________________________________ c. ( listen to / classical music / Jason) _________________________________________ d. ( cry / a lot / last morning / Jane) _________________________________________ e. ( My teacher/ want / to talk / with me) _________________________________________ f. ( angrily/ He/ the door/ close) _________________________________________ g. ( wash / Margaret/ her hair/ last Monday) _________________________________________ h. ( died/ My grandmother/ because of cancer/ four days ago) ____________________________________________________________________________ i. (cook/ Maggie/ yesterday/ delicious food) __________________________________________ j. (Byron and George/ on a big project / work/ hard) ____________________________________ III. Complete los siguientes diálogos usando last, ago o yesterday SOPHIA: What time did you arrive home a) __________ night? DANIEL: At 11:50 p.m. I had a party with my friends b) _____________. It was fun. Why mum? SOPHIA: Because I was worried about you and as far as I can remember you said the same thing one week c) __________. DANIEL: Sorry mum! I promise I won’t do that again. SOPHIA: I hope so ANDREW: I visited our grandmother d) ____________ Monday. ROBERT: Was she fine? ANDREW: Yes, she was fine but she wanted to see you. ROBERT: I wanted to visit her one month e)__________ but I had too much work. ANDREW: I think you should visit her. PATTY: Where did you go f.) _______________? SALLY: I went to the church because I couldn’t go there g.) __________ Sunday. BRYAN: Did you watch your favorite soap opera h.) ________ night? VICKY: No, I didn’t. I had to work on a project two days i.) ________, so I went to bed early because I was tired. BRYAN: The same happened to me one week j.) ________ and I know it is tiring. Irregular Verbs: Estos verbos cambian radicalmente pues no siguen ninguna regla en particular, por lo que se considera necesario memorizar dichos verbos. A continuación una lista básica de verbos irregulares en el pasado simple. IRREGULAR VERBS INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE SIGNIFICADO be was/were ser / estar begin began empezar break broke romper buy bought comprar come came venir do did hacer drink drank beber drive drove conducir eat ate comer find found encontrar forget forgot olvidar get got coger/obtener give gave dar go went ir grow grew crecer have had tener know knew saber make made hacer meet met pay paid conocer/encontrar a alguien pagar take took coger/ tomar think thought pensar speak spoke hablar swim swam nadar write wrote escribir EJERCICIO 2 I. Una las siguientes oraciones con sus respectivas frases para que la oración tenga sentido. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. She came I wrote She bought He drove They broke My husband forgot Katherine did Tony began Sophia grew up Peter drank _____1. her homework by herself. _____2. late to class so the teacher was upset . _____3. his car fast. _____4. school when he was five. _____5. a lot of beer last night. _____6. her new dress at the mall. _____7. a letter to my best friend. _____8. in a small village. _____9. the window with a ball. _____10. about my birthday. I’m angry with him II. Cambie el siguiente párrafo a pasado simple utilizando la forma correcta de los verbos (regulares e irregulares). Son diez los verbos que tienen que ser transformados. RICHARD My best friend’s name is Richard. He lives in a quiet residential suburb but he works in a big company downtown, so he drives to work. He has three children; their names are Jack, Joshua and Peter. They go to a public school near their house. They have many abilities. They speak three languages: French, German and English and they also play the piano beautifully. RICHARD _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ III. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Realice oraciones personales en pasado simple usando los siguientes verbos. be born : _________________________________________________________________ grow: ____________________________________________________________________ study: ______________________________________________________________ travel: ___________________________________________________________________ write: ___________________________________________________________________ watch: ___________________________________________________________________ give: ____________________________________________________________________ go: _____________________________________________________________________ take: ____________________________________________________________________ eat: _____________________________________________________________________ UNIT TWO Simple Past Tense En el capítulo anterior observamos la formación de las oraciones afirmativas en pasado simple y el único cambio a efectuarse en las oraciones es el verbo. Sin embargo, en la formación de oraciones negativas y preguntas se necesita del auxiliar did y la forma base del verbo. Negative Sentences Para formar oraciones negativas necesitamos del auxiliar did not + la forma base del verbo ya sea para los verbos regulares o irregulares. Estructura: Claudia did not Sujeto + did not write + a letter to her mother. (*) forma base del verbo + complemento * (Note que el verbo no cambia al pasado por tener el auxiliar did) Subject Auxiliary I Base form of the verb Complement buy anything yesterday like soup. He have a son. She take the bus work well. We visit our friend. You take the taxi They write that letter. You It did not didn't Ejemplos: - They did not play soccer after school. Ellos no jugaron fútbol después de la escuela. Joel didn’t listen to his teacher. Joel no escuchó a su profesora. Katherine and Andrew didn’t come to the meeting. Katherine y Andrew no vinieron a la reunión. Yes/No Questions Para formar preguntas de si/no empleamos el auxiliar DID antes del sujeto y el verbo. Este auxiliar no tiene ningún significado, únicamente nos indica que se trata de una pregunta en el pasado simple. Al igual que en las oraciones negativas, al tener el auxiliar el verbo no se conjuga en el pasado. Estructura: Did you Auxiliar (Did) Auxiliary open the window? + Sujeto + Verbo (Forma base del verbo) Subject Base form verb I give you my phone number? Yes, I did you like the party? Yes, I did / No, I didn’t he go to the swimming pool? Yes, he did / No, he didn’t she have a boyfriend? Yes, she did / No, she didn’t it take a long distance? Yes, it did / No, it didn’t we play soccer? Yes, we did/ No, we didn’t you grow in a small town? Yes, we did / No, we didn’t they buy souvenirs? Yes, they did / No, we didn’t Did Ejemplos: - Did you open the window? - Did she buy anything for me? - Did they have a nice day? Complement Short answers ¿Tú abriste la ventana? ¿Ella compró algo para mí? ¿ Ellos tuvieron un bonito día? Wh- Questions Para formar preguntas de información en el pasado simple aplicamos la misma estructura empleada en las preguntas de si/no. Estructura Where Wh-word did + Aux (did) Whquestions you + Subject Auxiliary Where When What How much did go ? + - To a party. (forma base del verbo)? Subject Base form of the verb She live? He buy his car? You do last night? They pay for that sweater? Ejemplos: What did you do yesterday? Where did she live? When did he have a party? ¿Qué hiciste ayer? ¿Donde vivía ella? ¿ Cúando tuvo él una fiesta? EJERCICIO 3 I. Cambie las siguientes oraciones al negativo en pasado simple. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Jennifer bought a small dog yesterday. Tanya came late to school yesterday morning. Joseph studied hard for the exam last month. They made a delicious cake for my birthday . We ate some sandwiches for lunch. He did his homework late at night. Sue knew the answer. Robert wrote a letter to his brother. My grandfather listened to classical music George was absent last Monday. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ II. Realice oraciones en pasado simple con las frases en paréntesis en afirmativo, negativo y preguntas de si/no. Example: o. (Marge/ pay / the bills/ last week) Affirmative: Marge paid the bills last week. Negative: Marge didn’t pay the bills last week. Yes/ No Question: Did Marge pay the bills last week? a. ( Liza/ have / a small dog) Affirmative: ______________________________________________________ Negative: ______________________________________________________ Yes/ No Question: ______________________________________________________ b. ( Martin and Susan / arrive/ at 7:00 a.m) Affirmative: ______________________________________________________ Negative: ______________________________________________________ Yes/No Question: ______________________________________________________ c. ( Lorena / find / her cell phone/ at home) Affirmative: ______________________________________________________ Negative: ______________________________________________________ Yes/No Question: ______________________________________________________ d. ( My children / play / soccer / last week) Affirmative: ______________________________________________________ Negative: ______________________________________________________ Yes/ No Question: ______________________________________________________ e. ( Tania / take / the bus / yesterday) Affirmative: ______________________________________________________ Negative: ______________________________________________________ Yes/No Question: ______________________________________________________ f. ( I / go / to the mall/ four days ago) Affirmative: ______________________________________________________ Negative: ______________________________________________________ Yes/No Question: ______________________________________________________ g. ( Elizabeth / drink / beer last Friday) Affirmative: ______________________________________________________ Negative: ______________________________________________________ Yes/no question: ______________________________________________________ h. ( Joseph / clean the apartment / yesterday) Affirmative: ______________________________________________________ Negative: ______________________________________________________ Question: ______________________________________________________ i. ( Laura/ begin/ a new ESL class/ five days ago) Affirmative: ______________________________________________________ Negative: ______________________________________________________ Question: ______________________________________________________ j. ( Wendy/ give / Thomas / a t-shirt) Affirmative: ______________________________________________________ Negative: ______________________________________________________ Question: ______________________________________________________ III. Una las preguntas con sus respectivas respuestas. a. When were you born? 1. Yes, they were pretty. b. What time did you begin classes yesterday? 2. There were twenty-five c. Where did you go last Sunday? 3. I was born in Canada. d. What did he eat for dinner last night? 4. I drank two bottles of water. e. When did she come to visit you? 5. I was away for three days. f. Why were you absent last week? 6. I began at 8:00 o’ clock. g. How many students were there? 7. I went to the park. h. How much water did you drink yesterday? 8. He ate some French fries. i. How long were you away? 9. She came last week. j. Did you like my new shoes? 