Download UNIT 1

UNIT 1
PAST SIMPLE
El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una acción concreta que comenzó y acabó en el pasado.
Recuerde que los verbos en pasado son regulares
Language Note (-ed) e irregulares (tienen su propia forma)
www.ego4u.com/en/cr
am.../past
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON VERBOS REGULARES
Sujeto + Verbo-ed (pasado simple) + Complemento
Tony stayed at home last night.
Katherine worked in the store yesterday.
1
The students studied a lot for the exam.
Tony se quedo en casa anoche.
Katherine trabajo en la tienda anoche.
Los estudiantes estudiaron bastante para el
examen.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES
Sujeto + Auxiliar did + not (didn’t) + Verbo (forma simple) + Complemento
Paul didn’t come to the party last Friday.
Paul no vino a la fiesta el viernes anterior.
The students didn’t arrive on time today.
Los estudiantes no llegaron puntuales hoy día.
I didn’t study for the oral presentation.
Yo no estudie para la presentación oral.
PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO
Auxiliar (Did) + Sujeto + Verbo (forma simple) + Complemento?
1
Did your parents travel to the beach last
¿Viajaron tus padres a la playa el año
year?
anterior?
Did Vanessa work in her office last night?
¿Trabajo Vanesa en su oficina anoche?
Did you understand the simple past?
¿Entendiste el pasado simple?
El verbo study cambia la y por i y aumenta –ed para formar el pasado
1
PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS
Wh + Auxiliar (Did) + Sujeto + Verbo (forma simple) + Complemento +?
Where did you buy your car?
When did the students finish the first level?
What did her mother prepare for lunch
yesterday?
¿Dónde compraste tu carro?
¿Cuándo terminaron los estudiantes el primer
nivel?
¿Qué preparo su madre para el almuerzo
ayer?
Usos
1. Se usa el pasado simple para una serie de acciones en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
-
I received the good news and immediately called my husband.
Recibí la buena noticia y llamé de inmediato a mi esposo.
He studied for an hour in the morning, worked all afternoon and didn't return home until 10 at
night.
El estudió por una hora por la mañana, trabajó toda la tarde y no regresó a casa hasta las 10 de
la noche.
2. También lo usamos para acciones repetidas o habituales en el pasado, como se usa el pretérito
imperfecto español.
Ejemplos:
-
We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young.
Nosotros siempre viajábamos a Cancún durante las vacaciones cuando éramos jóvenes.
He walked 5 kilometers every day to work.
El caminaba 5 kilómetros hasta el trabajo cada día.
3. Lo usamos para narraciones o acciones de períodos de largo tiempo en el pasado, como el
pretérito imperfecto español.
Ejemplos:
-
I worked for many years in a museum.
Yo trabaje en un museo durante muchos años.
My best friend didn't eat meat for years.
Mi mejor amiga no comió carne durante años.
4. Se utiliza para hablar de generalidades o hechos del pasado.
Ejemplos:
-
The Aztecs lived in Mexico.
Los aztecas vivían en México.
My husband played the guitar when he was a child.
Mi esposo tocaba la guitarra cuando era niño.
2
EXERCISE 1
COMPLETION -Beetle Bailey
En estas oraciones acerca de Beetle Bailey, llene en los espacios en blanco con la forma correcta del
verbo en tiempo pasado simple
1. The sergeant _________ (tell) the guy that he put the job list on the bulletin board.
2. The sergeant _________ (ask) the guy to tell that to Beetle.
3. The guy ________ (answer) that he ______ (tell) him.
4. They ________ (go) together to see him.
5. They ________ (find) him asleep.
6. The sergeant _______ (say): “Beetle! Get up and get to work!”
7. But Beetle __________ (not listen) to the sergeant.
8. Beetle _______ (be) deeply asleep.
9. The sergeant and the guy ________ (no understand) what happened.
10. The sergeant ______ (ask): “______ I _______ (forget) something?”
COMPLETION
Ponga los verbos en su forma correcta en el pasado simple.
1. Last year I (spend) ________ my holiday in Ireland.
2. It (be) ______ great.
3. I (travel) __________ around by car with two friends and we (visit)_______ lots of interesting
places.
4. In the evenings we usually (go) ___________ to a pub.
5. One night we even (learn) _________ some Irish dances.
6. We (be) ________ very lucky with the weather.
7. It (not / rain) __________ a lot.
8. But we (see) ________ some beautiful rainbows.
9. Where (spend / you) _____ _______ your last holiday?
10. (have / the comic’s guy)______ ______________ ______ a name?
3
PAST PROGRESSIVE
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
Subject + Past tense of Verb To-Be (was-were) + Verb-ING + Complement
Sujeto + pasado del verbo BE (was / were) + verbo-ing + complemento
My niece was doing her homework alone.
MI sobrina estuvo haciendo sola su deber.
Henry and Linda were dancing all night.
Henry y Linda estuvieron bailando toda la noche.
I was watching TV while I was eating.
Estuve viendo televisión mientras estaba comiendo.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
Sujeto + Verbo To-Be (was-were) (not) + Verbo (ING) + Complemento
Teresa wasn’t listening to music in the room.
Teresa no estuvo escuchando música en el
cuarto.
I wasn’t washing the dishes with my sister.
Yo no estuve lavando los platos con mi
hermana.
Sus padres no estuvieron viendo la telenovela.
His parents weren’t watching the soap opera.
PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO
Verbo To-Be (was-were) + Sujeto + Verbo (ING) + Complemento +?
Were his brothers working in the office?
¿Estuvieron sus hermanos trabajando en su
Was Marisol reading the magazine in the
oficina?
bus?
¿Estuvo Marisol leyendo la revista en el bus?
Were you singing during the concert?
¿Estuviste cantando durante el concierto?
SHORT ANSWERS: (Respuesta Afirmativas = Yes, I was – Yes, he/she/it was –
Yes, we /you/they were.
Negativas = No, I / he/she/it wasn’t – No, we/you/they weren’t
PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS
Wh + To-Be (was-were)+ Sujeto + Verbo (ING) + Complemento ?
4
Where was your father working last week?
¿Dónde estuvo trabajando tu padre la semana pasada?
What were you doing yesterday morning?
¿Qué estuviste haciendo ayer en la mañana?
Who was she chatting to during the class?
¿Con quién estaba ella chateando durante la clase?
USOS
1. El pasado progresivo lo utilizamos para una acción larga que ya en el pasado fue interrumpida.
La acción que se interrumpe está en pasado progresivo y la acción que provoca la interrupción está
en pasado simple. "When" y "while" señalan el uso del pasado simple y progresivo. En general,
usamos el pasado simple directamente después de "when" y el pasado progresivo después de
"while."
Ejemplos:
-
Jose called while I was watching the news.
José llamó mientras yo estaba viendo las noticias.
He was walking to work when he fell.
El estaba caminando hacia su trabajo cuando se cayó.
Was it raining when you left?
¿Estaba lloviendo cuando te fuiste?
2. Se usa el pasado progresivo para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
-
Paula wasn't living in Spain in 2005.
Paula no estaba viviendo en España en el 2005.
We were still working at 10 o'clock last night.
Nosotros todavía estábamos trabajando a las 10 de la noche.
3. Se usa el pasado progresivo para dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo en el
pasado.
Ejemplos:
-
My son was reading while I was cooking.
Mi hijo estaba leyendo mientras que yo estaba cocinando.
They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the movie.
Ellos estaban hablando muy alto mientras nosotros estábamos intentando ver la película.
EXERCISE 2
BUILDING –Positive
Escriba oraciones afirmativas en pasado progresivo
Yesterday at 3 pm the following people were in the middle of an action.
1. you / play / cards ________________________________________________________________
2. Alice / walk / around the lake ______________________________________________________
3. Caron / listen / to the radio ________________________________________________________
4. we / read / a book about Australia __________________________________________________
5. Linda / look for / her ring _________________________________________________________
5
6. Fiona and Sam / visit / the castle ___________________________________________________
7. Ben / wash / the car _____________________________________________________________
8. Kim and I / wait / in the park _______________________________________________________
9. My sister / feed / the birds ________________________________________________________
10. Greg and Phil / count / their money ________________________________________________
BUILDING –Negative
Escriba oraciones negativas en pasado progresivo.
Somebody believes that yesterday at 3 pm the following people were in the middle of an action. That
cannot be, however, as yesterday at 3 pm these people were not doing those things.
1.
Sarah and Luke / not / work ______________________________________________________
2.
Mister Miller / not / teach / chemistry ________________________________________________
3.
Barry / not / drive / a lorry ________________________________________________________
4.
Mandy / not / have / lunch _______________________________________________________
5.
Albert / not / play / tennis ________________________________________________________
6.
Taylor and Bob / not / cycle / home ________________________________________________
7.
Annie / not / clean / the table _____________________________________________________
8.
Benjamin / not / write / an e-mail __________________________________________________
9.
Jane / not / exercise / at the gym __________________________________________________
