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Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 1 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” REVIEW OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE El Presente Simple indica básicamente acciones o estados permanentes así como rutinas y costumbres. I work eight hours a day. (Yo trabajo ocho horas al día.) Dr. Stephens works at a cancer center. (El Dr. Stephens trabaja en un centro de cáncer.) My mother doesn’t eat pork. (Mi madre no come cerdo.) Do you live in Callao? (¿Vives en el Callao?) STRUCTURE AFFIRMATIVE FORM Se forma en inglés con el infinitivo del verbo sin 'to' (forma básica) para todas las personas, a excepción de la tercera persona singular (he, she, it) que añade una -s final. ASSEMBLE I assemble You assemble He assembles She assembles It assembles ENSAMBLAR Yo ensamblo Tú ensamblas Él ensambla Ella ensambla Ello ensambla We assemble You assemble They assemble Nosotros ensamblamos Ustedes ensamblan Ellos ensamblan Cuando el verbo termina en -s, ss, -sh, -o, -ch, -x se añade a la tercera persona singular la terminación '-es'. I wash / Yo lavo He washes / Él lava Cuando termina en 'y' precedida de consonante cambia la 'y' por 'ies'. I try / Yo intento He tries / Él intenta INTERROGATIVE FORM Auxiliar+ sujeto + verbo en la forma básica + complemento +? Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 2 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Para realizar preguntas en el Presente Simple de los verbos ordinarios utilizamos el auxiliar DO para las personas: I/YOU/WE/THEY y DOES para HE/SHE/IT. Ex. DO YOU STUDY COMPUTING? (¿Estudias Computación? / ¿Estudias tú Computación?) NEGATIVE FORM Sujeto + auxiliar + not + verbo en la forma básica + complemento El auxiliar DO y DOES se unen a la partícula negativa de la siguiente manera: DO NOT = DON´T DOES NOT = DOESN’T Ex. HE DOES NOT HAVE A PRINTER. HE DOESN’T HAVE A PRINTER. (Él no tiene una impresora.) EXERCISE No. 1 Conjugate the verbs. REMOVE ELIMINAR I remove Yo elimino BACK UP I You You He He She She We We You You They They STUDY HAVE TENER I I have Yo tengo You You have He He has She She has We We have You You have They They have Él tiene Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 3 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Write sentences. Translate. 1. He / his homework (DO) He does his homework. Él hace su tarea. 2. We / to the computer room (GO) 3. She / a new web camera (HAVE) 4. The engineers / the new versions of the programs (RUN) 5. The programmer / the project file (DOWNLOAD) 6. I / my graphics in color (PRINT) 7. The computer laboratory / twenty-four hours a day. (OPEN) 8. The students / the files in their PCs (SAVE) 9. Charlie / e-mail messages to his friends in Canada (SEND) 10. My teacher / a laptop (USE) EXERCISE No. 2 Change to interrogative and negative form. Translate. 1. YOU STUDY COMPUTING. Do you study Computing? You don’t study Computing. Tú estudias Computación. ¿Estudias Computación? Tú no estudias Computación. 2. THE ANTIVIRUS PROGRAMS DETECT THOSE VIRUSES. 3. PATRICK AND EDITH ASSEMBLE YOUR COMPUTER. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 4 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” 4. THE GRAPHIC DESIGNER ATTACHES THE IMAGES. 5. THE PROGRAMMER WORKS IN THAT COMPANY. Use short answers. 1. DO YOU STUDY AT SIDEM INSTITUTE? Yes, I do. 2. DOES SIDEM INSTITUTE TEACH COMPUTING? 3. DO YOU HAVE A COMPUTER? 4. DO COMPUTERS USE A BINARY CODE (1/0)? 5. DOES “RAM” MEAN “READ -ONLY MEMORY”? EXERCISE No. 3 REVIEW OF THE COMPUTER PARTS Name the parts of the computer shown below. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 5 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” SIMPLE PAST TENSE El tiempo Pasado Simple se utiliza para expresar acciones que comenzaron y terminaron en el pasado. A. SPELLING RULES FOR SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS En el tiempo pasado, los verbos regulares presentan la terminación –ED. Sin embargo, para formar el pasado se deben considerar las siguientes reglas: I. Write the past tense (regular technical verbs). VERB 1. ASSEMBLE 2. ATTACH 3. BOOT 4. BROWSE 5. CHAT 6. CONFIGURE 7. COMPRESS 8. DELETE 9. DISPLAY 10. DECODE 11. DECIPHER SPANISH PAST ASSEMBLED ensamblar adjuntar arrancar, autoarrancar, iniciar hojear, rastrear, ojear charlar, conversar (en línea) configurar comprimir borrar visualizar decodificar, descifrar descifrar, decodificar SPANISH ENSAMBLÓ Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 6 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” 12. DEBUG 13. DOWNLOAD 14. EXIT 15. FORMAT 16. INFECT 17. BOOKMARK 18. BACK UP 19. BACKSPACE 20. FAX 21. FILE 22. LOG IN 23. LOG OFF 24. PRINT 25. REMOVE 26. SAVE 27. SCAN 28. STORE 29. SURF 30. UPLOAD 31. UPDATE depurar (localizar y corregir errores en un programa) descargar salir formatear infectar marcar (una página) hacer una copia de seguridad / respaldo retroceder faxear archivar hacer conexión, comenzar la sesión terminar la conexión, salir, cerrar la sesión imprimir eliminar guardar escanear, explorar almacenar (datos) navegar (en Internet) cargar (subir, copiar) actualizar, poner al día B. IRREGULAR VERBS Existen otros verbos que en general no forman el pasado por - ed o según la regla. Son los llamados Verbos Irregulares. Ejm: go (gou) run (rán) went (uént) ran (rén) fué (de ir) ejecutó (un programa) VERBOS QUE TERMINAN EN: COMO SE FORMA: e Añadir Consonante + y Cambiar y por i, entonces añadir –ed –d Una sola vocal + una vocal Duplicar la consonante y añadir –ed en sílaba tónica (menos x, w ó y) [Otros] [Añadir –ed EJEMPLOS: acquire - acquired classify - classified transfer - transferred check - checked Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 7 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” II. Write the past tense (irregular technical verbs). VERB 1. INPUT 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. RUN SEND SET UP SHUT DOWN UNDO REDO