10. Because I was sick IV. Realice preguntas con Wh- en el pasado simple para las respuestas subrayadas a. ___________________________________ Peter lived in Colorado last year. b. ___________________________________ Samuel paid $200 for his shoes. c. ___________________________________ Silvia was absent because she was sick. d. ____________________________________ Steven called me yesterday. e. ____________________________________ I bought some shoes yesterday. f. ____________________________________ Alexander had a meeting at 4:00 p.m. g. ____________________________________ George had three cars last year. h. ____________________________________ Manuel bought his suit at Macy’s. i. ____________________________________ Linda went to Argentina by bus. j. ____________________________________ Arthur invited me to the party two days ago. V. Encuentre los errores en las siguientes oraciones. Identifíquelos y corríjalos. a. She did went to the market. ________________________________ b. He hadn’t a car. _______________________________ c. Thomas bought flowers for you? _______________________________ d. Did Michael came to visit you? _______________________________ e. Where Sheila lived? _______________________________ f. He didn’t his homework. __________________________________ g. Bertha didn’t be at home last night. __________________________________ h. Victor didn’t broke the window. __________________________________ i. When she went to school? __________________________________ j. Did Arthur invited you to his party? __________________________________ VI. Responda los siguientes enunciados. a. Where were you born? _______________________________ b. What was your best friend’s name in school? _______________________________ c. What games did you play when you were a child? _______________________________ d. What did you have for lunch yesterday? _______________________________ e. What did you do last night? _______________________________ f. What time did you go to bed last night? _______________________________ g. How much did you pay for your last pair of shoes? _______________________________ h. Did you watch TV yesterday? _______________________________ i. Where did you go on your last vacation? _______________________________ j. When did you finish your homework? _______________________________ UNIT THREE Used to Used to significa “solía” y por lo tanto se utiliza para referirse a hábitos del pasado. Situaciones del pasado que ya no existen en el presente. Ejemplos: - Jessica used to live in a small town. They used to work long hours. Jessica solía vivir en una ciudad pequeña. Ellos solían trabajar largas horas. Affirmative Sentences: La estructura para formar oraciones afirmativas es la siguiente: I used to Sujeto + used to read + a lot when I was in high school. forma base del verbo + complemento Ejemplos: - Dave used to work in a supermarket 7 years ago. Dave solía trabajar en un supermercado hace 7 años. - I used to watch “La Abeja Maya” when I was 8 years old. Yo solía mirar “La abeja maya cuando tenía 8 años de edad. Negative Sentences: La forma negativa es did not use to / didn’t use to (no solía) seguido de la forma base del verbo. didn’t use to I Sujeto + didn’t use to play + basketball. forma base del verbo + complemento Ejemplos: - When I was a child, I didn’t use to eat onions. I didn’t use to go bowling some years ago. - Our parents didn’t use to have LCDs at home. Cuando era niña no solía comer cebolla. Yo no solía ir a jugar a bolos hace algunos años. Nuestros padres no solían tener pantallas LCD en casa. Yes /No Questions: El auxiliar empleado para formular preguntas de si/no o de información es DID. La estructura para formular preguntas de si/no es la siguiente: Did she use to Did (Auxiliary) + sujeto + use to work + in a bank? forma base del verbo + complemento? Ejemplos: - Did you use to sing in church? Did she use to have long hair? Did Louis use to play soccer? ¿Solías cantar en la iglesia? ¿Solía ella tener cabello largo? ¿Solía Louis jugar fútbol? Wh- Questions Mientras que para formular preguntas de información, la estructura es: Where did Wh- Word + did + she sujeto + use to live when she was a child? use to + forma base del verbo? Ejemplos: - Where did you use to work before you came here? ¿Dónde solías trabajar antes de llegar aquí? - What did she use to do when she was 15 years old? ¿Qué solía hacer ella cuando tenía 15 años? - What time did you use to sleep when you were a child? ¿A qué hora solías dormir cuando eras niño? EJERCICIO 4 I. Complete las siguientes oraciones utilizando used to + un verbo del cuadro, de tal manera que la oración tenga sentido. be a. b. c. d. e. have work swim take dance go write eat watch Andrea ___________________ the bus to go to school. My brother ___________________ a lot of fast food, that’s why he has heart problems. We ___________________ “Full house” when were children. We loved those series. I __________________ fat when I was a teenager. Jennifer _________________ long hair, but now she has short hair. f. g. h. i. j. Tony __________________ in a factory while he was studying at school. They _______________ in the river three times a week. George ________________ me letters to tell me that he loved me. Arthur _________________ to work by train. Christian ________________ to some disco music when he was young. II. Forme oraciones afirmativas, negativas o preguntas, utilizando used to. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. (Liz / cook/ Japanese food/ for everybody) _________________________________________ (They / visit / their grandmother/ every weekend) _____________________________________ (Peter/ not/ have/ classes/ on Fridays) _________________________________________ (Bryan / not/ watch TV/ on the weekends) _________________________________________ (? / Sophia/ cry / for her little child) _________________________________________ (? / Victor/ drink / beer at school) _________________________________________ (Sarah/ walk / long distances) _________________________________________ (Diana / not / be/ pretty) _________________________________________ (?/ your children/ eat/ candies) _________________________________________ (Henry/ not / do / exercise) _________________________________________ III. Escriba 10 oraciones afirmativas o negativas utilizando “used to” sobre actividades que usted solía realizar después de su escuela. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. I used to play video games in the afternoon. Yo solía jugar video games en las tardes. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Modal Verbs Have to Este modal se utiliza en presente o pasado para actividades que expresan obligación o necesidad. Ejemplos: - They have to finish their homework today. She has to arrive on time. You had to take out the garbage. Ellos tienen que terminar su deber hoy día. Ella tiene que llegar a tiempo. (*) Tú tenías que sacar la basura. * Note que al utilizar las terceras personas (he/she/it) en el presente simple, el verbo have to cambia por has to A continuación una tabla de transformación del verbo modal have to: PRESENT Affirmative Negative Questions I have to study I don't have to study Do I have to study? You have to work. You don't have to work. Do you have to work? He has to pay the bills He doesn't have to pay the bills. Does he have to pay the bills? She has to read that book. She doesn't have to read that book. Does she have to read that book? It has to be perfect. It doesn't have to be perfect Does it have to be perfect? We have to finish our project. We don't have to finish our project. Do we have to finish our project? You have to do your homework. You don't have to do your homework. Do you have to do your homework? They have to sleep early. They don't have to sleep early. Do they have to sleep early? Ejemplos: Affirmative sentence: I have to leave early. Tengo que salir temprano. Negative sentence: She doesn’t have to wear a uniform. Ella no tiene que usar uniforme. Yes/No question: Does he have to buy anything? ¿Tiene él que comprar algo? Es importante recordar que: En las oraciones afirmativas en el presente simple “ have to/ has to” indica obligación o necesidad. En las oraciones negativas “don’t have to/ doesn’t have to” hace referencia a actividades que no son obligatorias. Had to Las oraciones afirmativas en el pasado simple usando “had to” hace referencia a actividades que eran obligatorias o necesarias. En oraciones negativas para referirse a actividades que no fueron necesarias u obligatorias PAST Affirmative Negative Yes/No questions I had to study. I didn't have to study. Did I have to study? You had to work. You didn't have to work. Did you have to work? He had to pay the bills. He didn't have to pay the bills. Did he have to pay the bills? She had to read that book. She didn't have to read that book. Did she have to read that book? It had to be perfect. It didn't have to be perfect. Did it have to be perfect? We had to finish our project. We didn't have to finish our project. Did we have to finish our project? You had to do your homework You didn't have to do your homework. Did you have to do your homework? They had to sleep early They didn't have to sleep early Did they have to sleep early? Ejemplos: Affirmative: They had to take the driving test. Negative: He didn’t have to wear a uniform. Yes/ No questions: Did he have to pay the bills? Ellos tuvieron que rendir el examen de manejo El no tenía que usar uniforme. ¿Tenía el que pagar las facturas? EJERCICIO 5 I. Complete los siguientes enunciados usando has to + un verbo que dé sentido a las oraciones. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Peter ___________________________ the dentist. He has a toothache Lisa ____________________________ her dog for a walk every afternoon. Jenny __________________________ to Machala because of her job. Dave ___________________________ a nap. He is so sleepy Danny __________________________ a haircut for the meeting Edward__________________________ lots of water. Richard _________________________ the dishes after dinner. Margaret_________________________ English because she is a tourist guide. Sarah ___________________________ hard for the final exams. John ____________________________ the computer. It’s broken. II. Complete las siguientes oraciones usando don’t have to/ doesn’t have to/ didn’t have to + un verbo del cuadro. go take pay wear work get take forget be eat a. It’s Christmas Day tomorrow, so I ____________________ at the office. b. They ___________________ a uniform when they were in school. c. He could arrive late at the party. He ________________ on time. d. It’s Saturday tomorrow so I _______________________ up early. e. You _____________________ too much fast food. It’s bad for your health. f. We __________________ the bus to go to work yesterday because Danny gave us a ride. g. He ___________________ for our dinner. We have enough money to do it. h. Richard __________________ about his wife’s birthday; otherwise, she will get angry. i. You ______________ out the garbage yesterday because there are several dogs trying to eat it. j. She _______________ to the doctor because she feels better now. III. Escriba 10 oraciones sobre las actividades que su compañero tiene o no tiene que realizar en el trabajo. Use has to / doesn’t have to Por ejemplo: My workmate doesn’t have to reply emails a. _______________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________ c. _______________________________________________________________ d. _______________________________________________________________ e. _______________________________________________________________ f. _______________________________________________________________ g. _______________________________________________________________ h. _______________________________________________________________ i. _______________________________________________________________ j. _______________________________________________________________ Must Al igual que el modal have to, este modal también expresa obligación. En ocasiones have to o must tienen el mismo significado. AFFIRMATIVO NEGATIVO must go now. mustn't smoke here. I You He She It We You They AFFIRMATIVE: Se utiliza must para expresar una obligación personal en el presente o futuro pero jamás para referirse al pasado, en ese caso solo had to puede ser empleado. Ejemplos: - You must answer the telephone. - She must study English. - He must study today. - We must study next week. Tú debes contestar el teléfono (yo entiendo que es tu obligación) Ella debe estudiar inglés (ésta es mi opinión) El debe estudiar hoy día. Nosotros debemos estudiar la próxima semana NEGATIVE: Mientras que la negación “mustn’t” implica una prohibición. Ejemplos: -You musn't go there. Tú no debes ir allí. - He mustn´t sell his house. El no debe vender su casa. - Students musn’t smoke in classroom. Los estudiantes no deben fumar en el aula. Es importante mencionar que must no tiene una forma interrogativa. EJERCICIO 6 I. Complete los enunciados usando must o mustn’t + verbo en paréntesis, de tal manera que las oraciones tengan sentido. a. They_______________ (pay) the