10. Robert / not / buy flowers ________________________________________________________
BUILDING –Interrogative
Escriba preguntas en pasado progresivo.
You want to know whether the following people were in the middle of an action at a certain time in the
past.
1. Rachel / feed / the cat ___________________________________________________________
2. The children / paint / a picture _____________________________________________________
3. Clark / repair / his computer _______________________________________________________
4. Hazel / swim / in the pool _________________________________________________________
5. Lucas / have / a shower __________________________________________________________
6. At six o'clock, Miriam and her family were having dinner.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Bob was walking home because his car had a flat tire.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. At half past seven, Mister Logan was driving home.
______________________________________________________________________________
9. The children were playing in the sandbox.
______________________________________________________________________________
10. Claire was visiting her best friend.
_____________________________________________________________________________
6
PAST PERFECT
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
Sujeto + Auxiliar (had) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
I had finished the task when you arrived.
Yo había terminado la tarea para cuando tú
They had practiced the choreography a lot.
llegaste.
Charlie had worked in different places
Ellos habían practicado mucho la coreografía
before he traveled to Spain.
Charlie había trabajado en diferentes lugares
antes de viajar a España.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
Sujeto + Auxiliar HAD NOT (hadn’t) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
Marley hadn’t traveled abroad before.
Marley no había viajado al extranjero antes.
They hadn’t walked the dog until I arrived.
Ellos no habían paseado al perro hasta que llegue.
I hadn’t had seen my friend in ages.
Yo no había visto a mi amigo por años.
PREGUNTAS DE SI Y NO
Auxiliar (had) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
- Had Alberto written a letter to his mother?
¿Estuvieron sus hermanos trabajando en su
- Had the children eaten when she arrived?
oficina?
- Had you tried the dessert yet?
¿Estuvo Marisol leyendo la revista en el bus?
¿Estuviste cantando durante el concierto?
SHORT ANSWERS
Affirmative = Yes, I, she, he, it, we, you, they did. / Negative = No, I, she, he, it, we, you, they didn’t.
PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS
Wh + Auxiliar (had) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
7
- How long had they studied for the final exam?
¿Cuánto tiempo han estudiado ellos para el examen final?
- How many exercises had you done?
¿Cuántos ejercicios habías hecho?
- Where had she been all this time?
¿Dónde ha estado ella todo este tiempo?
USOS
1. Usamos el pasado perfecto para referirnos a una acción o evento que comenzó en el pasado y
que es anterior a otra acción también en el pasado (el pasado simple).
Ejemplos:
-
-
I'd read the book before I saw the movie.
Yo había leído el libro antes de ver la película.
Donna had just left when you called.
Donna había salido justo cuando llamaste.
Had you ever flown before the trip to France?
¿Alguna vez habías volado antes del viaje a Francia?
2. Se usa para acciones que pasaron antes de un tiempo específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
-
I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am.
Ya me había despertado cuando sonó el despertador a las 7.
He hadn't been to France before the trip in 2008.
El no había estado en Francia antes del viaje del 2008.
3. También, como el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos el pasado perfecto para
situaciones que han empezado en el pasado y que siguieron hasta un punto específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
-
She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW.
Ella había tenido un coche antes de comprarse su nuevo BMW.
They had been depressed for a long time before they changed jobs.
Ellos habían estado deprimidos durante mucho tiempo antes que cambiaran de trabajo.
EXERCISE 3
BUILDING-Affirmative-Negative-Interrogative
AFFIRMATIVE
Escriba las oraciones con la forma correspondiente del verbo entre paréntesis.
1. The pupils talked about the film they (watch)
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. I was late for work because I (miss) the bus.
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. We lived in the house that my father (build).
_________________________________________________________________________________
8
4. We admired the picture that Lucy (paint).
_________________________________________________________________________________
NEGATIVE
Escriba oraciones negativas usando el pasado perfecto.
5. In the shopping centre, I met a friend who I (see / not) _____________________ for ages.
6. The thief could walk right into the house because you (lock / not) _______________ the door.
7. We lost the match because we (practice / not) _______________ the days before.
8. At school, Jim quickly copied the homework that he (do / not) _________________________.
INTERROGATIVE
Escriba preguntas en pasado perfecto.
9. (what / Bob / do) _______________________ that he was kept in after school?
10. (you / eat) ___________________________ anything before you went to the theatre?
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Responda las siguientes preguntas acerca de “Hagar the horrible”
1. Had Hagar had a terrible headache?
____________________________________________________
2. Had Hagar had his headache for 3 days?
____________________________________________________
3. Had the doctor asked him to take off his hat?
____________________________________________________
4. Had Hagar taken off his hat before?
____________________________________________________
5. Had the doctor discovered de source of Hagar’s headache?
____________________________________________________
6. Had Hagar been sick for weeks?
____________________________________________________
7. Had the doctor recommended him to rest for a day?
____________________________________________________
8. Had the doctor prescribed Hagar some medicine?
____________________________________________________
9. Had Hagar’s wife been at the doctor’s office that day?
____________________________________________________
10. Had Hagar’s children been at the doctor’s office that day?
____________________________________________________
9
UNIT TWO
Present Perfect Simple
El presente perfecto se usa en el idioma inglés para narrar hechos que ya han ocurrido en un
momento no específico del pasado, y que pueden o no estar continuando en el presente .
Ejemplo:
-
I have sent the letter.
Paul has painted his room.
Yo he enviado la carta.
Paul ha pintado su cuarto.
Conjugación:
PRONOMBRE
Sujeto
AFIRMATIVA
Auxiliar (have o has) +
Verbo (pasado participio)
NEGATIVA
Auxiliar (haven’t o hasn’t)
+ Verbo (pasado participio)
PREGUNTAS
Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto
+ Verbo (pasado participio)
I
have eaten
haven’t eaten
Have you eaten …?
YOU
have eaten
haven’t eaten
Have you eaten …?
HE
has eaten
hasn’t eaten
Has he eaten …?
SHE
has eaten
hasn’t eaten
Has she eaten …?
IT
has eaten
hasn’t eaten
Has it eaten …?
WE
have eaten
haven’t eaten
Have we eaten …?
YOU
have eaten
haven’t eaten
Have you eaten …?
THEY
have eaten
haven’t eaten
Have they eaten …?
Oraciones Afirmativas
Para formar oraciones afirmativas en Presente Perfecto debemos utilizar el auxiliar HAVE o HAS
acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares o verbos
irregulares).
Sujeto + Auxiliar (have o has) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
I have bought a new dress for the party.
Yo he comprado un nuevo vestido para la fiesta.
You have studied the lesson for two hours.
Tú has estudiado la lección por dos horas.
He has eaten pizza many times this month.
Él ha comido pizza muchas veces este mes.
She has lost the keys again.
Ella ha perdido las llaves nuevamente.
Recuerde que las terceras personas del singular (He, she, it) deben conjugarse con el auxiliar
HAS.
10
Ejercicio 1
Encierre en un círculo has/have según corresponda.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
My co-worker have / has achieved some objectives.
The appointment have / has been postponed.
My boss have / has sent my duties through Internet.
The messenger have / has forgotten the parcels on the desk.
My friends have / has called me several times today.
I have / has answered some phone calls in my new job.
The Directors have / has assigned me other tasks.
I have / has performed some different activities.
My secretary have / has written the reports.
My customers have / has read my emails but nobody has replied yet.
Oraciones Negativas
Para construir oraciones negativas en Presente Perfecto, utilizamos la forma negativa del auxiliar, es
decir HAVE NOT o HAS NOT acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio.
Usualmente se utilizan las contracciones:
Have + not = haven’t
o
has + not = hasn’t
Sujeto + Auxiliar (haven’t o hasn’t) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
I haven’t visited my grandparents this year.
Yo no he visitado a mis abuelos este año.
You haven’t finished the homework yet.
Tú no has terminado el deber todavía.
He hasn’t used the computer today.
Él no ha usado la computadora hoy día.
She hasn’t taken a shower yet.
Ella no se ha bañado todavía.
Ejercicio 2
Ordene las palabras y forme oraciones negativas.
1. the / accomplished / project / objectives / its / has