SPANISH ingresar, introducir (datos, información) ejecutar enviar instalar apagar (equipo) deshacer rehacer PAST INPUT SPANISH INGRESÓ C. CONJUGATION ASSEMBLE ENSAMBLAR I assembled You assembled He assembled She assembled It assembled Yo ensamblé Tú ensamblaste Él ensambló Ella ensambló Ello ensambló We assembled You assembled They assembled Nosotros ensamblamos Ustedes ensamblaron Ellos ensamblaron D. STRUCTURE AFFIRMATIVE (Subject + past Tense of verb + complement) She shut down the computer correctly. Ella apagó la computadora correctamente. INTERROGATIVE (Did + subject + verb (basic form) + complement + ?) Did William send a message? ¿Envió Guillermo un mensaje? FORMA NEGATIVA (Subject + did + not + verb (basic form) +complement) Se utiliza el auxiliar DID (PASADO DE Do y Does) seguido de NOT I didn’t set up the computer. Yo no instalé la computadora. La contracción de DID NOT es DIDN’T E. PAST TENSE EXPRESSIONS Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 8 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” TIME EXPRESSIONS Example Sentences Similar Expressions YESTERDAY (ayer) I ran the program yesterday. yesterday morning yesterday evening yesterday afternoon Yesterday, I ran the program. THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY (anteayer) He downloaded the software the day before yesterday. The day before yesterday, he downloaded the software. LAST NIGHT (anoche) Avril surfed the Internet last month. Last month, Avril surfed the Internet. THIS MORNING (esta mañana) I printed this morning. the week before last (week) the night before last (night) last time last week last month last year this afternoon this evening This morning, I printed. ONE WEEK AGO A WEEK AGO (hace una semana) We scanned the photo one week one hour ago (an hour ago. ago) one day ago (a day ago) One week ago, we scanned the one month ago (a month ago) photo. one year ago (a year ago) IN 1990 (en 1990) Mr. Wells finished university in 1990. in 2002 in March In 1990, Mr. Wells finished university. on March 17, 2007 on Sunday WHEN + SUBJECT + PAST Paul chatted when he was a TENSE VERB student. when I was born (CUANDO + SUJETO + VERBO EN PASADO) when John finished high school When Paul was a student, he chatted. when I turned 18 Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 9 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” EXERCISES I. Build affirmative sentences in Past Tense. Translate. 1. They _________________ those files the day before yesterday. (download) 2. The engineer _______________ the file to the e-mail message this morning. (attach) 3. They ______________ the programs last month. (debug) 4. He _______________ his floppy disks an hour ago. (format) 5. They _________________ a network to access the Internet in May. (set up) II. Change to the affirmative and interrogative form. Translate. 1. Mr. Collins ran the new version of the program. 2. We only chatted for two hours last night. 3. I deleted my e-mail folders by mistake. 4. The users logged off the system. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 10 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” 5. Mr. Flores booted his computer one hour ago. III. Translate to English. 1. El Sr. Smith configuró mi computadora personal el mes pasado. 2. Ellos rastrearon aquellos sitios Web. 3. Nosotros ingresamos los códigos en la computadora. 4. Roberto envió un mensaje de correo electrónico esta tarde. 5. Yo cerré la sesión a las 5pm. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 11 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE El tiempo Pasado Continuo se emplea para indicar que una acción estaba desarrollándose en un momento determinado del pasado. No explica si la acción terminó o no. A. STRUCTURE AFFIRMATIVE FORM Se construye con el PASADO del indicativo del verbo “to be”, WAS/ WERE, y el “presente participio” (ING = gerundio) del verbo principal. Ex. At 8:22, she was eating breakfast. SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + verb ING + COMPLEMENT I/he/she/it You/we/ you/they WAS WERE THEY WERE STUDYING ENGINEERING. Ellos estaban estudiando ingeniería NEGATIVE FORM Se construye con el PASADO del indicativo del verbo “to be”, WAS/ WERE, la partícula negativa NOTy el “presente participio” (ING = gerundio) del verbo principal. SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + NOT+ verb ING + COMPLEMENT THEY WERE NOT STUDYING ENGINEERING. THEY WEREN’T STUDYING ENGINEERING. Ellos no estaban estudiando ingeniería. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 12 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Contractions was not = wasn’t were not = weren’t INTERROGATIVE FORM Se construye anteponiendo el PASADO del indicativo del verbo “to be”, WAS/ WERE. WAS/WERE + SUBJECT+ verb ING + COMPLEMENT? WERE THEY STUDYING ENGINEERING? Estaban ellos estudiando ingeniería? B. SPELLING RULES FOR THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE (-ING) En general, los verbos terminados en “e” eliminan la “e” y agregan ING: close – closing. Una excepción es see (con doble “e”) – seeing. Los verbos terminados en “consonante + vocal +consonante” (sílaba tónica), menos x, w, y, duplican la consonante antes de agregar ING: run – running. Si los verbos acaban en “ie”, el “ie” se cambia a “y”: lie – lying die – dying Si los verbos terminan en “c” se cambia a “ck”. Picnic - picnicking EXERCISE No. 1 SCAN – PROGRAM – SURF - OPEN - RETRIEVE - CHAT Complete the sentences using WAS /WERE and the correct verb from the box. Translate. The students ___were__ __programming__ in Visual Basic when the teacher entered the computer room. Los estudiantes estuvieron/estaban programando en Visual Basic cuando el profesor entró a la sala de cómputo. While we _________ _____________ the lost files, an error message appeared. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 13 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Daniel _________ shut down. While I ________ _______________ on MSN Messenger, the antivirus program _________ _____________ my computer. Yesterday at this time, Jessica and I ____________ _______________ the web. _______________ his e-mails when the Internet connection EXERCISE No. 2 I. Change the sentences to the negative and interrogative form. Translate. a. The programmers were retrieving the files via e-mail. Los programadores estaban recuperando los archivos vía correo electrónico. Neg: The programmers weren’t retrieving the files via e-mail. Int: Were the programmers retrieving the files via e-mail? b. Our antivirus program was removing the computer viruses. c. My Norton antivirus program was scanning a Trojan file. II. Translate to Spanish. a. You were clicking and dragging a document. _______________________________________________________ b. What were you assembling yesterday? _______________________________________________________ c. Were they using the classic version of Hotmail? _______________________________________________________ d. Our computer shut down while we were attaching the database to the e-mail message. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 14 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” _______________________________________________________ THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE El tiempo Presente Perfecto Simple se utiliza para expresar acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y continúan en el presente. I have studied English for four years. He estudiado inglés durante cuatro años. (continúo estudiando) Se emplea también para describir acciones que sucedieron (o no) en un momento desconocido del pasado. En este caso usamos las palabras already, yet, ever ó never I have never had a printer. Nunca he tenido una impresora. Have you ever been to Rome? ¿Has estado alguna vez en Roma? El "present perfect" es un tiempo que sirve además para describir acciones que acaban de suceder en el pasado y que guardan alguna relación con el presente (acciones recientes). I have attached a file. Yo he adjuntado un archivo. A. STRUCTURE AFFIRMATIVE FORM Subject + auxiliary (have / has) + past participle of main verb + complement. She has formatted the hard disk- Ella ha formateado el disco duro. She’s formatted the hard disk- Ella ha formateado el disco duro. CONTRACCIONES I have = I've she has = she's NEGATIVE FORM Subject + auxiliary (have / has) + not + past participle of main verb + complement. We have not printed the report – Nosotros no hemos impreso el informe. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 15 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” We haven’t printed the report CONTRACCIONES have not = haven't has not = hasn't INTERROGATIVE FORM Auxiliary (have / has) + subject + past participle of main verb + complement ? Has she saved the programs? - ¿Ha guardado ella los programas? B. CONJUGATION PRINT AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE I have printed I haven't printed Have I printed? You have printed You haven't printed Have you printed? He has printed He hasn't printed Has he printed ? She has printed She hasn't printed Has she printed? It has printed It hasn't printed Has it printed? We have printed We haven't printed Have we printed? You have printed You haven't printed Have you printed? They have printed They haven't printed Have they printed? C. SPELLING RULES FOR PAST PARTICIPLE OF REGULAR VERBS VERBOS TERMINADOS EN: COMO SE FORMA: EJEMPLOS: e Añadir Consonante + y Cambiar y por i, entonces añadir –ed classify - classified clasificado Una sola vocal + una vocal en sílaba tónica (menos x, w ó y) Duplicar la consonante y añadir –ed transfer - transferred transferido [Otros] [Añadir –ed check – checked verificado acquire – acquired adquirido –d El pasado participio de los verbos irregulares debe ser memorizado. SEND (enviar) SENT (enviado) RUN (ejecutar) RUN (ejecutado) Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 16 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” D. PAST PARTICIPLE OF TECHNICAL VERBS COMPLETE: reenvió, retransmitió 1. FORWARD infected 2. INFECT instaló 3. INSTALL hizo conexión, comenzó la sesión 4. LOG IN logged off 5. LOG OFF imprimido, impreso 6. PRINT 7. PROGRAM 8. RECORD programed, programmed programó programed, programmed programado recorded grabó, registró recorded grabado, registrado eliminó 9. REMOVE reiniciar, rearrancar (una computadora o un sistema operativo) 10. REBOOT reparado 11. REPAIR 12. RETRIEVE retrieved recuperó retrieved actualizó, puso al día 13. UPDATE cargado,sub ido 14. UPLOAD escaneó, examinó, exploró 15. SCAN saved 16. SAVE navegado 17. SURF prendió, encendió 18. SWITCH ON 19. INPUT 20. OUTPUT 21. REDO 22. RUN input/inputted output/ outputted redid switched on input/inputted sacó, transfirió, transmitió (información desde una computadora) rehizo ran redone run set up 23. SET UP sent 24. SEND cerró, apagó 25. SHUT DOWN 26. UNDO recuperado undid shut down undone Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 17 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” COMPLETE: VERB 27. ASSEMBLE PAST SPANISH PAST PARTICIPLE SPANISH assembled ensambló assembled ensamblado backspaced retrocedió backspaced retrocedido 28. ATTACH 29. BACK UP 30. BACKSPACE 31. BOOKMARK 32. BOOT rebotado 33. BOUNCE 34. BROWSE 35. CHAT borró, despejó (libró la memoria de datos o instrucciones) 36. CLEAR 37. CLICK 38. COMPILE cleared cliqueó, hizo un clic, pulsó cliqueado, hecho un clic, pulsado compiló compilado 39. COMPRESS calculado 40. COMPUTE 41. CONFIGURE conectado 42. CONNECT debugged 43. DEBUG 44. DECIPHER 45. DECODE 46. DELETE marcó (número telefónico para establecer una conexión) 47. DIAL UP dialed up digitalizó 48. DIGITALIZE 49. DISPLAY 50. DOWNLOAD arrastró y soltó 51. DRAG & DROP codificó, cifró 52. ENCRYPT exited 53. EXIT faxeó, envió por fax 54. FAX archivado 55. FILE 56. FORMAT formatted Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 18 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” E. USE OF PREPOSITIONS“FOR” AND “SINCE” For significa desde hace. Se usa for con un periodo de tiempo. Ex. a minute, an hour, two days, three months, a year, etc. Since significa desde. Se usa since con un punto en el tiempo. Ex. 10 o’clock, August, 2001, yesterday, etc. EXERCISES I. Complete with the auxiliary “HAVE” or “HAS” and the prepositions“for” and “since”. Translate. Ex. He_has_ bought this software. Él ha comprado este software. 