rent at the end of the month. b. People_____________ (cross) the street when the light is red. c. She________________ (show) her identification to the teacher. d. He_________________ (wear) a tuxedo for the party. e. You________________ (go) through the tunnel. It’s closed f. Kids________________ (get in) this room. They are full of knives. g. Henry_______________ (tell) anyone. It’s a secret. h. Tanya ______________ (be) late. It’s a really important meeting. i. Laura _______________ (go) now. She is late for classes. j. Julia ________________ (smoke) in class. It’s forbidden. II. Piense en las cosas que NO SE DEBE HACER en el hospital. Complete las oraciones usando mustn’t + un verbo que dé sentido a las mismas. a. Relatives ____________________loud in the hall. b. Children _____________________at the emergency area c. Patients _____________________fast food in their rooms d. All visitors ___________________pets to the hospital e. All family members __________________doctors. f. Relatives _____________________to music in high volume. g. Patients _______________________ cigarettes in their rooms. h. All family members _________________ patients any time they want. i. Patients _______________________ alcohol. j. All visitors ______________________ too much noise. III. Escriba 10 oraciones sobre la Universidad usando must o mustn’t + las frases en paréntesis. a. (arrive/ on time): ______________________________________________________________ b. (smoke/ in class): ______________________________________________________________ c. (wear / uniforms): ______________________________________________________________ d. (eat/ in class): ______________________________________________________________ e. (skip / clases): ______________________________________________________________ f. (cheat / on exams):_____________________________________________________________ g. (use / cell phones): _____________________________________________________________ h. (listen to / loud music):__________________________________________________________ i. (do/ homework): ______________________________________________________________ j. (study / for the exams):__________________________________________________________ UNIT 4 Adjectives El adjetivo es una palabra que califica un sustantivo; es decir, lo describe. Ejemplo: - The old house in my neighborhood is green. En esta oración tenemos el adjetivo OLD que está calificando al sustantivo HOUSE. En inglés los adjetivos van ubicados adelante del sustantivo. Los adjetivos en inglés tienen una única forma, por lo que no varían ni en función del género (femenino o masculino), ni del número (singular o plural) del sustantivo al que acompañan: Ejemplos: - The happy boy El niño feliz - The happy girl La niña feliz - The happy boys Los niños felices - The happy girls Las niñas felices El adjetivo en inglés se sitúa delante del sustantivo: Ejemplos: - A big car An old person Un carro grande Una persona mayor EJERCICIO 7 I. Ordene las siguientes oraciones. Ejemplo: - has/ orange/ an / she / towel She has a blue towel in her purse 1. old/ live in / department / we / an ______________________________________________ 2. love/ shirt / you/ that / green _________________________________________________ 3. music / love / we / classical __________________________________________________ 4. had/ nice /she / great/ a / holiday______________________________________________ 5. food / Chinese / eat / they / Fridays / on ________________________________________ 6. some / are / pink /garden / the / in / there / flowers________________________________ 7. delicious / cooks/ she / apple pies _____________________________________________ 8. blouse / this / silk / is / the / bed / on ____________________________________________ 9. the/ closet /gray / sweater /in / is _______________________________________________ 10. wooden / has / some/ figures / the / table_________________________________________ II. Complete los siguientes enunciados utilizando las opciones del recuadro blue desk dangerous street wide street beautiful kitten nice card slow driver careful driver fast car Mexican food rainy day 1. I got a __________________ for my birthday. 2. The folders are on the_______________________. 3. They cook _______________________on weekends. 4. Mr. Lara is a _________________________at night, especially when it rains. 5. What a _____________________! I need to take a photo. 6. Be careful because this is a _______________________. 7. Mazda 323 is a ________________________. 8. It was a _____________________________.Yesterday it was so cold. 9. They walked on the _____________________all day long. 10. She is a _____________________. She just learned how to drive. Adverbs Un adverbio tiene como propósito calificar al verbo. Los adverbios pueden derivarse de un adjetivo. Ejemplo: - Slowly quickly Carefully She drives her car slowly. lentamente rápidamente cuidadosamente. Ella conduce su auto lentamente Reglas para formar Adverbios 1. Muchos adverbios en inglés se forman añadiendo la terminación "-ly" al final del adjetivo: Intelligent = inteligente intelligently = inteligentemente bad = malo badly = de mala manera 2. Si el adjetivo termina "-y", esta se cambia por "-i" y se añade la terminación "-ly": Happy = feliz happily = felizmente heavy = pesado heavily = fuertemente 3. Si el adjetivo termina "-l", se añade “ly”: careful = cuidadoso natural = natural carefully naturally = = cuidadosamente naturalmente well = bien 4. Excepción- Memorizar Good = bueno 5. Los siguientes adjetivos y adverbios se escriben de la misma manera. No es posible aumentar “-ly” a ningún de los adverbios de este grupo. Adjetivo Adverbio hard hard fast fast late late early early wrong wrong Ejemplos: - They drive fast She works hard Ellos manejan rápidamente Ella trabaja arduamente EJERCICIO 8 I. Transforme los adjetivos en paréntesis en adverbios. 1. Can you speak ________________________? (Slow) 2. She reads in French____________________? (Good) 3. He was in the office but he left____________________? (Sudden) 4. Don’t eat fruits so________________________. (Quick) 5. Pay attention and listen ____________________. (Careful) 6. The assistant talked ____________________ (Quiet) that I couldn’t hear her. 7. I waited ___________________ (Nervous) for the date. 8. I understand my sister ________________ (Perfect) 9. She sings ____________________ (Beautiful) in church 10. They took the problem____________________ (Serious) II. Escriba oraciones utilizando los adverbios en paréntesis. 1. (easily) ____________________________________________________ 2. (quickly) ____________________________________________________ 3. (well) ____________________________________________________ 4. (logically) ____________________________________________________ 20 5. (softly) ____________________________________________________ 6. (slowly) ____________________________________________________ 7. (carefully) ____________________________________________________ 8. (wrong) ____________________________________________________ 9. (perfectly) ____________________________________________________ 10. (suddenly) ____________________________________________________ III. Complete las siguientes oraciones utilizando el adverbio que corresponda. Heavily reasonably unexpectedly safely patiently quietly easily seriously badly regularly 1. We didn’t go out because it was raining ___________________________________________. 2. Our team lost the game because we played ________________________________________. 3. I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ___________________________. 4. We had to wait for a long time but we didn’t complain. We waited ________________________. 5. Nobody knew George was coming to see us. He arrived _______________________________. 6. Mike keeps fit by playing tennis __________________________. 7. The driver was __________________injured. 8. Please speak __________________! 9. Don’t go up that ladder. It doesn’t look _____________________. 10. I thought the restaurant would be expensive but it was _______________cheap. Comparative Adjectives El comparativo es una estructura que compara dos cosas, animales, personas, ideas, etc. Ejemplo: - My sister is taller than I am. - My brother is thinner than my father. Mi hermana es más alta que yo Mi hermano es más delgado que mi papá En la formación del comparativo, es importante usar la palabra THAN después del comparativo. Reglas para la formación del comparativo 1. Si el adjetivo es de una sílaba, añada –er al final del adjetivo. bald = balder thin = thinner tall = taller strong = stronger 2. Si el adjetivos es de dos o más sílabas, añada la palabra more adelante del adjetivo. Intelligent = more intelligent elegant = more elegant well-built = more well-built attractive = more attractive 21 3. Si el adjetivo termina en –y, sustituya la y por una i y aumente –er. happy shy ugly dirty = = = = happier shier uglier dirtier EJERCICIO 9 I. Escriba los adjetivos comparativos en el cuadro. Tome en cuenta las reglas del comparativo. Adjetivo 1. friendly 2. old 3. polite 4. responsible 5. pretty 6. impatient 7. patient 8. ugly 9. young 10. aggressive Adjetivo Comparativo __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ II. Complete las siguientes oraciones con el comparativo de los adjetivos paréntesis. Recuerde añadir than. 1. John’s house is _____________ (big) mine. 2. My English class is _______________ (exciting) Rafael’s class. 3. Colombian things are _______________ (expensive) Ecuadorian things. 4. Cristina Aguilera’s voice is _______________ (nice) Britney Spear voice. 5. Learning French is _______________ (difficult) learning English. 6. Miss Universe is _______________ (attractive) Miss Peru. 7. My aunt Sofy is ________________ (young) my uncle Steve. 8. I would like to have a __________________(reliable) car. 9. It is too noisy here. Can we go somewhere ______________ (quiet)? 10. Last night I went to be _____________(early) than usual. III. Compare las dos personas o cosas presentadas, use el adjetivo en paréntesis. Ejemplo: - Brad Pitt, Danny De Vito (handsome) Brad Pitt is more handsome than Danny De Vito 1. San Francisco University, Central University (expensive) ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Guayaquil, Riobamba (large) ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Chevrolet cars, Lexus cars (elegant) ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Amazon river, Machángara river (polluted) ______________________________________________________________________________ 22 5. Ecuador, the United States (developed) _______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Pavarotti, Michael Jackson (thin) _______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Ibarra, Riobamba (cold) _______________________________________________________________________________ 8. Luis, Miguel (tall) _______________________________________________________________________________ 9. My older sister, my uncle (old) _______________________________________________________________________________ 10. Lesson 8, lesson 9 (easy) _______________________________________________________________________________ Superlative Adjetives Esta es una estructura que se usa para comparar o enfatizar un elemento dentro de un grupo. Ejemplo: - She is the most intelligent student in the classroom. Ella es la más inteligente de la clase. - Jim is the strongest guy I know. Jim es el muchacho más fuerte que conozco El superlativo siempre va precedido del artículo THE. - This building is the highest in the city. - She is the shortest student in her class. Este edificio es el más alto en la ciudad Ella es la estudiante más pequeña de su clase Reglas para la formación del superlativo: 1. Para los adjetivos de una sílaba se añade la terminación –est para formar el superlativo. short = shortest strong = strongest old = oldest tall = tallest 2. A los adjetivos de dos o más sílabas se les tiene que agregar la palabra the most adelante para formar el superlativo. intelligent = the most intelligent attractive = the most attractive impatient = the most impatient aggressive = the most aggressive 3. Para los adjetivos que terminan en –y se reemplaza la y por una i y se agrega –est. happy = happiest friendly = friendliest early = earliest ugly = ugliest 23 Irregular Adjectives Adjetivo Forma Comparativa Forma Superlativa good better than the best bad worse than the worst far farther / further the farthest / the furthest little less the least much more the most EJERCICIO 10 I. Escriba el superlativo de los siguientes adjetivos Adjetivo 1. friendly 2. old 3. polite 4. responsible 5. pretty 6. impatient 7. patient 8. ugly 9. young 10. aggressive Adjetivo Superlativo __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ II. Complete las oraciones con el superlativo del adjetivo entre paréntesis. 