_______________________________________________________
2. the / suggestion / have / managers / the / taken
_______________________________________________________
3. ideas / the / has / auditor / new / recommended
_______________________________________________________
4. programs / audience / have / TV / the / increased / the
_______________________________________________________
5. my / has / years / paid / brother / taxes / the / 5 / in / last
_______________________________________________________
6. the /taken / good / leaders / decisions / have
_______________________________________________________
7. degrees / graduate / their / reached / students / have / the
_______________________________________________________
8. trainers / good / have / the / courses / designed
_______________________________________________________
9. recently / has / better / Jennifer / got / a / job
_______________________________________________________
10. my / taken / parents / the / have / Europe / tour / to
_______________________________________________________
11
Preguntas de Si / No
Para formar una interrogación, colocamos el auxiliar (have o has) al comienzo de la oración, luego el
sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio:
Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
Have you studied for the final exam this
month?
¿Has estudiado para el examen final este
mes?
Have they arrived punctual to the class this
level?
¿Han llegado puntuales a la clase este nivel?
Has he cleaned his room?
¿Ha limpiado su cuarto?
Has she called her daughter today?
¿Ha llamado a su hija hoy día?
Para responder este tipo de preguntas en forma corta, necesitamos usar el sujeto y el auxiliar ya sea
en forma afirmativa o negativa.
Ejemplo:
-
Have you finished the project?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
-
Has Paula eaten her lunch?
Yes, she has.
No, she hasn’t.
-
Have they painted their house?
Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.
-
Has the dog slept in the sofa?
Yes, it has.
No, it hasn’t.
Ejercicio 3
Conteste las siguientes preguntas en forma corta.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Have you answered the question?
Has Jenny locked the door?
Has Patricio called us?
Have you seen the picture?
Have your parents got the letter?
Has it rained a lot?
Have we sung the song?
Has Maureen watched the film?
Has Bob read many books?
Have you ever been to London?
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
Ejercicio 4
Estructure preguntas usando las palabras del paréntesis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
(you / a truck / drive)
(perform / in / play / a / Karla)
(my friends / achieve / goals / their)
(taxes / pay / his / Ken)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
12
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(Ron and you / race / win / the)
________________________________________________
(travel / Colombia / Yadira )
________________________________________________
(eat / sushi / you)
________________________________________________
(watch / Titanic / your parents)
________________________________________________
(finish / the homework / your friend) ________________________________________________
(call / your mother / you)
________________________________________________
Preguntas Informativas
Para formar una pregunta informativa, colocamos la pregunta informativa de acuerdo al tipo de
información requerida, seguido del auxiliar ( have o has), luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo
principal también en
Pasado Participio:
Wh + Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) +
Pregunta Informativa:
WHAT
WHERE
WHERE … FROM
WHEN
WHICH
WHY
HOW
HOW LONG
HOW OFTEN
WHAT TIME
qué
dónde
de dónde
cuándo
cuál / cuáles
por qué
cómo
por cuánto tiempo
con qué frecuencia
qué hora/ a qué hora
Ejemplo:
- What have you learnt in your English class?
I have learnt new vocabulary.
- Where has your friend bought her books?
She has bought her books in the library.
- How long have they studied for the test?
They have studied for the test for two hours.
- Who has finished the English homework?
Everybody has finished the English homework.
Ejercicio 5
Escoja la respuesta correcta.
1.
2.
3.
How long has Mary driven her motorcycle?
a. Not bad.
b. For two years.
c. Lately.
d. In 2006.
When have classes started?
a. In September.
b. At the school.
c. For two hours.
d. The teacher.
What has your husband done lately?
a. At home.
b. My parents.
c. In summer.
d. Read a book.
13
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Where have you spent vacation?
a. In August.
b. My family.
c. At the beach.
d. Swimming.
Who has left the books on the desk?
a. Henry.
b. Since 1999.
c. At the office.
d. Dictionaries.
Where have the ladies come from?
a. At 5 pm.
b. In Christmas.
c. July and me.
d. Italy.
Which movie has received the best review?
a. In February.
b. At the university.
c. Les Misérables.
d. From Ecuador.
What time have you started talking on the phone?
a. For one hour.
b. At 8.
c. My mother.
d. At home.
How often has the manager come before 9 am?
a. Twice a month.
b. In winter.
c. Jason.
d. For one year.
Why have you applied for the job?
a. My parents.
b. In October.
c. Twice.
d. Because I have the
qualifications.
Ejercicio 6
Formule la pregunta en base a la información marcada en negrilla.
1. I have been in the garden.
_______________________________________________
2. My sister has cooked dinner.
_______________________________________________
3. Sue has read the book twice.
_______________________________________________
4. My friend has crashed his car.
_______________________________________________
5. Jeanneth has been on holiday for eight days. ______________________________________
6. Freddy has done his homework.
_______________________________________________
7. Gabriel has stopped at the corner. _______________________________________________
8. Sarah has bought five books.
_______________________________________________
9. Jason has talked to his teacher.
_______________________________________________
10. Catherine has cleaned the house because she is having a party tonight_________________
FOR Y SINCE
For y Since sirven para delimitar el tiempo de la acción del verbo, establecen cuando la acción ha
concluido.
FOR
SINCE
Ejemplo:
-
I have lived here for four years.
I have lived here since 2011.
He hasn’t studied for eight years.
He hasn’t studied since 2009.
DURANTE
DESDE
Yo he vivido aquí durante 4 años.
Yo he vivido aquí desde el 2011.
El no ha estudiado durante ocho años.
El no ha estudiado desde el 2009.
Observe que usamos for para expresar la duración de una acción, y since para indicar cuándo
comenzó la acción.
14
Ejercicio 7
Use for o since de acuerdo al contexto.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I haven't phoned home _________ Christmas.
We've been here _________ nine o'clock.
I have worked for International House _________ more than eight years.
I haven't visited my home town_________ I left school.
I haven't been to the cinema_________ ages.
I have studied non-stop_________ 9:15.
I have had a driving license_________ I was eighteen.
She hasn't had a day off_________1999.
Johan has been in England_________ more than two weeks now.
Peter has been my best friend _________we were nine.
ALREADY Y YET
ALREADY
YET
YA
TODAVIA NO, AUN
Already se utiliza en oraciones positivas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción ya ocurrió o
que se lleva a cabo. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado o al final de la oración.
Ejemplo:
-
I have already done my homework
Mary has visited London already.
Has Ron already written the essay?
Have you made your bed already?
Yo ya he hecho mis deberes.
Mary ya ha visitado Londres.
Ya ha escrito Ron su ensayo?
Ya tendiste tu cama?
Yet se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción todavía no ha
concluido.
Yet se coloca al final de la oración.
Ejemplo:
-
I haven't done my homework yet.
Have you studied Unit 3 yet?
Yo todavía no he hecho mis deberes.
¿Ya has estudiado la unidad 3?
Ejercicio 8
Utilice las palabras para formar oraciones en presente perfecto.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
your wife / the baby / had / yet / has / ? _____________________________________________
no / hasn’t / the baby / she / yet / had _____________________________________________
already / Rita / has / a sonogram / had _____________________________________________
the doctor / hasn’t / the baby’s gender / yet / told them _________________________________
already / we / bought / some staff / for a girl _________________________________________
the time / I / to choose / haven’t / had / yet / the color __________________________________
given us / our neighbors / some furniture / have / already _______________________________
for the baby / have / some names / you /yet thought of / ? _______________________________
made / I / of names / already / have /a list ___________________________________________
hasn’t / yet / thought of / my wife / any names ________________________________________
15
JUST Y EVER
JUST
EVER
ACABAR DE
ALGUNA VEZ
Just se utliza para expresar acciones que han sucedido recientemente. Se coloca después del
auxiliar have o has.
Ejemplo:
-
I have just done my homework.
Yo he acabado de hacer mis deberes.
Ever se utiliza en preguntas. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado.
En oraciones negativas se utiliza ever para expresar ‘nunca’.
Ejemplo:
-
Have you ever been to Spain?
Ha estado alguna vez en España?
-
I haven’t ever been to China.
Yo nunca he estado en China.
Ejercicio 9
Use just o ever según corresponda.
1.
Have you _____________ ridden a motorcycle?
2.
Has David _____________ flown a plane?
3.