1. The students …….....…….sent email messages ………….two hours. 2. Peter and Mary ……........ printed documents ……….2 pm. 3. The engineer ……....…… worked in that computer laboratory ………. five years. 4. I ..................... dialed up those web addresses ………. this morning. 5. The user ...................... retrieved data from the database ………... yesterday. II. Write affirmative sentences. Translate. 1. The students/ on the PC (WORK) The students have worked on the PC. Los estudiantes han trabajado en la computadora personal. 2. We / the photographs for three hours (DIGITALIZE) 3. I / your homepage (BOOKMARK) 4. The programmer/ the subroutine (EXIT) 5. The engineer and the programmer / the database (DEBUG) Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 19 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” III. Translate to Spanish. 1. Has the boy surfed the Web for an hour? 2. That user has rebooted his computer. 3. Has the software enabled the user to create illustrations and graphics? 4. The computing students haven’t downloaded the Antivirus program. 5. He has never clicked on the Hotmail icon. 6. The TIVO Digital Video Recorder (DVR) has recorded television programs onto hard disk drives since 1998. III. Translate to English. 1. Él no ha escaneado las imágenes. 2. El Señor Smith ha descargado el programa desde hace diez minutos. 3. La profesora de inglés ha reenviado un correo electrónico sobre el “Tiempo Presente Perfecto”. 4. ¿Han infectado esos virus nuestras computadoras? 5. Yo he tenido este escáner desde el 2004. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 20 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” MODALS (MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS) Los verbos modales se anteponen a un verbo principal (infinitivo sin “to”). El verbo principal aporta el significado verdadero, mientras que el auxiliar modal ayuda a expresar de un modo subjetivo dicha acción: posibilidad, habilidad, permiso, recomendación, obligación, etc. 1. CAN HABILIDAD: I can assemble a computer (Yo puedo ensamblar una computadora) POSIBILIDAD (O IMPOSIBILIDAD): Mr. Salazar can not buy a printer (El Sr. Salazar no puede comprar una impresora) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + can + verbo Negativa: sujeto + can not / can't + verbo Interrogativa: can + sujeto + verbo? 2. COULD Es el pasado de “can”. Could you speak English when you were a child? (¿Podías hablar Inglés cuando eras niño?) PETICIÓN O PREGUNTA EDUCADA: Could you help me, please? (¿Podría ayudarme, por favor?) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + could + verbo Negativa: sujeto + could not / couldn't + verbo Interrogativa: could + sujeto + verbo? 3. MAY POSIBILIDAD: según nuestra opinión. Lo usamos con el presente o futuro. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 21 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Betty may come. (Puede que Betty venga) PERMISO: You may go (Puedes ir) PETICIÓN O PREGUNTA EDUCADA: May I use your laptop, please? (¿Puedo usar su computadora portátil, por favor?) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + may + verbo Negativa: sujeto + may + not + verbo Interrogativa: may + sujeto + verbo? 4. MIGHT Es el pasado de “may”. PETICIÓN O PREGUNTA EDUCADA: más educadamente que con el “may”. Might I use your laptop? (¿Podría usar su computadora portátil?) POSIBILIDAD: Expresa menos probabilidad que “may”. He might be at the company. (Él podría estar en la compañía) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + might + verbo Negativa: sujeto + might not / mightn't Interrogativa: might + sujeto + verbo? 5. MUST NECESIDAD: I am tired. I must go home now. (Estoy cansado. Debo irme a casa ahora) OBLIGACIÓN: The program must be set up today. (El programa debe ser instalado hoy) CERTEZA: Se utiliza cuando estamos seguros que algo que es cierto. PROHIBICIÓN: La forma negativa equivale a una prohibición. The students mustn’t cheat on exams. (Los alumnos no deben copiar en los exámenes) Para hablar en PASADO O FUTURO debemos usar el modal HAVE TO. The students didn’t have to download those images. (Los alumnos no tenían que / no debían descargar esas imágenes) Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 22 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + must + verbo Negativa: sujeto + must not / mustn’t + verbo Interrogativa: must + sujeto + verbo? 6. SHOULD NECESIDAD U OBLIGACIÓN: Para expresar una obligación o una necesidad (recomendación) donde hay una opción: You should correct your homework. (Ud. debería corregir su tarea) EXPRESAR OPINIONES PERSONALES: en voz alta. You should have a holiday. (Deberías tener vacaciones.) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + should + verbo Negativa: sujeto + should not / shouldn't + verbo Interrogativa: should + sujeto + verbo? 7. WOULD PETICIÓN O PREGUNTA EDUCADA: Would you lend me some money? (¿Me prestaría dinero?) FRASES CONDICIONALES: “Would” se utiliza en general para las frases condicionales. If those printers were cheaper, I would buy them. (Si esas impresoras fuesen más baratas, las compraría) Sintaxis Afirmativa: sujeto + would + verbo : sujeto+ 'd + verbo Negativa: sujeto + would not / wouldn't+ verbo Interrogativa: would + sujeto + verbo? Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 23 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” PRACTICE TRANSLATE: 1. Could you switch on the computer, please? 2. Would you switch the computer on? 3. The programmer must correct any detectable logic problem. 4. Computers can run a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). 