1. Paula is _______________ (old) girl in this classroom. 2. My father is _______________ (patient) person I´ve ever met. 3. Karina’s dog is _________________ (aggressive) animal in this block. 4. Ecuadorians are __________________ (friendly) in Latin America. 5. Toyota is ________________ (reliable) car I´ve had. 6. Yesterday was ______________ (hot) day of the year. 7. She is of ______________ (nice) people I know. 8. This hotel is _______________ (cheap) in town. 9. It was ________________ (boring) film I have ever seen. 10. Mr. Smith is _______________ (serious) person I have ever known. III. Utilice la forma comparativa o superlativa de los adjetivos en los siguientes ejemplos. 1. We stayed at ___________________ (cheap) hotel in the town. 2. The U.S.A. is very large but Canada is____________________ (large). 3. He was a bit sad yesterday but he looks ___________________ (happy). 4. What is_____________ sport in your country? (popular) 5. I prefer this chair to he other one. It’s _____________________(comfortable) 6. Mr and Mrs Brown have got three daughters.___________________ ( old) is 14 years old. 7. What’s ____________way of getting here to the station? (quick) 8. It was an awful day. It was _________________ (bad) day of my life. 9. What’s _____________ (good) film you have ever seen? 10. This hotel is ______________(cheap) all the others in towns. 24 Modal Verb - Should El verbo modal "should" se utiliza para indicar conveniencia, consejo, sugerencia. Ejemplo: - You should come with us. - I should study German. - He should work harder. Tú deberías venir con nosotros Yo debería estudiar alemán El debería trabajar más Su forma negativa es "should not" (o la forma corta/contracción "shouldn't"). Ejemplo: - She shouldn't go alone. - You shouldn't be so disagreeable. - He shouldn't come back so late. Ella no debería ir sola Tú no deberías ser tan desagradable El no debería volver tan tarde EJERCICIO 11 I. Complete las siguientes oraciones afirmativas. Use “should” y un verbo del recuadro. wear go do watch look visit brush go take hit 1. If you have time, you ______________the cathedral. It’s so pretty. 2. You_________________ your teeth twice a day. 3. When you are driving fast, you _________________a seat belt 4. You are very tired. You ______________ to bed now. 5. It is too far to walk from here to the bus station. You ______________ a taxi. 6. When you play pin-pon, you ________________the ball. 7. It is rainy. These children _______________the umbrella. 8. She is so tired. She _______________ away for a few days. 9. Your salary is so low. You ________________for another job. 10. I think the government ________________more to help homeless people. II. Lea cada situación y escriba el consejo respectivo. Use should o shouldn’t. 1. I have a terrible stomachache. _______________________________________________ 2. My eyes hurt so bad. _______________________________________________ 3. I forgot my folder _______________________________________________ 4. I need a full-time job _______________________________________________ 5. I don’t want to see him _______________________________________________ 6. My legs are sore _______________________________________________ 7. I sprained my ankle _______________________________________________ 8. I have a sore throat, I can’t talk anymore ___________________________________________ 9. I am always late for these meetings _______________________________________________ 10. I lost my wallet in the park _______________________________________________ END OF FIRST PARTIAL 25 UNIT 5 Imperatives Cuando usted desea dar una orden es preciso utilizar un verbo en presente seguido del complemento. No se debe añadir sujeto. Ejemplos: - Close the door Turn off the radio Come quickly Wash your clothes Bring your ID Do you homework Cierre la puerta Apague el radio Venga pronto Lave su ropa Traiga su identificación Haga su deber Para formular un comando negativo usted debe añadir DON’T = DO NOT que significa NO + el verbo en presente con el respectivo complemento. Ejemplos: - Don’t smoke in class Don’t copy on the exam Don’t throw garbage Don’t park here Don’t use this computer Don’t write on the page No fume en clase No copie en el examen No bote basura No parquee No use ésta computadora No escriba en la página EJERCICIO 12 I. Traduzca los siguientes comandos. 1. Envía el dinero rápido 2. Prende la lámpara 3. Espera un momento 4. Deja tus libros en la mesa 5. Ponga sus pies en la silla 6. Regresa temprano 7. Gira a la derecha 8. Cierre la ventana 9. Responda la pregunta 10. Corte los vegetables ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ II. Complete los siguientes comandos que un maestro le da a su estudiante. 1. __________ the books on page 67. 2. __________ your homework, please. 26 3. __________ quiet! 4. __________ to me. 5. __________ your hands. 6. __________ the ball. 7. __________ on the dvd! 8. __________ the window, please 9. __________ for your quiz, it’s the last chance 10. __________ after me. III. Complete los siguientes comandos entre un doctor y un paciente. Utilice DON’T y un verbo. 1. __________ seafood. 2. __________ to work. 3. __________ Voltaren 4. __________ your car. 5. __________ the computer. 6. __________ coffee for 3 days 7. __________ too much. 8. __________ for more than 30 minutes 9. __________ chocolate for a week 10. __________ alcohol Modal Verb – Can El verbo modal “CAN” o “CAN’T” expresa habilidad o permiso en el presente. Ejemplos: - I can go to the concert She can speak 3 languages They can swim in the river You can cook traditional food He can’t ride a horse They can’t understand Japanese We can’t dance tango Yo puedo ir al concierto Ella puede hablar 3 idiomas Ellos pueden nadar en el río Tú puedes cocinar comida típica. El no puede montar a caballo Ellos no pueden entender Japonés Nosotros no podemos bailar tango Como puede observar en los ejemplos, después del modal “can - can’t” debe añadir un verbo en forma base. Modal Verb – Could Se puede utilizar “COULD” o “COULDN’T” cuando se exprese habilidad o permiso en tiempo pasado. Ejemplos: - When I was young, I could run very fast. - He could play soccer when he was 10. - When she was 17, she couldn’t go dance. - They could eat candy after lunch time. - We couldn’t take the quiz last night. Cuando yo era niña, yo podía correr muy rápido El podía jugar fútbol cuando él tenía 10 años Cuando ella tenía 17, no podía bailar. Ellos podían comer caramelos después del lunch Nosotros no pudimos rendir la prueba anoche. 27 EJERCICIO 13 I. Utilice “can” o “could” según el tiempo de la oración. 1. She _____________ sing well when she was a teenager. 2. They _____________type 50 words per minute. 3. We______________ dance salsa without any problem. 4. He_______________ read his fairy tales when he was 5 years old. 5. I________________ cook sushi. I just finished my cooking lessons 6. You______________ sing nicely some weeks ago. What happened? 7. They ______________ speak Italian perfectly. 8. She _______________ write her name when she was 6 years old. 9. According to the doctor, we _______________ eat 5 meals a day. 10. She ______________ play the piano but she has forgotten it all II. Utilice “can’t” o “couldn’t” en las siguientes oraciones. 1. She _________lift 100 pounds. She keeps going to the gym. 2. He__________ smell the roses when he was in high-school. 3. They_________ exercise for more than 20 minutes a week ago. 4. You__________ speak French when you took the first level. 5. We__________ translate words into 3 languages. It’s too hard. 6. Children__________ read at the age of 3. 7. She ___________ cook any kind of food. 8. When she was in high school, she _____________put on her make-up. 9. He _____________ eat so many candies because he had a few cavities 10. We ______________ go to Canada. We haven’t got the visa. Modal Verb – May El verbo modal "may" se utiliza para indicar que algo puede ser posible o no (posibilidad) Ejemplos: - He may be lost. El puede estar perdido - You may find a good hotel. Tú puedes encontrar un buen hotel - She may want to come with you. Ella puede querer venir contigo - They may not buy a new car Ellos no podrán comprar un carro nuevo - I may not travel this week Yo no podré viajar ésta semana 28 EJERCICIO 14 I. Complete las siguientes oraciones con “may” más uno de los verbos del recuadro. Go Buy play come cut get answer wear see get in 1. The children______________ in this area. 2. The doctor_______________ the phone calls. She is busy. 3. Mr. Smith_______________ to the meeting. He is in the United States 4. You___________________ jeans for the meeting 5. She____________________ the photos. They are on the table 6. Students_______________ the book at Mr. Books. 7. He ____________________ his hair. It’s too long. 8. They___________________ to the doctor. They are so sick. 9. We____________________ this CD for the class. 10. She __________________ to this conference II. Escriba una posibilidad utilizando “may” o “may not” seguido de un verbo. Ejemplo: - A person isn’t eating as much as usual. 1. A baby is crying 2. A woman found a watch 3. A man only wears a suit to work 4. A student is smiling 5. A person is walking fast 6. A patient is feeling bad 7. A girl is laughing 8. This doctor is answering the phone 9. That student is writing so fast 10. These ladies are so happy The person may be sick or depressed ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Would you like….? Utilizamos “Would you like….”? Cuando se desea hacer un ofrecimiento a manera de pregunta. Ejemplos: Would you like……? – seguido de un sustantivo - Would YOU like a cup of tea? Te gustaría una taza de té? - Would YOU like a cheese sándwich? Te gustaría un sánduche de queso ? Would you like to ..…? - seguido de un verbo - Would you like to go to the cinema? Te gustaría ir al cine? - Would you like to read this book? Te gustaría leer éste libro? 29 EJERCICIO 15 I. Use “Would you like to……. Para formular un ofrecimiento para Sam. 1. You want to go to the movies tonight. Perhaps Sam will go with you. ___________________________________________________________ 2. You want to play soccer tomorrow. Maybe Sam will play too. __________________________________________________________ 3. You have some holiday photos and Sam wants to see them. __________________________________________________________ 4. It’s raining and Sam doesn’t have an umbrella. You have an extra one ___________________________________________________________ 5. You have an extra ticket for a concert tonight. Sam likes the Singer ___________________________________________________________ 6. Your friend looks so thirsty. ____________________________________________________________ 7. You have prepared a delicious meal for your father. ____________________________________________________________ 8. Your teacher seems to be tired _____________________________________________________________ 9. You have bought a delicious apple pie for this breakfast ______________________________________________________________ 10. You want to take a break. Ask your teacher for a break. ______________________________________________________________ II. Formule el ofrecimiento de acuerdo a la respuesta. 1._____________________________________Yes, please. I’m so thirsty. 2._____________________________________ No, thanks. I don’t like sweets. 3._____________________________________ Sure. I don’t have any plans for this week. 4._____________________________________Thank you, I love horror movies. 5._____________________________________I’m sorry, I am allergic to caffeine. 