The employees have _____________ received a bonus.
4.
Peter has _____________ bought a new car.
5.
My sister hasn’t _____________ been to Manchester.
6.
The intern has _____________ finished her classes.
7.
Has your daughter _____________ been late for school?
8.
Has anybody _____________ lived without air.
9.
The President has _____________ won the election again.
10. The students have _____________ paid their loans.
16
Present Perfect Continuous
El presente perfecto continuo se utiliza para hablar de acciones no terminadas que empezaron en
el pasado y están en progreso al momento de hablar.
Ejemplo:
- I have been baking this cake.
Yo he estado horneando este pastel.
- He has been studying English all the day.
El ha estado estudiando Ingles todo el día.
El presente perfecto continuo también se usa para expresar acciones que no están terminadas,
pero que estuvieron en progreso en el pasado. Puede enfatizar también el resultado de la acción.
Ejemplo:
- She has been painting a picture the whole day. Her clothes are covered in paint.
Ella ha estado pintando un cuadro todo el día. Su ropa está cubierta de pintura.
Aquí, ella empezó a pintar el cuadro y ha estado pintando durante un periodo de tiempo durante el
día, pero en el momento de hablar no ha terminado de pintar el cuadro.
Al igual que en presente perfecto simple, podemos medir la duración de la acción continua con
"how long' (¿Cuánto tiempo?) y con "for (durante) / since (desde)".
Ejemplo:
- I have been studying English for five years.
Yo he estado estudiando inglés durante cinco años.
- How long have you been studying the present perfect continuous?
¿Cuánto tiempo has estado estudiando el presente perfecto continuo?
Recuerde que HOW LONG lo podemos emplear en los dos tiempos.
Conjugación
PRONOMBRE
Sujeto
AFIRMATIVA
Auxiliar (have o Has) +
BEEN + Verbo (ING)
NEGATIVA
Auxiliar (haven’t o hasn’t)
+ BEEN + Verbo (ING)
PREGUNTAS
Auxiliar (have o has) +
Sujeto + BEEN + Verbo
(ING)
I
have been working
haven't been working
YOU
have been working
haven't been working
HE
has been working
hasn't been working
Has he been working…?
SHE
has been working
hasn't been working
Has she been
working…?
IT
has been working
hasn't been working
Has it been working…?
WE
have been working
haven't been working
YOU
have been working
haven't been working
THEY
have been working
haven't been working
Have you been
working… ?
Have you been
working…?
Have we been
working…?
Have you been
working…?
Have they been
working…?
17
Oraciones Afirmativas
Para formar oraciones afirmativas en Presente Perfecto Continuo debemos utilizar el auxiliar HAVE o
HAS acompañado por BEEN y el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares o
verbos irregulares)
Sujeto + Auxiliar (have o has) + Been + Verbo (presente participio) + Complemento
We have been waiting here for over two hours!
Nosotros hemos estado esperando aquí por más de
dos horas.
She has been working at that company for
three years.
Ella ha estado trabajando en aquella compañía por
tres años.
They have been talking since five o’clock.
Ellos han estado hablando desde las cinco.
James has been teaching at the university
since June.
James ha estado ensenando en la universidad desde
Junio.
Ejercicio 10
Complete las siguientes oraciones con la conjugación correcta del verbo.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
He _________________ (work) in this company since 1985.
I _________________ (wait) for you since two o'clock.
Mary _________________ (live) in Germany since 1992.
He _________________ (play) tennis for five hours.
The students _________________ (learn) English for one year.
We_________________ (look) for the information for more than an hour.
I _________________ (live) without electricity for two weeks.
She _________________ (work) in the garden this day.
Beatriz ____________________ (teach) in Cuenca this year.
Ricky _________________ (wash) his car for two hours.
Oraciones Negativas
Sujeto + Auxiliar (haven’t o hasn’t) + Been + Verbo (presente participio) + Complemento
My friend hasn’t been teaching English.
Mi amiga no ha estado enseñando inglés.
The children haven’t been sleeping well.
Los niños no han estado durmiendo bien.
I haven’t been cleaning the room.
Yo no he estado limpiando la habitación.
Her mother hasn’t been cooking lately.
Su madre no ha estado cocinando
últimamente.
Ejercicio 11
Escriba oraciones negativas siguiendo la estructura indicada.
1. Alberto / soccer / play / for two hours / not
___________________________________________________
2. Not / Ana / volleyball / match / watch / since 9 o’clock
___________________________________________________
3. For a long time / we / not / in the park / wait
18
___________________________________________________
4. Ricky Martin / for a long period / record / a new album
___________________________________________________
5. I / a magazine / not / read / for an hour
___________________________________________________
6. it / rain / all day
___________________________________________________
7. lately / Patricio and Susan / in marathons / run / not
___________________________________________________
8. for five minutes / she / her teeth / brush
___________________________________________________
9. in London / live / for three years / my uncle
___________________________________________________
10. swim / not / on the beach / the children
___________________________________________________
Preguntas de si y no
Para formar una interrogación deberemos colocar el auxiliar (have o has) al comienzo de la oración,
luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio:
Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Been + Verbo (presente participio) + Complemento?
Has Paula been talking on the phone?
¿Ha estado Paula hablando por teléfono?
Have the students been working in the
platform?
¿Han estado los estudiantes trabajando en la
plataforma?
Have you been smoking?
¿Has estado tu fumando?
Has he been exercising in the gym?
¿Has estado el ejercitándose en el gimnasio?
Ejercicio 12
Escriba preguntas de Si o No en Presente Perfecto Continuo utilizando las palabras proporcionadas.
1. she / on the phone / talk ________________________________________________________
2. his brother / dinner / cook _______________________________________________________
3. Jane and Mary / badminton / play __________________________________________________
4. Sue / in the gym / exercise _______________________________________________________
5. Robert / the room / paint ________________________________________________________
6. they / trees / plant
____________________________________________________________
7. Henry / in the garage / work _______________________________________________________
8.
they / in the lake / swim __________________________________________________________
9.
rain / for a week / it
__________________________________________________________
10. she / questions / all day long / ask _________________________________________________
19
Preguntas Informativas
Una pregunta informativa tiene la siguiente estructura
Wh + Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Been + Verbo (presente participio) +
Pregunta Informativa:
WHAT
WHERE
WHERE … FROM
WHEN
WHICH
WHY
HOW
HOW OLD
HOW OFTEN
WHAT TIME
qué
dónde
de dónde
cuándo
cuál/ cuáles
por qué
cómo
cuántos años
con qué frecuencia
qué hora/ a qué hora
Ejemplo:
1. What have you been doing lately?
I have been working with my father in his company.
- ¿Qué has estado haciendo últimamente?
Yo he estado trabajando con mi padre en su compañía.
2. Where has Jose been studying French?
Jose has been studying French in the university.
- ¿Dónde ha estado José estudiando Francés?
El ha estado estudiando Francés en la universidad.
3. Why have you been working long hours?
I have been working long hours because I have to present a Project next week.
- ¿Por qué has estado trabajando por tantas horas?
Yo he estado trabajando por tantas horas porque tengo que presentar un proyecto la siguiente
semana.
4. How long has she been doing her English homework?
She has been doing her English homework for three hours.
- ¿Por cuánto tiempo ha estado ella haciendo su deber de Ingles?
Ella ha estado haciendo su deber de inglés por tres horas.
Ejercicio 13
Responda las siguientes preguntas informativas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Who has been waiting in the office since 4 o’clock? ____________________________________
Where has Sue been working for 20 years?. __________________________________________
What have Tim and Tina been learning for six years? ___________________________________
How long has Mary been saving her money? _________________________________________
Who has been watching TV for hours?. ______________________________________________
When have you been cleaning the house? ___________________________________________
Which computer has Ronald been repairing? _________________________________________
How often have your friends been climbing the mountains? ______________________________
What time has your son been taking piano lessons? ____________________________________
Why have those men been cleaning the street? _______________________________________
20
UNIT 3
FUTURE SIMPLE + “WILL”
El futuro con WILL expresa una decisión espontánea, una asunción con relación al futuro o una
acción en el futuro que no puede ser influenciada.
Forma del futuro con WILL
PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS
WILL
POSITIVO
NEGATIVO
PREGUNTA
WH-QUESTIONS
you
WHQUESTION
WORD
you
He
he
Who
He
She
She
she
When
will
speak
It
I
I
I
you
you
no differences He
(sin
diferencias)
It
We
You
How
will not speak Will (it)
We
You
they
speak?
Where
we
What
you
Which
they
they
I
will
She
It
speak?
We
You
they
Why
Uso del futuro con will