5. That file might have a virus. 6. You didn’t have to format these floppy disks. 7. Internet viruses can affect your computer. 8. Mr. Silva must buy a scanner. He needs one. 9. You should learn to assemble computers. 10. May I use your USB flash drive/pen drive? 11. Would you lend me a compact disk? 12. The programmer can check this program. 13. I could’t bookmark that web page. 14. May I use your earphones, please? Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 24 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” 15. You must update the antivirus program. MICROSOFT ACCESS Complete the chart. Use the dictionary. 1. ACCESS: Microsoft Access 2. AUTONUMBER: Auto______________________ 3. BITMAP: _________________ de bits 4. BUTTON: B____________ 5. COLUMN: C___________ 6. COMMAND: C______________ 7. DATA TYPES: Tipos de _____________________ 8. DATA: D__________ 9. DATABASE WINDOW: Ventana de _____________________ 10. DATABASE: ______________ de datos 11. DATASHEET VIEW: Vista de _______________ de _________________ 12. DEFAULT: Valor _______________________ 13. DESIGN BUTTON: Botón de __________________ 14. DESIGN VIEW: __________________de diseño 15. EMBEDDED OBJECT: _________________Embutido 16. FIELD: C_____________ 17. FILE MANAGEMENT: Administración/Gestión de _______________________ 18. FILE: A____________ 19. FILTER: F_________________ 20. FOLDER: C________________ 21. FONT: F_____________ 22. FORM: F_____________________ 23. FORMAT: F___________________ 24. FRAME: M______________ 25. GRAPH: diagrama, g______________ 26. GRIDLINES: ________________ guia Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 25 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” 27. GROUP: G__________________ 28. INDEX: Í______________ 29. LABEL: E___________________ 30. LAYOUT. Esquema. Diseño. Diseño global de un proyecto. 31. LINK: E___________ 32. LIST: L____________ 33. MACRO: M___________________ 34. MENU BAR: Barra de ________________ 35. MODULE: M__________ 36. PAGE: P__________ 37. POINTER: P____________ 38. PRIMARY KEY: _____________ principal 39. PROPERTIES: P______________ 40. QUERY: C________________ 41. RECORD: R____________________ 42. RELATIONAL DATABASE: Base de datos ________________ 43. RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Sistema de ___________ de bases de datos relacional 44. REPORT: I_________ 45. ROW: F__________ 46. RULER: R_____________ 47. RUN: E_________________ 48. TABLE. T________________ 49. TEXT: T_________________ 50. TOOLBAR: Barra de H_________________ 51. UNIT OF MESURE: U__________ de ___________________ 52. WIDTH: A__________________ 53. WIZARD: Asistente / I___________________ Translate. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) The database management system is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 26 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The following are examples of database applications: computerized library systems automated teller machines flight reservation systems computerized parts inventory systems From a technical standpoint, DBMSs can differ widely. The terms relational, network, flat, and hierarchical all refer to the way a DBMS organizes information internally. The internal organization can affect how quickly and flexibly you can extract information. Requests for information from a database are made in the form of a query, which is a stylized question. For example, the query SELECT ALL WHERE NAME = "SMITH" AND AGE > 35 requests all records in which the NAME field is SMITH and the AGE field is greater than 35. The set of rules for constructing queries is known as a query language. Different DBMSs support different query languages, although there is a semi-standardized query language called SQL (structured query language). Sophisticated languages for managing database systems are called fourth-generation languages, or 4GLs for short. The information from a database can be presented in a variety of formats. Most DBMSs include a report writer program that enables you to output data in the form of a report. Many DBMSs also include a graphics component that enables you to output information in the form of graphs and charts. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 27 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” THE PASSIVE VOICE La voz activa es la forma como hablamos comúnmente, es decir, aquella donde alguien (una persona) realiza (o no) una acción. Por ejemplo: The student saved the file. estudiante guardó el archivo.) (El Sin embargo, cuando en ocasiones se prefiere resaltar a las personas o cosas sobre las que recae la acción, objeto de la oración, se utilizará la VOZ PASIVA. Por lo tanto, la voz pasiva se refiere a aquellas oraciones o frases que emplean al objeto como sujeto (en este caso, pasivo). The e-mail message is sent by Susan. (El mensaje de correo electrónico es enviado por Susana.) A. Rules for Passive Voice La voz pasiva se forma utilizando el verbo to be + el verbo principal en participio (past participle). Para transformar una oración activa a pasiva tenemos en cuenta los siguientes puntos: El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva. El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo, junto al verbo principal en participio. El sujeto de la oración principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva. B. Cambios verbales en la transformación de Voz Activa a Voz Pasiva write (presente/present) / wrote (pasado/past) / written (participio/participle) VOZ ACTIVA Liz writes a letter. Liz escribe una carta. VOZ PASIVA A letter is written by Liz. Una carta es escrita por Liz. Liz is writing a letter Liz está escribiendo una carta. Liz was writing a letter. Liz estaba escribiendo una carta. A letter is being written by Liz Una carta está siendo escrita por Liz. A letter was being written by Liz. Una carta estaba siendo escrita por Liz. Liz wrote a letter. Liz escribió una carta. A letter was written by Liz. Una carta fue escrita por Liz. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 28 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” C. Usage (a) Usamos la voz pasiva cuando queremos dar importancia a "lo que pasó" más que a quién hizo la acción. Her printer was stolen. (Su impresora fue robada) (b) Para describir procesos científicos. The water is boiled at 100° C. (El agua es hervida a 100 grados Celsius) EXERCISES I. Rewrite the sentences in Passive Voice. Translate. 1. Tony visited my homepage yesterday. 2. The servers transferred those programs to our own computers. 3. Fred Cohen used the term “virus” in 1984. 4. Patrick received the file from the Internet. 5. They download the document in Word Format. II. Underline the sentences in Passive Voice. Translate. THE ABACUS In the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome, and China, pencil and paper were luxuries and the numbering system was clumsy. Therefore, calculations were carried out using counting stones and rods. In fact, the Latin word for pebble, “calculus”, is the origin of the modern term “calculate”. The most familiar form of the abacus was developed in China during the sixth century. The counters of that abacus were divided into two sets, one set representing fives and the other set representing ones. With the introduction of Arabic numerals, the popularity of the abacus began to decline. However, the abacus still has limited use in schools, where it is used to demonstrate numbering systems and the theory behind simple arithmetic operations. Vocabulary Abacus: ábaco Ancient : antiguo (a) Arithmetic: aritmética Calculation: cálculo Clumsy: torpe, poco acertado. Counter: ficha Luxury: lujo Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 29 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Numbering system: sistema numérico Numeral: cifra, número Pebble: guijarro Rod: vara Set: conjunto; grupo Theory: teoría Therefore: por tanto, por eso to calculate: calcular to carry out: poner en práctica to decline: disminuir, declinar to demonstrate: demostrar to develop: desarrollar to divide: divider Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 30 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Usos Ejemplos Problemas / Notas Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 31 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Se utiliza el gerundio: (-ing) 1. Después de las She left without saying good- Los verbos más frecuentes que preposiciones. (in, at, of, for, bye. solemos encontrar con el gerundio before, without, by, after, about, We are thinking of studying etc.) son: computer assembly. I enjoy repairing computers. 2. Después de algunos verbos. Do you mind giving me your floppy disk? like, love, hate, enjoy, miss, feel like, mind, finish, risk, practise, put off, stop, suggest, can’t help, fancy, admit, deny, give up, imagine, keep (on), put off (postpone), spend time, 3. Como el sujeto de una frase. Smoking is bad for you. can’t stand, delay, regret, avoid, Skiing is expensive consider, involve, go on (=continue) Se coloca 'to' + Infinitivo: 1. Para dar una respuesta a la pregunta ‘Why’ (¿por qué?) 2. Después de los adjetivos Why did you stop working? - To for spend spend more time with my for to spend children. Obsérvese los ejemplos con el It’s not easy to find a good negativo ‘not to’: computer. We hope not to fail the next exam. She decided not to sell her scanner. Los verbos más frecuentes que solemos encontrar con 'to' + infinitivo I forgot to turn off the printer. 3. Después de algunos verbos She needs to buy an antivirus program urgently. son: would like, want, need, decide, hope, arrange, expect, plan, forget, seem, appear, wish, promise, offer, claim, refuse, learn, manage, afford, agree, fail, tend, happen, mean, prepare, pretend, threaten, attempt. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES Los Infinitivos y los gerundios son formas sustantivas. Funcionan como sujetos cuando van antes del verbo principal (Smoking is bad for you). Actúan como objetos de la oración cuando van después del verbo principal (I enjoy repairing computers). Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 32 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” TRANSLATION EXERCISE I. VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS. 1. I adore reading these computing textbooks. Yo adoro leer estos libros de computación. 2. They anticipated updating the software. 3. I detest having viruses in my computer. 4. We postponed running that software. 5. The debugger quit working. 6. I can’t recall assembling a computer. 7. Mr. Lewis suggested replacing the video card. II. VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES. 1. Mr. Lee claimed to be the owner of that USB memory stick. El Señor Lee afirmó ser el dueño de aquella memoria USB. 2. He agreed to open his e-mail message. 3. He will learn to back up the data files. 4. That application manages to compress the size of large files. 5. Christian pretends to decode the file. III. VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES. A. SAME MEANING. 1. He began to learn Graphic Design when he was twenty. He began learning Graphic Design when he was twenty. Él comenzó a aprender ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. I continue to configure the video file. I continue configuring the video file. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 33 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” 3. Sophie preferred to bookmark her favorite web pages. Sophie preferred bookmarking her favorite web pages. 4. I started to digitalize the images in real time. I started digitalizing the images in real time. B. DIFFERENT MEANING. 1. The programmer forgot to download the free software. The programmer forgot downloading the free software 2. We stop to save the file. We stop saving the file. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 34 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” PLURALS SPELLING RULES: PLURAL OF NOUNS Generalmente, el plural se forma al añadir la “s” a un sustantivo singular: car cars Las palabras que terminan en -ch, x, s ó sonido similar a s, forman el plural al añadir la – es: box boxes La letra “y” después de consonante cambia a -ies: baby babies Los sustantivos que terminan en -f ó -fe generalmente forman el plural con -ves: thief thieves SIN EMBARGO: -f pasa a –fs en ciertos casos: roof roofs Los sustantivos terminados en -o cambian a –oes, en ciertos casos: potato potatoes PERO: como en la regla general, en otros casos, se les añade s: photo photos stereo stereos IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS Son aquellos que no siguen ninguna regla, deben ser aprendidos por separado. Ex. Singular man (hombre) woman (mujer) child (niño) mouse (ratón) Plural men (hombres) women (mujeres) children (niños) mice (ratones) Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 35 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” EXERCISES Write the plural noun. Translate. 1. Attachment 2. Accessory 3. Address 4. Animation 5. Menu bar 6. Box 7. Button 8. Cell 9. Database 10. Datum 11. Device 12. Directory 13. Domain 14. Field 15. File 16. Image 17. Inbox 18. Inch 19. Index 20. Interface 21. Inventory 22. Line 23. Key 24. Laboratory 25. Link 26. Mouse 27. Network 28. Page 29. Password 30. Property 31. Protocol 32. Prototype 33. Query 34. Record 35. Row 36. Theory 37. Tool 38. Toolbar 39. User 40. Virus __Attachments______(anexos /archivos adjuntos)__ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 36 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” SQL and Database Glossary Complete the chart. Use the dictionary. 1. Access : Microsoft Access. 2. ACID (Atomicity – Consistency – Isolation – Durability) 3. ADO (Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects) = ADO 4. Atomicity: 5. Consistency: 6. Isolation: 7. Durability: 8. Column : 9. COM (Component Object Model): 10. COMMAND : 11. COMMIT = COMMIT 12. Cross-reference table : 13. Cursor (Current Set of Records): 14. Data: 15. Database: 16. DB2 :DB2 17. dBase : dBASE 18. DELETE : 19. DLL (Data definition language): 20. DML (Data manipulation language) : 21. Entity: 22. Field: 23. Flat File: 24. Foreign Key : 25. FoxPro : FoxPro 26. Index : 27. INSERT: 28. JOIN: Combinación 29. Keys or keywords: 30. Lock: 31. Normalization : 32. NULL : NULL 33. ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) : 34. OLE DB (Object Linking and Embedding Data Base): 35. Primary Key: 36. Query : 37. RDBMS (Relational Database Management System): 38. Record: 39. ROLLBACK : ROLLBACK 40. Row : 41. SELECT : Seleccionar 42. SQL (Structured Query Language): Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 37 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” 43. Stored Procedure : 44. System failure : 45. Table : 46. to edit: 47. Transaction: 48. Trigger : Desencadenador 49. UPDATE: 50. Entry-level (adj): básico, de nivel básico. Read and explain in your own words the next definitions. Translate. SQL and Database Glossary Access Microsoft Access is an entry-level database management software from Microsoft, which allows you to organize, access, and share information easily. Access is very easy to use for inexperienced users, but sophisticated enough for database and software developers. ACID short for Atomicity – Consistency – Isolation – Durability and describes the four properties of a transaction: ATOMICITY: a transaction should be done or undone completely. In the event of an error or failure, all data manipulations should be undone, and all data should go back to its previous state. CONSISTENCY: a transaction should transform a system from one consistent state to another consistent state. ISOLATION: each transaction should happen independently of other transactions occurring at the same time. DURABILITY: Completed transactions should remain stable/permanent, even during system failure. ADO Short for Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects. ADO is asset of interfaces that enables your client applications to access and manage data from a range of sources through an OLE DB provider. Column Database tables are made of different columns (fields) corresponding to the attributes of the object described by the table. COMMIT The COMMIT command in SQL marks the finalization of a database transaction. Cursor Short for Current Set of Records in some database languages. The cursor is a database object pointing to a currently selected set of records. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 38 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” Data Piece of information collected and formatted in a specific way. The term data is frequently used to describe binary (machine-readable) information. Database A database is a collection of information organized into related tables of data and definitions of data objects. The data within a database can be easily accessed and manipulated through a computer program. DB2 DB2 is a relational database management system developed by IBM. DB2 runs on a variety of platforms including Sun Solaris, Linux and Windows. dBase dBase is a popular relational database management system produced by Ashton-Tate corporation in the early 1980s. The dBase format for storing data has become industry standard and is still in use today. DELETE The DELETE is a SQL command used to delete record(s) from a table in database. Field A field is an area that stores a single piece of information and corresponds to the attributes of the object described by the table Flat File Flat file is a data file that has no structured relationships between its records. Foreign Key A foreign key is a key field (column) that identifies records in a table, by matching a primary key in a different table. The foreign keys are used to cross-reference tables. FoxPro Visual FoxPro is a Microsoft development environment designed for database developers. Index An index is a database feature (a list of keys or keywords), allowing searching and locating data quickly within a table. INSERT The INSERT is a SQL command used to add a new record to a table within a database. JOIN The JOIN is a SQL command used to retrieve data from two or more database tables with existing relationship based upon a common attribute. Lock Locks enable different users to access different records/tables within the same database without interfering with one another. Normalization Normalization is the process of organizing data to minimize redundancy. Normalization involves separating a database into tables and defining relationships between the tables. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 39 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” NULL The NULL SQL keyword is used to represent a missing value. ODBC Short for Open DataBase Connectivity. Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is an open standard application programming interface (API) for accessing a database. By using ODBC statements in a program, you can access files in a number of different databases, including Access, dBase, DB2, Excel, and Text. OLE DB Short for Object Linking and Embedding Data Base. OLE DB is a set of application programming interfaces based on COM (Component Object Model). OLE DB interfaces give applications for accessing data stored in various information sources like Relational Database Management Systems (MS SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL), small personal databases like MS Access, productivity tools like spreadsheets; plain text files, etc. Primary Key A column or set of columns that uniquely identify all the rows in a table. Query Queries are the main way to make a request for information from a database. Queries consist of questions presented to the database in a predefined format, in most cases SQL (Structured Query Language) format. RDBMS Short for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS is a system that organizes data into related rows and columns. SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS). Record A record is a complete set of information. Records are composed of different fields (columns) in a table and each record is represented with a separate row in this table. ROLLBACK The ROLLBACK is a SQL command which cancels/undoes the proposed changes in a pending database transaction and marks the end of the transaction. Row In a database, a row (sometimes called a record) is the set of fields within a table that are relevant to a specific entity. For example, in a table called customer contact information, a row may contain fields such as: ID number, name, street address, city, telephone number, etc. SELECT The SELECT is a SQL command, which is the primary means for retrieving data from a RDBMS. SQL SQL is short for Structured Query Language and is an industry standard language used for manipulation of data in a RDBMS. Stored Procedure a stored procedure is a set of Structured Query Language (SQL) statements with an Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 40 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” assigned name that is stored in the database in compiled form so that it can be shared by a number of programs. Table A Table in RDBMS refers to data arranged in rows and columns, which defines a database entity. Transaction Transaction is a group of SQL database commands executed as a single atomic entity. Trigger Triggers are special type of stored procedures executed automatically in response to a data manipulation language (DML) or data definition language (DDL) event. UPDATE The UPDATE is a SQL command used to edit/update existing records in a database table. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 41 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE WITH “WILL” Este tiempo verbal se utiliza para expresar acciones que tendrán lugar en un futuro, sin importar el momento. Se forma con la partícula will + el infinitivo del verbo de la acción sin el “to” (forma básica). John will study tomorrow. John estudiará mañana. A. STRUCTURE Affirmative I will go. You will go. He will go. She will go. It will go. We will go. You will go. They will go. Interrogative Will I go? Will you go? Will he go? Will she go? Will it go? Will we go? Will you go? Will they go? Negative I will not go. You will not go. He will not go. She will not go. It will not go. We will not go. You will not go. They will not go. I won’t go. You won’t go. He won’t go. She won’t go. It won’t go. We won’t go. You won’t go. They won’t go. Contractions I will: I’ll She will: She’ll I will not: I won’t She will not: She won’t B. SIMPLE FUTURE EXPRESSIONS tomorrow (mañana) the day after tomorrow (pasado mañana), in 2010 (en el 2010) in a month (en un mes) next Monday (el próximo lunes), next week (la próxima semana), next month (el próximo mes) next year (el próximo año), next summer (el próximo verano) the next time (la próxima vez) tonight (esta noche) Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 42 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” EXERCISES I. Change to the interrogative and negative form. Translate. 1. The database window will show a list of tables, forms and modules. 2. The engineers will input the codes in the computer. 3. We will turn on the laser printer tomorrow. . 4. Mr. Rogers will design those graphics in a few minutes. 5. I will reply her e-mail message next week. II. Translate to Spanish. a. I won’t log off the chat room!!! b. Miss Lewis will retrieve some files from the temporary Internet files. c. Will Diana run this software on her computer next week? III. Translate to Spanish. a. Aquel técnico reparará la placa madre mañana. b. El software de correo electrónico transferirá el mensaje a través del Internet. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 43 Instituto de Educación Superior “San Ignacio de Monterrico” c. Aquella base de datos no usará el lenguaje de consulta estructurado. Formando Emprendedores De Calidad Para Un Mundo Empresarial 44