6._____________________________________You are so kind. I love candy. 7._____________________________________ Yes, please. I am starving. 8._____________________________________No, thanks dear. I just had a snack. 9._____________________________________I’m afraid I can’t. 10.____________________________________That would be great. It’s so hot. 30 Adjetives Ending in “ed” and “ing” 1. Los adjetivos que terminan en “ED” califican a la persona que realiza la acción, es decir el sujeto de la oración. 2. Los adjetivos que terminan en “ING” califican al “objeto-cosa”. Mire con detenimiento las siguientes fotos con sus adjetivos terminados en “ed” y “ing”. Cada uno tiene la traducción. apréndaselos amazing asombroso amazed asombrada/o amusing amused gracioso divertido annoying annoyed astonishing astonished Molesto fastidiada/o asombroso Asombrado boring bored confusing confused Tedioso aburrida/o confuso Confundido 31 depressing depressed disappointing disappointed Deprimente depresiva/o desilusionador Desilusionado disgusting disgusted embarrassing embarrassed Repugnante asqueada/o vergonzoso avergonzado exhauting exhausted exciting excited Agotador agotada/o emocionante Emocionado fascinating fascinated frightening Frightened Fascinante Fascinado espantosa/o Temeroso 32 horrifying horrified interesting Interested Horripilante Horrorizado interesante Interesado Shocking Shocked tiring Tired conmovedora Conmovido estresante Cansado Terrifying Terryfied worrying Worried Terrorífico Aterrado Preocupante Preocupado Ejemplos: - Mike is bored because his job is boring Miguel está aburrido porque su trabajo es tedioso En este ejemplo “Mike” es el sujeto-la persona y “su trabajo” es el objeto-cosa. - I am interested in politics, because I consider politics interesting - Estoy interesado en política porque la considero interesante - His designation is surprising, so we are all surprised - Su designación es sorprendente, por eso estamos sorprendidos. 33 EJERCICIO 16 I. Escoja el adjetivo correcto para completar las siguientes oraciones. 1. Are you ________________in learning a foreign language? (interested / interesting) 2. The football match was real battle. It was really__________. (excited / exciting) 3. The kitchen was a mess! It was really _______________. (disgusted / disgusting) 4. I was really _________when they offered me the job! (amazed / amazing) 5. It’s kind of______ when you have to ask for a favor. (embarrassed/embarrasing) 6. When we heard the bad news we were all _______________. (horrified / horrifying) 7. She wants to find a different job because she thinks it’s__________. (boring / bored) 8. We went for a very long walk. It was really_________________. (tired / tiring) 9. I really had a good time. The film was _______________. (amused / amusing) 10. He showed us his new invention and were all__________________. (fascinated / fascinating) II. Complete las oraciones utilizando adjetivos con “ed” o”ing” de acuerdo a cada situación. 1. The class bores the students. It is a ______________ class. 2. The students are bored by the class. They are _______________students. 3. The game excites the people. It is an _________________game 4. The people are excited by the game. They are _______________people. 5. The news surprised the man. It was ______________news. 6. The man was surprised by the news. He was a ________________man. 7. The child was frightened by the strange noise. The _________child started to cry. 8. The strange noise frightened the child. It was a _________________sound. 9. The work exhausted the men. It was _______________________work. 10. The men were exhausted. The ____________met sat down the rest under the shade of a tree. 34 UNIT 6 Past Continuous El Pasado Continuo, es un tiempo que describe acciones que estaban siendo realizadas en un momento del pasado al que se hace referencia y que luego continuaron, por ejemplo: Ejemplo: - Yesterday he was studying English. Ayer él estaba estudiando inglés. Comenzó a estudiar antes de ese momento y continuó estudiando posteriormente - John was playing tennis at 10 a.m. John estuvo jugando tenis a las 10 a.m. Comenzó a jugar tenis antes de las 10 a.m. y continuó haciéndolo después Affirmative Sentences Sujeto + Verbo To-Be(was-were) + Verbo (ING) + Complemento Ejemplo: - My niece was doing her homework alone. - Henry and Linda were dancing all night. - I was watching TV while I was eating. Mi sobrina estuvo haciendo sola su deber. Henry y Linda estuvieron bailando toda la noche. Estuve viendo tv mientras estaba comiendo. Negative Sentences Sujeto + Verbo To-Be(was-were) + Not + Verbo (ING) + Complemento Ejemplo: - Teresa wasn’t listening to music in the room. Teresa no estuvo escuchando música en el cuarto. - I wasn’t washing the dishes with my sister. Yo no estuve lavando los platos con mi hermana. - His parents weren’t watching the soap opera. Sus padres no estuvieron viendo la telenovela Yes / No Questions Verbo To-Be(was-were) + Sujeto + Verbo (ING) + Complemento? Ejemplo: - Was his brother working in the office? ¿Estuvo su hermano trabajando en su oficina? - Was Marisol reading the magazine in the bus? ¿Estuvo Marisol leyendo la revista en el bus? - Were you singing during the concert? ¿Estuviste cantando durante el concierto? 35 Wh Questions Wh + To-Be (was-were)+ Sujeto + Verbo (ING) + Complemento? Ejemplo: - Where was your father working yesterday? ¿Dónde estuvo trabajando tu padre ayer? - What were you doing yesterday morning? ¿Qué estuviste haciendo ayer en la mañana? - Who was she chatting to in the class? ¿Con quién estaba ella chateando en la clase? También se puede utilizar este tiempo para relatar dos acciones que sucedieron en el pasado y que una de ellas ya se ha completado. Para ello utilizamos el Pasado Simple para mencionar lo que ya finalizó y el Pasado Continuo para relatar lo que sigue ejecutándose. - When I left, he was studying the lesson. Cuando yo partí, él estaba estudiando la lección. - They were singing when I broke the window Ellos estaban cantando cuando rompí la ventana. Rules for adding “ING” to a verb. 1. Si la forma simple de un verbo termina en “y” solo agrega la terminación “ing” play = playing study = studying 2. Si la forma simple de un verbo termina en “e” elimina la “e” y agrega el “ing”take = taking make = making see = seeing (excepción) 3. Si la forma simple de un verbo termina en consonante-vocal-consonante repite la última consonante y después agrega el “ing”. A excepción de los verbos que terminen en x-z-w. sit + ing = sitting run + ing = running stop + ing = stopping 4. La “i” cambia por la “y” en los siguientes verbos tie = tying lie = lying die = dying El pasado continuo lo utilizamos para una acción larga que ya en el pasado fue interrumpido. La acción que se interrumpe está en pasado continuo y la acción que provoca la interrupción está en pasado simple. "When" y "while" señalan el uso del pasado simple y continuo. En general, usamos el pasado simple directamente después de "when" y el pasado continuo después de "while." 36 - Jose called while I was watching the news. José llamó mientras estaba mirando las noticias. - He was walking to work when he fell. Estaba caminando hacia su trabajo cuando se cayó. - Was it raining when you left? ¿Estaba lloviendo cuando te fuiste? Se usa el pasado continuo para dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo en el pasado. - My son was reading while I was cooking. Mi hijo estaba leyendo mientras que yo estaba cocinando. - They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the movie. Estaban hablando muy alto mientras nosotros estábamos EJERCICIO 17 I. Coloque los verbos de las siguientes oraciones en pasado continuo o progresivo 1. The children (play) ____________ football during the week. 2. It (rain) _____________ hard during the soccer game. 3. I (study) ____________ English for five years in London. 4. Mary (be) ___________ always (borrow) ____________ my books. 5. Peter (practice) _____________ the guitar before the competition. 6. Susan (drive) ______________when the accident happened. 7. My friends (fight) _____________ during the whole night at the club. 8. Daniela (teach) ______________language for ten hours. 9. I (try) ______________ to get a new job. 10. Jane (plan) _____________to go to the cinema with her parents. II. Completa las siguientes oraciones. Use pasado simple o pasado progresivo. 1. Henry _____ (live) in New York for 3 years. 2. Yesterday was a long day. I _____ (work) all afternoon, _____ (go) to class in the evening and then _____ (have) dinner with my parents. 3. She _____ (make) dinner when the boys _____ (come) home. 4. In 1996, Bob _____ (work) in a hospital. 5. When I was young, we _____ (not/have) computers. 6. What _____ you _____ (do) last night when I _____ (call)? 7. It _____ (start) to rain while he _____ (walk) the dog. 8. My husband _____ (watch) the football game while I _____ (read) a book. 9. Steve _____ (buy) a new car last year. 10. I _____ (play) volleyball with my friends at 3pm yesterday. 37 III. Escriba oraciones utilizando “while”. ¿Qué actividades realizó simultáneamente con algún miembro de la familia? I was cooking lunch while my husband was taking care of the baby 1.______________________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________ 4.______________________________________________________________ 5.______________________________________________________________ 6.______________________________________________________________ 7.______________________________________________________________ 8.______________________________________________________________ 9.______________________________________________________________ 10._____________________________________________________________ IV. Conjugue el verbo en paréntesis. Utilice pasado continuo o pasado simple de acuerdo al contexto de la oración. 1. It _______________ (rain) when we _______________(go) out. 2. When I arrived at the office, Jane and Paul ________________(work) at their desks. 3. I_____________________ (open) the window because it was hot. 4. The phone _______________ (ring) while Sam___________ (cook) the dinner. 5. I_______________ (hear) a noise outside, so I ____________ (look) out of the window. 6 A: What ________________ (you/do) when the cell-phone_________ (ring)? B: I___________________ (watch) videos. 7. A: Was Luis busy when you went to visit her? B: Yes, she ___________________ (do) homework. 8. A: What time____________ (the post / arrive) this morning? B: It___________ (come) while I _______________(have) brunch. 9. A: Was Alejandra at work today? B: No, she ________________ (not / go) to the office. She was sick. 10. A: How fast ________________ (you/ drive) when the police__________ ________________ (stop) you? B: I don’t know exactly but I __________________ (not / drive) fast. V. Complete las siguientes oraciones utilizando el pasado progresivo. Conjugue los verbos en paréntesis. 1. They _____________ (wait) for us on the corner. 38 2. Someone____________ (knock) at the door. 3. John______________(eat) lunch at home 4. They _____________ (do) exercise all this morning. 5. All the big stores__________(have) sales this month 6. Juan _______________ (talk) to Alice for an hour. 7. The birds____________ (fly) south. 8. We _________________ (laugh) at what you said. 9. The cat_____________ (try) to climb that tall tree. 10. The maid____________ (clean) the room. VI. Imagine a Lisa haciendo varias cosas el día de ayer. Conjugue los verbos del recuadro usando pasado progresivo. Watch Cook read listen visit write talk wash eat work out 1. At 9:45 Lisa ________________________ her car. 2. At 11:40 she ________________________ the newspaper. 3. At 9 o’clock she______________________ some music. 4. At 2pm she________________________ lunch with her friend. 5. At 4pm Lisa and her friend______________ one of their relatives. 6. At 4:30pm Lisa’s relatives__________________ on the phone. 7. At 6pm all of them_______________________ Italian food. 8. At 7pm Lisa_____________________________ some text messages. 