Una decisión espontánea
Example: Wait, I will help you. (Espera, te ayudaré.)

Una opinión, esperanza o asunción relacionada con el futuro
Example: He will probably come back tomorrow. (Probablemente él regresará mañana.)

Una promesa
Example: I will not watch TV tonight. (No veré televisión esta noche)

Una acción en el futuro que no puede ser influenciada
Examples: It will rain tomorrow. What will happen tomorrow? (Lloverá mañana. Qué sucederá
mañana?
21
Palabras Claves

in a year, next …, tomorrow (en un año, próximo-inmediato…, mañana)

I think, probably, perhaps (creo, probablemente, tal vez)
EXERCISE 1
COMPLETION
Escriba oraciones positivas en futuro con will, llenando en los espacios en blanco con la forma
apropiada del verbo.
1. We (help) ____________ you.
2. I (get) ___________ you a drink.
3. I think our team (win) __________ the match.
4. Maybe she (do) __________ a language course in Malta.
5. I (buy) __________ the tickets.
6. Perhaps she (do) __________ this for you.
7. Maybe we (stay) ___________ at home.
8. She hopes that he (cook) __________ dinner tonight.
9. I’m sure they (understand) __________ your problem.
10. They (go / probably) ____________ to the party.
RANKING-1
Escriba oraciones negativas en futuro con will
1. (I / answer / the question) _________________________________________________________
2. (she / read / the book)____________________________________________________________
3. (they / drink / beer)_______________________________________________________________
4. (we / send / the postcard)__________________________________________________________
5. (Vanessa / catch / the ball) ________________________________________________________
6. (James / open / the door) _________________________________________________________
7. (we / listen / to the radio)__________________________________________________________
8. (they / eat / fish) ________________________________________________________________
9. (she / give / him / the apple)_______________________________________________________
10. (the computer / crash)____________________________________________________________
RANKING-2
Escriba oraciones interrogativas con el futuro will
1. (you / ask / him) _________________________________________________________________
2. (Jenny / lock / the door) ___________________________________________________________
3. (it / rain) ______________________________________________________________________
4. (the teacher / test / our English) ____________________________________________________
5. (what / they / eat) _______________________________________________________________
6. (when / she / be / back) ___________________________________________________________
7. (who / drive / us / into town)________________________________________________________
8. (where / we / meet) ______________________________________________________________
9. (when / I / be / famous) ___________________________________________________________
10. (what / you / do) ________________________________________________________________
22
FUTURE BE+GOING TO
El futuro con Be +going to expresa una conclusión referida al futuro inmediato o una acción en el
futuro cercano que ya ha sido planeada o preparada.
Forma del futuro be + going to
POSITIVO
NEGATIVE
QUESTION
Sujeto + be + going
to + verbo
Sujeto + be + not (isn’t/aren’t)
+ going to + verbo
Be + sujeto + going to +
verbo + C?
(SUJETO)
PRONOMBRE
I
you / we /
they
he / she / it
I am going to speak.
I am not going to speak.
Am I going to speak?
You are going to
speak.
You are not going to speak.
Are you going to speak?
He is going to speak.
He is not going to speak.
Is he going to speak?
Uso del futuro+ be going to

Una acción en el futuro cercano que ya ha sido planeada o preparada
Example: I am going to study harder next year. (Estoy yendo a estudiar más duro el próximo
año)

A conclusion regarding the immediate future. (Una conclusión relacionada al futuro inmediato)
Example: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain. (El cielo está completamente oscuro.
Está yendo a llover.
Palabras Claves

In one year, next week, tomorrow
23
EXERCISE 2
MATCHING
Una las oraciones del diálogo con los números de la tira cómica
Herb:
___ b. Dagwood:
___ c. Dagwood:
___
a.
Yes, but, I'm planning on using them ...tomorrow!
They are mine, and I'm going to use my brushes right now!
Good neighbor?...Ha! He's a good neighbor with my brushes!
___
d.
Dagwood:
You have my brushes! Please, give me them back. I'm going to paint the
windows' doors!!
___
e.
Herb:
Dagwood, my fried! Are you going to paint the dog's house, too?
___
f.
Herb:
Well, you never know!
___
g.
Herb:
I'm going to paint Daisy's house tomorrow. Your wife Blondie asked me,
because you aren’t going to paint it...never!
___
h.
Dagwood:
You say that as you'll need these brushes at any moment!
___
i.
Blondie:
Will you lend him at least one brush? Otherwise, how is he going to paint the
dog's house?
___
j.
Blondie:
Why you are bothering Herb about the brushes? He is a good neighbor. He's
going to paint Daisy's house tomorrow!
24
RANKING
Las siguientes personas van a hacer algo, usted puede ver que ellos ya han planeado o preparado la
acción. Use el futuro be going to.
1. What does she need the telephone for?
→ (she / call / her boyfriend) _________________________________________________________
2. Why are they wearing sport suits?
→ (they / play / squash) _____________________________________________________________
3. Why has Fiona bought chocolates?
→ (She / visit / her grandma) _________________________________________________________
4. Why do you need a map?
→ (we / walk / in the mountains) ______________________________________________________
5. What do you need the cloth and the bucket for?
→ (we / wash / the car) _____________________________________________________________
6. Why are you running about with the toothbrush?
→ (I / brush / my teeth) _____________________________________________________________
7. Why is daddy not coming with us?
→ (he / repair / the car) _____________________________________________________________
8. Hurry up!
→ (they / light / the bonfire) __________________________________________________________
9. Why are all these tapes on the table?
→ (we / learn / Greek) ______________________________________________________________
10. What do you need the pen for?
→ (I / write / some postcards) _________________________________________________________
FIXING
Ponga los verbos en la forma correcta del tiempo futuro. Use be going to
1. It (rain) _________________________________________________.
2. They (eat) ______________________________________________ stew.
3. I (wear) ______________________________________________ blue shoes tonight.
4. We (not / help) __________________________________________ you.
5. Jack (not / walk) __________________________________________ home.
6. (cook / you) ______________________________________________________ dinner?
7. Sue (share / not) __________________________________________________ her biscuits.
8. (leave / they)____________________________________________________ the house?
9. (take part / she) ________________________________________________ in the contest?
10. I (not / spend) _________________________________________ my holiday abroad this year.
25
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
El futuro progresivo pone énfasis en el curso de una acción que tiene lugar en el futuro.
Forma
Sujeto+ will + be + verbo-ing
AFIRMATIVO:
NEGATIVO:
PREGUNTA:
Sujeto
+ will not/won’t + be + verbo-ing
Will
+ sujeto + be + verbo-ing + ?

A: He will be talking. (Él estará conversando)

N: He will not be talking. (Él no estará conversando)

Q: Will he be talking? (¿Estará él conversando?)
Uso

Acciones que estarán sucediendo en un cierto momento en el futuro)

Acciones que es seguro que sucederá en el futuro)
Palabras Claves

in one year, next week, tomorrow (en un año, la próxima semana, mañana)
EXERCISE 3
COMPLETION-1
Ponga los verbos en la forma correcta del futuro progresivo
1. At midnight we (sleep) ______________________________________________________.
2. This time next week we (sit) ________________________________________ at the beach.
3. At nine I (watch) __________________________________________________ the news.
4. Tonight we (study) ___________________________________________ for our English test.
5. They (dance) ________________________________________________________ all night.
6. He (not / play) ____________________________________________________ all afternoon.
7. I (not / work) __________________________________________________________ all day.
8. (eat / you) ____________________________________________________________ at six?
9. ( drive / she) _______________________________________________________ to London?
10. (fight / they) __________________________________________________________ again?
COMPLETION-2
Cambie el verbo a la forma correcta del futuro progresivo
1. He _________________________________________ (wait) for quite some time.
2. Tomorrow at this time I_____________________________________ (dance) at a party.
3. Next week at this time I _____________________________________ (sunbathe) at the beach.
4. At 5 o'clock you _______________________________________________ (help) you brother.
5. This evening at 8 o'clock, she ___________________________ (watch) a movie with her friends.
6. Nicole ________________________________________________________ (have) a hard time.
7. We _____________________________________ (smile), and they __________________ (cry).
8. Rebecca _________________ (clean) the house, and John ______________ (wash) the dishes.
9. Tonight they ____________ (talk), ___________ (dance) and ___________ (have) a good time.
10. It ______________________ (rain) tomorrow morning.
26
FIXING
Reordene las palabras para formar oraciones en futuro progresivo
1. be/morning/working./Tomorrow/we/will ______________________________________
2. having/party./next/This/week/will/we/be/time/a ________________________________
3. be/At/I/will/sleeping./midnight _____________________________________________
4. show./evening/we/be/will/a/This/watching/talk ________________________________
5. afternoon./They/doing/will/their/this/homework/won't ___________________________
6. to/be/music./He/will/listening _____________________________________________
7. I/evening./book/a/this/reading/be/will _______________________________________
8. walking/Will/be/you/home/afternoon/this/? ___________________________________
9. won't/be/He/morning./tomorrow/drawing _____________________________________
10. arguing/they/Will/again/be/? _____________________________________________
FUTURE PERFECT
El tiempo futuro perfecto habla acerca del pasado en el futuro.
Estructura del futuro perfecto
Sujeto
+
Verbo auxiliar WILL
+
Verbo auxiliar HAVE
+
Verbo principal
invariable
invariable
Pasado participio
will
have
V3
Observe estas oraciones en futuro perfecto:
Sujeto
Auxiliar del future
WILL
Verbo auxiliar
HAVE
Verbo principal
en PASADO
PARTICIPIO
+
I
will
have
finished
by 10am.
+
You
will
have
forgotten
me by then.
-
She
will
not
have
gone
to school.
-
We
will
not
have
left.
?
Will
you
have
arrived?
?
Will
they
have
received
it?
27
En el idioma hablado en tiempo futuro perfecto, frecuentemente contraemos el sujeto con will y
algunas veces contraemos el sujeto, will y have juntos.
I will have
I'll have
I'll've
you will have
you'll have
you'll've
he will have
she will have
it will have
he'll have
she'll have
it'll have
he'll've
she'll've
it'll've
we will have
we'll have
we'll've
they will have
they'll have
they'll've
INGLÉS
ESCRITO
Uso exclusivo del inglés
hablado en diálogos.
Uso frecuente en inglés
hablado en discurso.
EXERCISE 4
COMPLETION-1
Llene los espacios en blanco con la forma correcta del futuro perfecto de los verbos entre paréntesis
Example: He ______________ the suitcase by tomorrow. (to pack)
Answer: He will have packed the suitcase by tomorrow.
1. Anne____________________________________________ her bike next week. (to repair)
2. We ____________________________________________ the washing by 8 o'clock. (to do)
3. She _______________________________________ Paris by the end of next year. (to visit)
4. I____________________________________________________ this by 6 o'clock. (to finish)
5. Sam __________________________________________________ by next week. (to leave)
6. She ______________________________________ this with her mother tonight. (to discuss)
7. The police__________________________________________________ the driver. (to arrest)
8. They ___________________________________________ their essay by tomorrow. (to write)
9. Paolo___________________________________________________ the teams. (to manage)
10. If we can do that - then we _______________________________our mission. (to complete)
COMPLETION -2
Haga oraciones negativas en futuro perfecto
1. I’m sorry, by next week, I_________________________________________ (not/finish) the report.
2. I’m sorry, by next week, Julia _____________________________________ (not/send) the emails.
3. I’m sorry, by next week, John _____________________________________ (not/clean) the office.
4. I’m sorry, by next week, we ______________________________________ (not/order) new stock.
5. I’m sorry, by next week, they ______________________________________ (not/write) the article.
6. I’m sorry, by next week, I _____________________________________ (not/meet) the customers.
7. I’m sorry, by next week, she__________________________________ (not/organize) the meeting.
8. I’m sorry, by next week, he _________________________________________ (not/call) Mr. Smith.
9. I’m sorry, by next week, we ___________________________________ (not/read) the documents.
10. I’m sorry, by next week, you ___________________________________ (not/receive) the prices.
28
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Escoja la opción correcta usando el tiempo futuro perfecto.
1.
Barbara and her husband _______________ the south of Morocco by the end of next week
a. will have visited
2.
d. will have increased
b. will be returning
c. will have returned
d. will be returned
b. will be stating
c. will start
d. will be started
b. won't be joining
c. won't have joined
d. won't be joined
b. will be received
c. will receive
d. will be receiving
b. Will have the workers
c. Will the workers have
d. Be will the workers
Due to the cost, this company ___________________ the new generation of mobile phones next year.
a. won't be received
10.
c. will be increased
_________________ planted hundreds of palm trees by this time next year?
a. Will be the workers
9.
b. will be increasing
The school library ________________ many interesting books and magazines by the end of this month.
a. will have received
8.
d. will be played
According to the statistics, many women _________________ this association by the end of this year.
a. won't join
7.
c. will be playing
Two new private radio stations _________________by the end of the next month.
a. will have started
6.
b. will have played
By the beginning of June, my father ______________ to France.
a. will return
5.
d. will be visited
By 2020, our population ________________ enormously.
a. will increase
4.
c. will be visiting
Next week, that football player _______________with our national team for six years.
a. will play
3.
b. will visit
b. won't be receiving
c. won't receive
d. won't have received
By the end of July, the manager of our department _________________ his raise for his excellent
performance.
a. will be gotten
b. will get
c. will have gotten
d. will be getting
29
UNIT 4
TENSE REVIEW
Las letras utilizadas en los cuadros, corresponden a lo siguiente:
S: sujeto (subject)
V: verbo (verb)
C: complemento (complement)
past. part: participio pasado (past participle)
*PRESENT SIMPLE
USO: para expresar acciones habituales, rutinas y hechos que son verdaderos.
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS
S+V+C
I study English.
He studies English.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + DON’T / DOESN’T + V + C
I don’t study English.
He doesn’t study English.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS
RESPUESTAS
DO / DOES + S + V + C?
Do you study English?
Does he study English?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
WH + DO / DOES + S + V + C?
What do you read everyday?
How does your sister come to class?
I read the newspaper everyday.
She comes to class by bus.
*PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
USO: Para expresar acciones que están en progreso al momento de hablar. También expresan
planes.
Be: is o are
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS
S + BE + VERB+ING + C
I am playing the guitar now.
She is reading a book at the moment.
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + BE+NOT + VERB+ING + V + C
I am not playing the guitar.
She isn’t reading a book at the moment.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS
RESPUESTAS
BE + S + VERB+ING + C?
Are you playing the guitar now?
Is she reading a book at the moment?
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
WH + BE + S + VERB+ING + C?
When are you playing the guitar?
What is she doing at the moment?
I’m playing the guitar now.
She’s reading a book at the moment.
30
*PAST SIMPLE
USO: para expresar hábitos, rutinas o cosas que son verdad en el pasado.
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS
S + V (ed) + C
I travelled to Loja last week.
He listened to music in the morning.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS
DID + S + V + C?
Do you travel to Loja last week?
Does he listen to music in the morning?
WH + DID + S + V + C?
Where did you travel last week?
What did he do in the morning?
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + DIDN’T + V + C
I didn’t travel to Loja last week.
He didn’t listen to music in the morning.
RESPUESTAS
Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t.
I travelled to Loja last week.
He listened to music in the morning.
*PAST PROGRESSIVE
USO: Para expresar acciones que estuvieron en progreso en algún momento en el pasado.
BE: was o were
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + BE+ NOT + V+ING + C
S + BE + V+ING + C
I wasn’t travelling to Loja when the bus crashed.
I was travelling to Loja when the bus crashed.