9. At 8pm Lisa ____________________________ in the gym. 10. At 10pm Lisa__________________________ TV before she fell asleep. VII. Lea los siguientes enunciados y conjugue los verbos en paréntesis. Use el pasado simple o pasado progresivo según sea el caso. 1. I ____________(read) a magazine when it _________(start) to rain. 2. Some friends___________ (arrive) while we___________(watch) television. 3. He___________ (cook) dinner when he_________ (receive) a text message from his girlfriend. 4. They __________ (play) football when the storm___________ (begin). 5. What ______________ (you/do) yesterday at 3 pm? 6. ___________ (you/study) when I____________ (ring) you last night? 7. He ___________ (can) sleep because the baby___________ (cry). 8. She__________ (arrive) as the train was _____________ (leave) the station. 9. The children__________ (listen) while the teacher __________ (explain) the answers. 10. I____________ (listen) to the radio when I__________ (receive) your email. 39 UNIT SEVEN Sustantivos Contables y No Contables Sustantivos Contables Los sustantivos contables son aquellos que se pueden contar; esto quiere decir que existe un singular y un plural. Si el sustantivo es singular tiene que ir precedido de los artículos a/an que significa un, uno, una. Ejemplo: - She has a pet. Ella tiene una mascota (singular) - She has two pets. Ella tiene dos mascotas (plural) A continuación algunos ejemplos de sustantivos contables. SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES Singular Plural girl girls desk desks chid children person people book books exercise exercises student students idea ideas decisión decisions Sustantivos No Contables Los sustantivos no contables son los que no se pueden contar. Estos sustantivos no se pueden pluralizar. Ejemplo: - She needs butter for the cake. - Butter is essential for cakes. Ella necesita mantequilla para la torta La mantequilla es esencial para las tortas 40 A continuación algunos ejemplos de sustantivos no contables. FOOD DRINKS MATERIALS OTHERS rice bread water coffee glass plastic work culture butter juice wool liberty rice milk metal friendship cheese soda leather peace meat tea chicken lemonade WEATHER education fish wine sunshine knowledge salad fog progress pasta ice experience pie rain time soup snow information sugar salt Quantifiers Los cuantificadores o determinantes de cantidad, nos dicen de cuántas cosas o personas hablamos o a qué cantidad se refiere el sustantivo al que acompañan. A pesar de que expresan cantidad, no lo hacen con precisión. A continuación una lista de cuantificadores: SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES SUSTANTIVOS NO CONTABLES How many many few a few How much much little a little PARA LOS DOS some any Some Se utiliza en oraciones afirmativas y significa algunos, algunas, algo. Este cuantificador se lo usa tanto con sustantivos contables como con sustantivos no contables. Ejemplo: - She needs some oranges. Ella necesita algunas naranjas). - My sister has some money in her purse. Mi hermana tiene algo de dinero en su cartera. - There are some new students. Hay algunos estudiantes nuevos. 41 Any Se utiliza en oraciones negativas y preguntas y significa ningún, ninguna, nada. Se lo usa con sustantivos contables y no contables. En el caso de ser un sustantivo contable, tiene que ser en su forma plural. Ejemplo: - She doesn’t need any oranges. Ella no necesita ningunas naranjas. - Does she need any oranges? ¿Necesita ella algunas naranjas? - I don’t have any money. No tengo nada de dinero. How much? Significa ¿Cuánto? / ¿Cuánta? y se utiliza con sustantivos no contables en preguntas. Ejemplos: - How much sugar do you need? ¿Cúanta azucar necesitas? - How much water do you drink every day? ¿Cúanta agua tomás cada día? - How much information do you have? ¿Cúanta información tienes? - How much does it cost? ¿Cuánto cuesta? Much Significa mucho / mucha y se utiliza en oraciones negativas y preguntas con sustantivos no contables Ejemplos: - I don’t have much time. No tengo mucho tiempo. - Do you usually buy much food? ¿Compras usualmente mucha comida? - There isn’t much orange juice. No hay tanto jugo de naranja. How many? Significa ¿Cuántos? / ¿Cuántas? y se utiliza con sustantivos contables en preguntas. Ejemplos: - How many books do you need? ¿Cuántos libros necesitas? - How many children do you have? ¿Cuántos hijos tienes? - How many chairs are there? ¿Cuántas sillas existen? 42 Many Significa muchos / muchas / varios / algunos / algunas. Se utiliza para oraciones negativas y preguntas con sustantivos contables en plural. Ejemplos: - I don’t know many people. - Does she buy many books? - He has many friends. No conozco a mucha gente. ¿Ella compra algunos libros? El tiene muchos amigos. EJERCICIO 18 I. Complete las siguientes oraciones con “a”, “an”, “some”. 1. I’d like _________ coffee, please. 2. I want __________ peanut butter sandwich. 3. They are having _________ apple for breakfast. 4. When people come over, I offer them ________ soda. 5. There are ________ problems with the system. II. Complete las siguientes oraciones usando “some” o “any” 1. I think you need ________ food. 2. The cat doesn’t have ________ food. 3. Is there ________ soda in the refrigerator? 4. There are ________ books you need to read. 5. Do you have ________ homework? III. Escriba much o many antes de los siguientes sustantivos. a. How _________ homework…? b. How _________ desks…? c. How _________ water…? d. How _________ butter…? e. How _________ sugar…? f. How __________ children…? g. How __________ museums…? h. How __________ money…? i. How __________ buses…? j. How __________ time…? 43 A Few Significa pocos / pocas, únicamente se puede utilizar con sustantivos contables. Ejemplo: - She buys a few apples per week. Ella compra pocas manzanas a la semana - He has a few friends in the class El tiene pocos amigos en la clase. - I need a few books for my research. Necesito pocos libros para mi investigación. A Little Significa poco / poca. Se puede utilizar con sustantivos no contables Ejemplo: - She puts a little oil in the salad Ella pone poco aceite en la ensalada. - They drink a little water every day Ellos beben poca agua cada día. - There is a little milk for the cake. Hay un poco de leche para la torta. EJERCICIO 19 I. Complete las siguientes oraciones con a few o a little. 1. I like _____________ sugar in my tea. 2. There are ____________students eating lunch now 3. There are _____________chocolates left in the box 4. I usually only eat _______________at lunch time 5. There are only ________________chips left over. 6. ____________people were waiting for the bus 7. Can I have ______________jam on my toast, please? 8. __________children enjoy getting up at 5am. 9. I have ____________pennies left to spend at the shop 10. She has ____________money in her wallet. II. Complete las siguientes oraciones, utilice “some” o “any.” 1. I don’t have_______________money with me. 2. Please give me _____________more coffee. 3. I’m sorry but there isn’t ________________more coffee. 4. The baby is asleep. Please don’t make___________noise. 5. We need__________oranges for breakfast. 44 III. Complete las siguientes oraciones. Utilice “much” o “many”. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. There aren’t _____________large factories in this town. This child doesn’t drink_________milk. There isn’t _______________snow on the ground. He doesn’t make ____________mistakes in spelling. This factory produces__________ different kinds of products. IV. Complete las siguientes oraciones. Utilice “a little” o “a few” más una palabra del recuadro. AIR FOOD ITALIAN MILK LETTERS TIMES 1. Last night I wrote ________________ to my family and friends 2. Can I have ______________in my coffee, please? 3. I can speak _________________ 4. I’m so stressed. I need _____________fresh__________. 5. There was _________________food in the fridge. V. Complete las siguientes preguntas con How much o How many. 1. __________ birds are there? There are two birds. 2. __________ money is there? There are three thousand dollars. 3. __________ dolphins are there? There are two dolphins. 4. __________ pencils are there? There are thirteen pencils. 5. __________ books are there? There are three books. 6. __________ milk is there? There are four liters of milk Too Esta palabra sirve para demostrar exceso de un sustantivo, adjetivo o adverbio en una oración. Significa demasiado y se utiliza siempre delante de los adjetivos o adverbios que modifica. Ejemplos: - This exercise is too easy. I arrived too late. He's too young to drive. Este ejercicio es demasiado fácil. Llegué demasiado tarde. Es demasiado joven para conducir. Too Many Significa demasiado/a/os/as. Va seguido de sustantivos contables. Ejemplos: - There are too many people in the room. I have too many things to do. Paula eats too many candies. Hay demasiada gente en la habitación. Tengo demasiadas cosas que hacer. Paula come demasiados caramelos. 45 Too Much Significa mucho / mucha / demasiado / demasiada. Va seguido de sustantivos no contables. Ejemplos: - There is too much shadow. Hay demasiada sombra - My coffee has too much sugar. Mi café tiene demasiada azúcar. - There is too much space. Hay demasiado espacio. Enough Significa lo sufucientemente. Se utiliza siempre después de los adjetivos o adverbios que modifica. Ejemplos: - I arrived early enough. Llegué lo suficientemente temprano. - He isn't old enough to drive. No es lo suficientemente viejo como para manejar. - He isn't strong enough to lift it. No es lo suficientemente fuerte como para levantarlo. Si se usa con sustantivos, significa "suficiente/s" y va siempre antes. Ejemplos: - There aren't enough chairs. No hay suficientes sillas. - There isn't enough light. No hay suficiente luz. - I have enough space in my house. Tengo suficiente espacio en mi casa. EJERCICIO 20 I. Utilice “enough” más una palabra del recuadro para completar las oraciones. CHAIRS MONEY TIME WIND PEOPLE SUGAR 1. There weren’t ______________ for seminar. That’s why it was postponed. 2. Is there ________________ in your coffee? 3. Mike can’t fly his kite. There isn’t ____________! 4. There aren’t _____________________for everybody in this class! 5. There wasn’t______________________ so I couldn’t finish my work. 6. She doesn’t have ________________________. She must go to the bank. 46 II. Complete las siguientes oraciones usando “too” o “enough y el adjetivo en paréntesis. 1. This laptop is (slow) _____________ to do this calculation. 2. Elizabeth is (old) _____________ to enter here. 3. These suitcases are (heavy) _____________ to carry. 4. It isn't (sunny) _____________ to sunbathe. 5. Are you (tall) _____________ to reach that shelf? 6. You're (young) _____________ to drive. 7. You aren't (old) _____________ to drive in this country. 8. That sweater is big. It's (big) _____________ for you. 9. The patio isn't (big) _____________ to play football. 10. This cup of coffee is (strong) _____________ for me. III. Complete el siguiente ejercicio. Utilice TOO seguido de una palabra del recuadro. low big crowded heavy fast loud 1. The cafeteria is _____________.Everybody is waiting. 2. The ball is _________________for the kids. 3. He’s driving ________________.He is on the high-way 4. The net is ________________ for the players 5. The bag is _______________for her to lift it. 6. The radio is _____________. I can’t hear you! IV. Utilice un adjetivo del recuadro seguido de ENOUGH: tall long strong old good big 1. He isn’t __________________ to reach it. 2. My son isn’t _______________ to go to the disco. 3. His legs aren’t ______________ to ride the bicycle. 4. They aren’t _________________ to lift those weights. 5. Is your English ______________ to have a conversation? 6. The box is __________________to keep all these things. 47 UNIT EIGHT Future: Be going to 1. Be going to se utiliza para hablar sobre planes en el futuro, es decir algo que va a ocurrir. Ejemplo: - I am going to have a meeting tomorrow. - James is going to buy some food. Tendré una reunión mañana. James comprará algo de comida. 