He wasn’t listening to music in the morning.
He was listening to music in the morning.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS
RESPUESTAS
BE+ S + V + ING + C?
Were you travelling to Loja when the bus crashed? Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t.
Was he listening to music in the morning?
Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.
WH + BE + S + V + ING + C?
Where did you travel last week?
I travelled to Loja last week.
What did he do in the morning?
He listened to music in the morning.
*PRESENT PERFECT
USO: Para expresar acciones que sucedieron en un tiempo indefinido en el pasado.
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS
S + HAVE/HAS + V (past. part.) + C
I have studied English for three months.
She has written very good novels.
Use ALREADY antes de verbo en participio
pasado.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS
HAVE/HAS + S + V (past. part.) + C?
Have you ever played the guitar?
Has she bought a new house?
WH + HAVE/HAS + S + V (past. part.) + C?
How long have you played the guitar?
What has she done at the school?
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + V (past. part.) + C
I haven’t studied English very long.
She hasn’t written any good novel.
Use YET al final de la oración.
RESPUESTAS
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
I’ve played the guitar since July.
She’s printed a lot of worksheets.
31
*FUTURE
-WILL
USO: para expresar acciones futuras que pueden suceder sin intención (cumpleaños, clima, etc),
decisiones espontáneas o predicciones en el futuro.
Will + not = won’t
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + WILL + NOT + V + C
S + WILL + V + C
Peter won’t be 23 next Tuesday.
Peter will be 23 next Tuesday.
They won’t visit their aunt this afternoon.
They will visit their aunt this afternoon.
Sorry! She won’t do it for you.
Hold on! She will do it for you.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS
RESPUESTAS
WILL + S + V + C?
Will they visit their aunt this afternoon?
Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.
Will she do it for you?
Yes, she will. / No, she won’t.
WH +WILL+ S + V + O?
What time will they visit your aunt this
They will visit their aunt at 5 pm..
afternoon?
When will she do it for me?
She will do it for you next weekend.
- GOING TO
USO: para expresar planes e intenciones en el futuro.
ORACIONES AFFIRMATIVAS
S + BE + GOING TO + V + C
They are going to eat salad for lunch.
She is going to buy a new clock.
FORMAS INTERROGATIVAS
BE + S + GOING TO + V + C?
Are they going to eat salad for lunch?
Is she going to buy a new clock?
WH + BE + S + GOING TO + V + C?
How many people are going to eat salad for
lunch?
Where is she going to buy a new clock?
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
S + BE+NOT+ GOING TO + V + C
They aren’t going to eat salad for lunch.
She isn’t going to buy a new clock.
RESPUESTAS
Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
Twenty people are going to eat salad for lunch.
She’s going to buy a new clock at Quicentro.
Ejercicio 1
Complete las oraciones con el presente simple o el presente progresivo. Use los verbos en
paréntesis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The students _______________________ (eat) ice cream right now.
Jim _______________________ (visit) his sister in Chile.
Karen usually _______________________ (come) to class early.
I can’t give you the book back. I ______ still _________________ (read) it.
My brothers _______________________ (work) as business engineers.
That can’t be right! I _______________________ (not believe) it.
Carol can’t swim today. She _______________________ (have) a cold.
Ronald _______________________ (not drive) his car this week. It broke down.
Look at this price! I _______________________ (think) about buying it.
She _______________________ (not have) a permanent job.
32
Ejercicio 2
Escoja la mejor opción para completar las oraciones.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The coat I tried on yesterday, ___________ me.
a. don’t fit
b. fits
c. didn’t fit
d. doesn’t fit
She ___________ lunch when Ruth phoned.
a. was having
b. had
c. have had
d. weren’t having
My friend ___________ a lot of sushi lately.
a. ate
b. eats
d. has eaten
c. eat
The manager ___________ that the employees receive a bonus.
a. suggest
b. suggested
c. suggests
d. doesn’t suggest
While Paul ___________, he saw the job advertisement.
a. drove
b. was driving
c. drive
d. drives
6.
The burglars ___________ into my house last night. They just took my video games.
a. broke
b. was breaking
c. were breaking
d. don’t break
7.
Sorry, but I ___________ the letter yet.
a. have written
b. has written
c. haven’t written
d. wrote
We ___________ here for three years.
a. have worked
b. has worked
c. worked
d. were working
8.
9.
My teachers ___________ of re-evaluating us.
a. was thinking
b. were thinking
c. thought
10. Danny ___________ his keys twice this month.
a. was losing
b. have lost
c. lost
d. think
d. has lost
Ejercicio 3
Escoja la respuesta correcta.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Can you come dancing tomorrow night?
a. Sorry, I’ll play basketball.
What are your plans for the summer?
a. I’ll spend a month in the mountains.
mountains.
b. Sorry, I’m going to play basketball.
b. I’m going to spend a month in the
What do you think about the weather?
a. It’ll probably rain tomorrow.
b. It’s raining tomorrow.
What about tomorrow at about 5:30?
a. OK, I’ll see you then.
b. OK. I’m going to see you then.
Mary is buying a dog tomorrow.
a. Really? What’s she going to call it?
b. Really? What will she call it?
33
6.
7.
Have your heard the news?
a. Harry will join the Army.
b. Harry is going to join the Army.
I’m sorry. I can’t meet you tonight.
a. I’ll go out with my parents.
b. I’m going to go out with my parents.
8.
What do you think of transportation in fifty years’ time?
a. Most people will probably ride bicycles.
b. Most people is going to ride bicycles.
9.
What about the soccer match tonight?
a. I think our team is going to win.
10. I hope to see you next week.
a. Are you going to do anything on Friday?
b. I think our team will probably win.
b. Will you do anything on Friday
PASSIVE VOICE
Una oración podemos enfocar la acción del verbo en el sujeto o en el objeto. Cuando la acción del
verbo recae sobre el sujeto, se dice que la oración está en voz activa.
Ejemplo:
My friend carries his bags to her car.
Mi amiga lleva sus bolsos a su auto.
Cuando la acción del verbo recae en el objeto, se dice que la oración está en voz pasiva.
Ejemplo:
The bags are carried by my friend to her car.
Los bolsos son llevados por mi amiga a su auto.
Para construir la voz pasiva es necesario que la oración en voz activa cuente con objeto directo, es
decir que responda a la pregunta "¿qué cosa?"
Ejemplo:
Juan lost the notebook.
Juan perdió el cuaderno.
¿Qué cosa perdió Juan?
El cuaderno (éste es el objeto directo)
Ejemplo:
Voz activa:
Voz pasiva:
Juan lost the notebook.
Juan perdió el cuaderno.
The notebook was lost by Juan.
El cuaderno fue perdido por Juan.
34
 Reglas Gramaticales:
Para transformar una oración activa a pasiva es necesario tener en cuenta los siguientes puntos:
1. El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva
2. El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo, junto al verbo
principal en participio.
3. El sujeto de la oración principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva.
4. Si hacemos mención en la oración al sujeto que realiza la acción (sujeto agente), éste irá
normalmente introducido por la preposición by.
El objeto directo pasara a ser nuestro sujeto en la oración en voz pasiva.
Voz activa
Subject
+
verb
Helen
Voz pasiva
+
teaches
Languages
Object
+
are
be
+
object (complement)
languages.
taught
verb (p. part.)
+
by
agent
+
Helen.
subject
Tabla de cambios verbales en la transformación de Voz Activa a Voz Pasiva Tabla de
CAMBIOS VERBALES EN LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE VOZ ACTIVA A VOZ PASIVA
La voz activa y pasiva se encuentra en todos los tiempos verbales. A continuación se presenta los
cambios que se deben hacer en cada tiempo verbal al cambiar una oración de voz activa a voz
pasiva.
Tiempo
simple present
Voz Activa
Voz Pasiva
Paula writes a letter
The letter is written by Paula.
Paula is writing a letter
The letter is being written by Paula.
Paula wrote a letter
The letter was written by Paula.
past continuous
Paula was writing a letter
The letter was being written by Paula.
present perfect
Paula has written a letter
The letter has been written by Paula.
past perfect
Paula had written a letter
The letter had been written by Paula.
Paula will write a letter
The letter will be written by Paula.
future II
Paula is going to write a letter
The letter is going to be written by Paula.
modals
Paula has to write a letter
The letter has to be written by Paula.
modals
Paula should write a letter
The letter should be written by Paula.
modals
Paula must write a letter
The letter must be written by Paula.
present continuous
simple past
future
35
Ejercicio 1
Transforme las siguientes oraciones utilizando la voz pasiva
1. They arrested her last week.
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. John wrote a letter.
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. They invited ten friends to the party.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. They have just built a new house.
____________________________________________________________________________
5. The police caught the thieves yesterday.
____________________________________________________________________________
6. The maid will clean all the house for tomorrow.
____________________________________________________________________________
7. My brother hit me.
____________________________________________________________________________
8. They removed two cars from the street.
____________________________________________________________________________
9. They have just cleaned the room.
____________________________________________________________________________
10. We will build a new house.
____________________________________________________________________________
Ejercicio 2
Complete las oraciones con el verbo correctamente conjugado.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The words____________________ by the teacher today. (to explain)
We____________________ a letter the day before yesterday. (to send)