2. Se utiliza además para hablar de predicciones basadas en evidencia. Ejemplo: - Look! That tree is going to fall down. Mira! Ese árbol se caerá. A continuación observemos como se forma oraciones afirmativas, negativas y preguntas. Affirmative Sentences Este futuro se forma con el verbo TO BE conjugado (am, is, are) para la persona correspondiente, seguido de GOING TO y el verbo base. Fíjese en la estructura que se utiliza para formar oraciones afirmativas y memorícela. SUJETO + To Be GOING TO VERBO (forma base) COMPLEMENTO I'm going to study for the English exam tonight. You're going to play soccer with my family next week. He's going to have dinner with his friends today. She's going to work until midnight all this week. It's going to rain in the afternoon. We're going to prepare You're going to finish the project next Friday. They're going to play cards in the meeting tonight. a delicious dinner for Christmas. 48 Negative Sentences Para expresar la negación, se debe usar el verbo TO BE en su forma negativa, seguido de GOING TO más el verbo base. SUJETO + To Be + not GOING TO VERBO (forma base) COMPLEMENTO I'm not going to study for the English exam tonight. You're not going to play soccer with my family next week. He's not going to have dinner with his friends today. She's not going to work until midnight all this week. It's not going to rain in the afternoon. We're not going to prepare You're not going to finish the project next Friday. They're not going to play cards in the meeting tonight. a delicious dinner for Christmas. Yes / No Questions Las preguntas simples empiezan con el verbo TO BE, conjugado de acuerdo al sujeto que usemos, seguido de GOING TO y el verbo base. To Be + Subject + GOING To VERBO (forma base) COMPLEMENTO Are you going to study for the English exam tonight. Are you going to play soccer with my family next week. Is he going to have dinner with his friends today. Is she going to work until midnight all this week. Is it going to rain in the afternoon. Are we going to prepare a delicious dinner for Christmas. Are you going to finish the project next Friday. Are they going to play cards in the meeting tonight. Para responder a las preguntas, se usa Yes / No, seguido de la persona y el verbo To-Be de acuerdo al sujeto que estemos utilizando. - Are you going to travel to Mexico next Monday? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Are the students going to have the exam next month? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. Is Paul going to buy a new car next year? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. 49 Wh Questions Para hacer este tipo de preguntas, se agrega la 'question word' al inicio y memorizamos la siguiente estructura: Wh + To-Be + Sujeto + GOING TO + Verbo (forma simple) + Complemento - What are you going to do in May? I’m going to travel to Orlando. ¿Que vas a hacer en Mayo? Viajaré a Orlando. - Where are they going to stay in their holidays? They are going to stay in a nice hotel. ¿Donde se van a hospedar en el feriado? Ellos se quedarán en un hotel bonito. - How is she going to travel to her town? She is going to travel by airplane. ¿Como va ella a viajar a su pueblo? Ella viajara en avión. Para referirnos al futuro generalmente usamos las siguientes expresiones de tiempo. TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR THE FUTURE Tomorrow next week/year/month Tonight in (two) weeks, months, years EJERCICIO 21 I. Observe los siguientes cuadros y escriba oraciones usando going to + verbo type / letter She’s going to type a letter teach/ Math drive / a new car a.______________________ b.________________________ 50 play / golf go /camping c. _____________________ d._____________________ read/ a novel e.________________________ II. Realice oraciones negativas y preguntas. 1. They are going to buy food tomorrow. Negative: ___________________________________________________________ Yes/no question: ___________________________________________________________ Wh- question: ___________________________________________________________ 2. Thomas is going to live in New Zealand. Negative: ___________________________________________________________ Yes/no question: ___________________________________________________________ Wh- question: ___________________________________________________________ 3. It is going to start at 10:00 a.m. Negative: ___________________________________________________________ Yes/no question: ___________________________________________________________ Wh- question: ___________________________________________________________ 4. He is going to buy two new computers. Negative: ___________________________________________________________ Yes/no question: ___________________________________________________________ Wh- question: ___________________________________________________________ 51 5. Andy and Sophia are going to take French lessons. Negative: ___________________________________________________________ Yes/no question: ___________________________________________________________ Wh- question: ___________________________________________________________ III. Complete el siguiente párrafo usando Be going to + el verbo en paréntesis Sarah 1.___________________ ( go) to Canada tonight. She 2.________________ (live) with her best friend called Andrea. They 3.______________ __(study) French and English in a language school. She is excited because she 4._____________(meet) new people and she 5.____________________ (learn) new languages. IV. Coloque las siguientes palabras en el orden correcto para poder formar oraciones o preguntas. a. she/ going to / what / is / do / next week/ ? ________________________________________________________________ b. going to / isn’t / Steven / buy / a / new cell phone. ________________________________________________________________ c. they/ where/ go/ are/ going to / vacations/ on? ________________________________________________________________ d. going to/ we/ rent/ are /a car /drive/ to / across the country. ________________________________________________________________ e. it / what time / going to / is / start / ? ________________________________________________________________ V. Complete las siguientes oraciones usando be going to + un verbo del recuadro. sleep make take drink go wash 1. I’m hungry. I’m __________________ a sandwich. 2. I have a toothache. I’m ______________________ to the dentist. 3. It’s raining. I’m ______________________ my umbrella. 4. The dishes are dirty .I’m _____________________ them. 5. She is thirsty. She’s ___________________some water. (drink) 6. They are tired. They’re ___________________. 52 VI. Realice preguntas de si o no y responda en forma completa. Ejemplo: - Is George going to read this book? No, George isn’t going to read this book. a. Andrea / fix the computer ________________________? Yes, _________________________ b. your brothers / play soccer ________________________? No, _________________________ c. Laura and Thomas / do their homework ________________________? Yes, _________________________ d. your father/ lend you money ________________________? No, _________________________ e. you / drive tomorrow ________________________? No , _________________________ VII. Responda los siguientes enunciados. Use be going to + verbo 1. What are you going to do after work tomorrow? _________________________________________________________ 2. What time are you going to sleep tonight? _________________________________________________________ 3. What are you going to do on the weekend? _________________________________________________________ 4. Are you going to wash your clothes on the weekend? _________________________________________________________ 5. Are you going to study English next week _________________________________________________________ END OF SECOND PARTIAL 53 RESPUESTA UNIT ONE EJERCICIO 1 I. a. b. c. d. e. fried lived carried liked looked II. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Amy cleaned the windows last night. Jerry arrived late yesterday. Jason listened to classical music. Jane cried a lot last morning. My teacher wanted to talk with me. He closed the door angrily. Margaret washed her hair last Monday. My grandmother died because of cancer four days ago. Maggie cooked delicious food yesterday. Byron and George worked hard on a big project III. a) last b) yesterday c) ago d) last e) ago f. invent ed g. moved h. shared i. tried j. copied f) yesterday g) last h) last i) ago j) ago EJERCICIO 2 I. a. b. c. d. e. 2 7 6 3 9 f. g. h. i. j. 10 1 4 8 5 II. RICHARD My best friend’s name was Richard. He lived in a quiet residential suburb but he worked in a big company downtown, so he drove to work. He had three children; their names were Jack, Joshua and Peter. They went to a public school near their house. They had many abilities. They spoke three languages: French, German and English and they also played the piano beautifully. 54 III. Las respuestas pueden variar. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. I was born in Australia. I grew up in a small island. I studied Science. I traveled to Japan and China. I wrote a poem to my boyfriend yesterday. I watched “Malcom in the Middle” yesterday. I gave my mother a sweater for her birthday last week. I went to the beach last year. I took a taxi last night. I ate a sandwich for lunch last Monday. UNIT TWO EJERCICIO 3 I. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Jennifer didn’t buy a small dog yesterday. Tanya didn’t come late to school yesterday morning. Joseph didn’t study hard for the exam last month. They didn’t make a delicious cake for my birthday. We didn’t eat some sandwiches for lunch. He didn’t do his homework late at night. Sue didn’t know the answer. Robert didn’t write a letter to his brother. My grandfather didn’t listen to classical music George wasn’t absent last Monday. II. a. Liza had a small dog. Liza didn’t have a small dog. Did Liza have a small dog? b. Martin and Susan arrived at 7:00 a.m Martin and Susan didn’t arrive at 7:00 a.m Did Martin and Susan arrive at 7:00 a.m? c. Lorena found her cell phone at home. Lorena didn’t find her cell phone at home. Did Lorena find her cell phone at home? d. My children played soccer last week. My children didn’t play soccer last week. Did my children play soccer last week? e. Tania took the bus yesterday. Tania didn’t take the bus yesterday. Did Tania take the bus yesterday? f. I went to the mall four days ago. I didn’t go to the mall four days ago. Did I/you go to the mall four days ago? g. Elizabeth drank beer last Friday. Elizabeth didn’t drink beer last Friday. 55 Did Elizabeth drink beer last Friday? h. Joseph cleaned the apartment yesterday. Joseph didn’t clean the apartment yesterday. Did Joseph clean the apartment yesterday? i. Laura began a new ESL class five days ago. Laura didn’t begin a new ESL class five days ago. Did Laura begin a new ESL class five days ago? j. Wendy gave Thomas a t-shirt. Wendy didn’t give Thomas a t-shirt. Did Wendy give Thomas a t-shirt? III. a. b. c. d. e. 3 6 7 8 9 f. g. h. i. j. IV. a. Where did Peter live last year? b. How much did Samuel pay for his shoes? c. Why was Sylvia absent? d. When did Steven call me? e. What did you buy yesterday? V. a. b. c. d. e. 10 2 4 5 1 f. g. h. i. j. What time did Alexander have a meeting? How many cats did George have last yea?. Where did Manuel buy his suit? How did Linda go to Argentina? When did Arthur invite me to the party? She went to the market. He didn’t have a car. Did Thomas buy flowers for you? Did Michael come to visit you? Where did Sheila live? f. g. h. i. j. He didn’t do his homework. Bertha wasn’t at home last night. Victor didn’t break the window. When did she go to school? Did Arthur invite you to his party? VI. Las respuestas pueden variar. a. I was born in Quito. b. His name was Carlitos. c. I played soccer. d. I had a sandwich for lunch yesterday. e. I watched TV. f. g. h. i. j. I went to bed at 9:00 p.m I paid $ 65 Yes, I did. I went to Manta. I finished it yesterday evening. UNIT THREE EJERCICIO 4 I. a. b. c. d. e. used to take used to eat used to watch used to be used to have f. g. h. i. j. used to work used to swim used to write used to go used to dance 56 II. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. Liz used to cook Japanese food for everybody. They used to visit their grandmother every weekend. Peter didn’t use to have classes on Fridays. Bryan didn’t use to watch TV on the weekends. Did Sophia use to cry for her little child? Did Victor use to drink beer at school? Sarah used to walk long distances. Diana didn’t use to be pretty. Did your children use to eat candies? Henry didn’t use to do exercise. III. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. I used to walk long distances to go back home. I used to eat lunch as soon as I arrived home. I used to do my homework by myself. I used to play basketball in the afternoons. I used to read fairy tales. I didn’t use to watch soap operas. I didn’t use to smoke but now I do. I didn’t use to eat candies. I didn’t use to make my bed. I didn’t use to go to the disco. EJERCICIO 5 I. a. b. c. d. e. II. a. b. c. d. e. III. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. has to see has to take has to go has to take has to have f. g. h. i. j. don’t have to work. didn’t have to wear didn’t have to be don’t have to get don’t have to eat has to drink has to wash has to speak has to study has to fix f. g. h. i. j. didn’t have to take doesn’t have to pay doesn’t have to forget didn’t have to take doesn’t have to go My workmate has to teach English. She has to check students’ homework. She has to answer mails. She has to plan classes. She has to make exams She has to arrive on time. My workmate doesn’t have to be rude to students. She doesn’t have to let students cheat during exams. She doesn’t have to eat in classes. She doesn’t have to use her cell phone. 57 EJERCICIO 6 I. a. b. c. d. e. must pay mustn’t cross must show must wear mustn’t go f. g. h. i. j. mustn’t get in mustn’t tell mustn’t be must go mustn’t smoke II. a. b. c. d. e. mustn’t speak mustn’t run/play mustn’t eat mustn’t take mustn’t bother f. g. h. i. j. mustn’t listen mustn’t smoke mustn’t visit mustn’t drink mustn’t make III. a. b. c. d. e. Students must arrive on time. Students mustn’t smoke in class Students mustn’t wear uniforms. Students mustn’t eat in class Students mustn’t skip classes f. g. h. i. Students mustn’t cheat on exams. Students mustn’t use cell phones Students mustn’t listen to loud music. Students must do their homework. j. Students must study for the exams. UNIT FOUR EJERCICIO 7 I. 1. We live in an old department 2. You love that green shirt 3. We love classical music 4. She had a great holiday 5. They eat Chinese food on Fridays 6. There are some pink flowers in the garden 7. She cooks delicious apple pies. 8. This silk blouse is on the bed 9. The gray sweater is in the closet 10. The wooden table has some figures II. 1. nice card 2. blue desk 3. Mexican food 4. careful driver 5. beautiful kitten 6. dangerous street 7. fast car 8. rainy day 9. wide street 10. slow driver EJERCICIO 8 I. 1. slowly 2. well 3. suddenly 4. quickly 5. carefully 6. quietly 7. nervously 8. perfectly 9. beautifully 10. seriously 58 II. Posibles respuestas 1. The baby sleeps easily after taking his bottle 2. She speaks French fast 3. We play soccer well 4. He writes his speech logically 5. You must put these things softly in the bag III. 1. heavily 2. badly 3. easily 4. patiently 5. unexpectedly 6. She types some reports slowly. 7. They drove carefully 8. He answered wrong some questions 9. She speaks Italian perfectly 10. They came in the classroom suddenly 6. regularly 7. seriously 8. quietly 9. safely 10. reasonably EJERCICIO 9 I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. friendlier older more polite more responsible prettier II. 1. bigger than 2. more exciting than 3. more expensive than 4. nicer than 5. more difficult than 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. more impatient more patient uglier younger more aggressive 6. more attractive than 7. younger than 8. more reliable 9.quieter 10. earlier III. 1. San Francisco University is more expensive than Central University. 2. Guayaquil is larger than Riobamba. 3. Lexus cars are more elegant than Chevrolet cars. 4. Machángara river is more polluted than Amazon river. 5. The United States is more developed than Ecuador. 6. Michael Jackson is thinner than Pavarotti. 7. Ibarra is colder than Riobamba 8. Luis is taller tan Miguel 9. My older sister is older tan my uncle 10. Lesson 8 is easier than lesson 9 EJERCICIO 10 I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the friendliest the oldest the most polite the most responsible the prettiest 6. the most impatient 7. the most patient 8. the ugliest 9. the youngest 10. the most aggressive 59 II. 1. the oldest 2. the most patient 3. the most aggressive 4. the friendliest 5. the most reliable 6. the hottest 7. the nicest 8. the cheapest 9. the most boring 10. the most serious III. 1. the cheapest 2. larger 3. happier 4. the most popular sport 5. more comfortable 6. The oldest 7. the quickest 8. the worst 9. the best 10. cheaper EJERCICIO 11 I. 1. should visit 2. should brush 3. should wear 4. should go 5. should take 6. should watch 7. should take 8. should go 9. should look 10.should do II. Posibles consejos de acuerdo a cada situación. 1. You should take some pills 2. You shouldn’t watch TV 3. You should write a reminder 4. You should type a new resume 5. You should tell him 6. You should put some ointment 7. You should go the doctor 8. You shouldn’t buy ice-cream cones 9. You should set the alarm ahead of time 10. You should ask for a reward UNIT FIVE EJERCICIO 12 I. 1. Send the money fast 2. Turn on the lamp 3. Wait a moment 4. Leave your books on the table 5. Put your feet on the chair 6.Come back early 7. Turn to the left 8. Close the window 9. Answer the questions 10. Cut the vegetables II. Posibles respuestas 1. Open 2. Do 3. Be 4. Listen 5. Wash 6. Kick 7. Turn 8.Open or close 9. Study 10. Repeat III. 1. Don’t eat 2. Don’t go 3. Don’t take 4. Don’t drive 5. Don’t use 6. Don’t drink 7. Don’t work 8. Don’t turn 9. Don’t walk 10. Don’t drink 60 EJERCICIO 13 I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. could can can could can II. 1. can’t 2. couldn’t 3. couldn’t 4. couldn’t 5. can’t 6. could 7. can 8. could 9. can 10. could 6. can’t 7. can’t 8. couldn’t 9. couldn’t 10.can’t EJERCICIO 14 I. 1. may play 2. may answer 3. may come 4. may wear 5. may see 6. may get 7. may cut 8. may go 9. may buy 10. may get in II. 1. The baby may be hungry-sick 2. The woman may wear this new watch 3. The man may have an important meeting 4. The student may remember a joke! 5. The person may have an emergency 6. The patient may have the flu 7. The person may be happy 8. This doctor may talk slowly 9. That student may be in a hurry 10. These ladies may send the applications. EJERCICIO 15 I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Would you like to go to the movies? Would you like to play soccer tomorrow? Would you like to see the photos? Would you like to take my umbrella? Would you like to go to the concert? II. 1. Would you like some juice? 2. Would you like a chocolate? 3. Would you like to go to the movies? 4. Would you like to watch Paranormal Activity? 5. Would you like to have a cup of coffee? 6. Would you like to drink some juice? 7. Would you like to taste this sauce? 8. Would you like to have a cup of coffee? 9. Would you like to have some? 10. Would you like to take break? 6. Would you like a bar of chocolate? 7. Would you like to have a sandwich? 8. Would you like to taste this cake? 9. Would you like to come earlier? 10. Would you like to have an ice cream? EJERCICIO 16 I. 1. interested 2. exciting 3. disgusting 4. amazed 5. embarrasing 6. horrified 7. boring 8. tiring 9. amusing 10. fascinated 61 II. 1. boring 2. bored 3. exciting 4. excited 5. surprising 6. surprised 7. frightened 8. frightening 9. exhausting 10.exhausted UNIT SIX EJERCICIO 17 I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. were playing was raining was studying was borrowing was practicing II. 1. lived 2. worked, went / had 3. was making / came 4. worked 5. didn’t have 6. was driving 7. were fighting 8. was teaching 9. was trying 10. was planning 6. were you doing / called 7. started / was walking 8. was watching / was Reading 9. bought 10 .was playing III. Posibles respuestas. 1. My husband was reading his novel while I was baking a cake. 2. My sister was watching TV while I was doing my homework. 3. I was taking a shower while my brother was playing some music. 4. My pet was barking while I was talking on the phone. IV 1. Was raining /went 2. Were working 3. Opened 4. Rang/ was cooking 5. Heard / looked 6. A: were you doing/ rang B: was watching 7. B: was doing 8. A: did they arrive B: came / was having 9. A: didn’t go 10. A: were your driving / stopped B: was driving V. 1. Were waiting 2. Was knocking 3. Was eating 4. Were doing 5. Were having 6. Was talking 7. Were flying 8. Were laughing 9. Was trying 10. Was cleaning VI. 1. Was washing 2. Was reading 3. Was listening 4. Was eating 5. Was visiting 6. Was talking 7. Was cooking 8. Was writing 9. Was working out 10. Was watching 62 VII. 1. was reading / started 2. Arrived / were watching 3. Was cooking / received 4. Were playing/ began 5. Were you doing 6. were you studying / rang 7. Couldn’t / was crying 8. Arrived / was leaving 9. Were listening / was explaining 10. Was listening / received UNIT SEVEN EJERCICIO 18 I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. some a an some some II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. some any any some any III. a. b. c. d. e. much many much much much f. g. h. i. j. many many much many much EJERCICIO 19 I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a little a few a few a little a few II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. any some any any some V. 1. How many 2. How much 3. How many 6. A few 7. a little 8. A few 9. a few 10. a little III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IV. 1. a few letters 2. a little milk 3. a little Italian 4. a little fresh air 5. a little food many much much many many 4. How many 5. How many 6. How much EJERCICIO 20 I. 63 1. enough people 2. enough sugar 3. enough wind 4. enough chairs 5. enough time 6. enough money II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. too young 7. old enough 8. too big 9. big enough 10. too strong too slow old enough too heavy sunny enough tall enough III. 1. too crowded 2. too big 3. too fast 4. too low 5. too heavy 6. too loud IV. 1. tall enough 2. old enough 3. long enough 4. strong enough 5. good enough 6. big enough UNIT EIGHT EJERCICIO 21 I. a. He is going to teach Math. b. He is going to drive a new car. c. She is going to play golf. d. She is going to go camping. e. He is going to read a novel. II. 1. Negative: Yes/no question: Wh- question: They aren’t going to buy food tomorrow. Are they going to buy food tomorrow? When are they going to buy food? 2. Negative: Yes/no question: Wh- question: Thomas isn’t going to live in New Zealand. Is Thomas going to live in New Zealand? Where is Thomas going to live? 3. Negative: Yes/no question: Wh- question: It isn’t going to start at 10:00 a.m. Is it going to start at 10:00 a.m? What time is it going to start at 10:00 a.m? 4. Negative: Yes/no question: Wh- question: He isn’t going to buy two new computers. Is he going to buy two new computers? How many computers is he going to buy? 5. Negative: Andy and Sophia aren’t going to take French lessons. 64 Yes/no question: Wh- question: Are Andy and Sophia going to take French lessons? What lessons are Andy and Sophia going to take? III. 1. is going to go 2. is going to live 3. are going to study 4. is going to meet 5. is going to learn IV. a. What is she going to do next week? b. Steven isn’t going to buy a new cell phone. c. Where are they going to go on vacations? d. We are going to rent a car to drive across the country. e. What time is it going to start? V. 1. going to make 2. going to go 3. going to take 4. going to wash 5. going to drink 6. going to sleep VI. a. Is Andrea going to fix the computer? Yes, she’s going to fix the computer. b. Are your brothers going to play soccer? No, they aren’t going to play soccer. c. Are Laura and Thomas going to do their homework? Yes, they’re going to do their homework. d. Is your father going to lend you money? No, he isn’t going to lend me money e. Are you going to drive tomorrow? No , I’m not going to drive tomorrow VII. Posibles respuestas. 1. I’m going to buy some food. 2. I’m going to sleep at 10 p.m. 3. I’m going to go to the swimming pool. 4. Yes, I am. 5. No, I am not 65