This car____________________. It's too old. (not/to steal)
This street____________________ because of snow. (already/to close)
A new restaurant____________________ next week. (to open)
He____________________ to the party yesterday. (to invite)
The blue box____________________. (can/not/to see)
I____________________ the book by my friend last Sunday. (to give)
The dishes____________________ by my little brother yesterday. (not/to wash)
The car ____________________ three weeks ago. (steal)
Ejercicio 3
Identifique si las siguientes oraciones están en Voz Activa o en Voz Pasiva .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
They listen to music.
She is reading an e-mail.
These cars are produced in Japan.
Alan teaches Geography.
German is spoken in Austria.
Lots of houses were destroyed by the earthquake.
Henry Ford invented the assembly line.
The bus driver was hurt.
You should open your workbooks.
Houses have been built.
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
36
UNIT 5
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Los pronombres relativos son:
who
que, quién, el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para personas)
whom
a quien, al cual, a la cual, a los cuales, a las cuales (para personas)
whose
de que, de quien, del cual, de la cual, de los cuales, de las cuales, cuyo, cuya,
cuyos, cuyas (para personas)
que, lo que, el cual, lo cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para cosas)
which
that
que, el que, la que, los que, las que (para personas y cosas)
lo que
what
a. Who tiene las funciones de sujeto y su antecedente (el sujeto al que refiere) debe ser una persona,
aunque puede ocasionalmente referir un animal personificado, como por ejemplo en cuentos.
The man who called is my husband.
The doctor who helped you is my father.
El hombre que llamo es mi esposo.
El doctor que te ayudo es mi padre.
b. Whom es muy formal y se emplea en lenguaje escrito. Su uso no es muy común en lenguaje
hablado.
c. Whose expresa posesión y pertenencia y se refiere únicamente a personas,
(también excepcionalmente a animales y a nombres colectivos).
The family whose house we stayed in was very friendly.
La familia en cuya casa estuvimos era mi amigable.
d. Which se emplea como sujeto y como complemento y se refiere solamente a cosas o animales:
The car which is in the garage is mine.
This is the car which I go to work in.
El carro que está en el garaje es mío.
Éste es el carro con el cual voy a trabajar.
e. That se emplea como sujeto o complemento directo y puede referirse a personas, cosas o
animales:
The letter that came yesterday is from my mother.
La carta que llegó ayer es de mi madre.
The man that came to our house is my teacher.
El hombre que vino a nuestra casa es
mi profesor.
f. What generalmente hace referencia a acciones o situaciones.
- I know what you're thinking.
- Nobody knows what will happen tomorrow.
Sé lo que estás pensando
Nadie sabe qué pasará mañana
37
Diferencia entre who y that
Generalmente, es indiferente usar 'who' y 'that'. Sin embargo, existen diferencias entre ambos que
hacen más apropiado el uso de uno u otro pronombre dependiendo de si se está identificando o no al
sujeto.
Ejemplos:
- Where is the girl (who / that) sells the ice cream?
¿Dónde está la chica que vende el helado?
(los dos pronombres están correctos: 'who' y 'that')
- This is Carol, who sells the ice cream.
Esta es Carol, la cual vende el helado.
This is Carol, that sells the ice cream
(uso inadecuado de 'that')
'That' normalmente no puede ir precedido de una preposición
Después de superlativos y pronombres indefinidos debemos emplear 'that' en lugar de 'who'
- It's the best film that I've ever seen.
Es la mejor película que he visto nunca
- It's something that makes him cry.
Es algo que le hace llorar.
Cláusulas relativas definidas
En este tipo de clausulas se utilizan los pronombres relativos WHO (quien) y THAT (que), estos
pronombres describen cualidades y características de las personas. Es importante recordar que
estos pronombres pueden omitirse en inglés cuando son objetos pero nunca cuando son sujetos.
Una cláusula relativa que describe a una persona nos brinda información sobre la persona (o tipo
de persona) acerca de quien se habla.
*RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS "SUBJECTS"
En los siguientes ejemplos se unirán dos oraciones para formar una clausula.
1. I like people.
Me gusta la gente.
2. People aren't too serious.
La gente no es excesivamente seria.
Clausula:
I like people who aren't too serious.
Me gusta la gente que no es excesivamente seria.
1. I like people.
Me gusta la gente.
2. They have a good sense of humor.
La gente tiene buen sentido del humor.
Clausula:
I like people that have a good sense of humor.
Me gusta la gente que tiene buen sentido del humor.
Estudia los ejemplos:
38
- I spoke to the woman who owns the hotel.
- Did you see the letter that came this morning?
Who owns the hotel and that came this morning son “claúsulas relativas definidas”. Estas cláusulas
nos dicen a qué persona o cosa se refiere el hablante (Ej., who owns the hotel, nos dice cuál mujer ;
y that came this morning nos dice cuál carta).
Podemos usar which en lugar de that (para hablar sobre cosas) en una cláusula relativa definida.
-Did you see the letter which came this morning?
-The keys which were on this table have disappeared.
En un estilo informal, también es posible usar that en lugar de who (para hablar sobre gente)
I spoke to the woman that owns the hotel.
 Who, that y which pueden ser el sujeto y el objeto de una cláusula relativas definida.
Observa:
Marianne is the girl
who
Invited us to the party
Who es el sujeto:
She
Invited us to the party
Marianne is the girl
who
We met last night
Who es el objeto:
We met her
Last night
WHERE, WHEN y WHY/THAT
Podemos usar where (para lugares) y when (para tiempos /horas) en cláusulas relativas.
- The factory where I work is going to close down.
- Is there a time when we can meet?
- Is there a reason why/that you want to leave now?
Ejercicio 1
I. Una cada par de enunciados empleando who para gente y that para cosas
Ejemplos:
1. That’s the woman.
2. She works in the post office.
That’s the woman who works in the post office.
39
1. The man wasn’t English.
2. He spoke to us.
The man who spoke to us wasn’t English.
a. 1. He’s the man.
2. He painted my house
___________________________________________________________
b. 1. What is the name of the boy?
2. He telephoned you.
___________________________________________________________
c.
1. What happened to the money?
2. It was on my desk.
___________________________________________________________
d. 1.They’re the people.
2. They offered Sue a job.
___________________________________________________________
e. 1. The car has now been found.
2. It was stolen.
___________________________________________________________
f.
1. She’s the person.
2. She gives me a lift to work every day.
___________________________________________________________
g. 1. The lock has now been repaired.
2. It was broken.
___________________________________________________________
h
1. Most of the people are very nice.
2. They work in Peter’s office.
___________________________________________________________
II. Completa los enunciados empleando who para gente y that para cosas.
Ejemplo:
I can’t find the envelopes (that) I bought this morning.
Have you seen the film that is on TV tonight?
1. John Murray is the man _____ owns the Grand Hotel.
2. The man _____ we spoke to wasn’t very nice.
3. This is the sweater _____ I bought on Saturday.
4. What is the name of the company _____ you work for?
5. A bi-lingual person is someone _____ speak two languages equally well.
6. Peter is the boy _____ I saw in the supermarket yesterday.
7. Are these all the letters _____ came in the morning’s post?
8. Have you found the money _____ you lost?
9. The people _____ used to live in that house have moved.
10. I don’t like films _____ are very violent.
III. Responde las preguntas empleando whose, como en el ejemplo.
Ejemplo:
Who’s Mrs. Barnes? (Her husband teaches at Annie’s school.)
She’s the woman whose husband teaches at Annie’s school.
40
1. Who’s is Jim Owen? (His flat was broken into.)
_____________________________________________________________
2. Who are Mr. and Mrs. Peters? (Their children were injured in the accident.)
_____________________________________________________________
3. Who’s that girl? (Her brother works in the post office.)
_____________________________________________________________
4. Who are those people? (Their credit cards were stolen)
_____________________________________________________________
5. Who are you? (My mother phoned the police.)
_____________________________________________________________
IV. Complete los enunciados empleando, where, when ó why/that.
Ejemplo:
- That is the church where Ken and Kate were married.
1. Did they tell you the reason _____ they wanted you to do that?
2. What’s the name of the restaurant _____ you had lunch?
3. I can remember a time _____ there was no television.
4. Is that the hospital _____ you had your operation?
5. I don’t understand the reason _____ he was late.
6. Do you remember the time _____ your car broke down on the motorway?
V. Complete the sentences with whose, who, which, or where.
1. Tom, ______________________sister is a teacher, is in my class.
2. The White House, ______________________the US president lives, is in Washington.
3. The cats, ________________ house is broken, are mine.
4. My brother, ______________________works in Warsaw, earns a lot of money.
5. Molly, ______________________father is from Paris, speaks French very well.
6. Venice, ______________________is in Italy, is a very old city.
7. The man, __________________ daughter is my best friend, is the president of the company.
8. John Lennon, ______________________was born in 1940, was a member of The Beatles.
9. My car, ______________________I bought last month, broke down again.
10. The Ritz Hotel, ______________________we stayed last year, is very expensive.
VI. Match the column A with the column B in order to form a clause.
A
1. A banana is a fruit
B
_____ a. which carries a lot of people.
2. A hat is a thing
_____ b. which is very small.
3. A pony is a horse
_____ c. who designs houses
4. A dentist is a person
_____ d. which is long and yellow.
5. A bus is a big car
_____ e. that people wear on their heads
6. An architect is a person
_____ f. who pulls teeth.
41
UNIT 6
REPORTING QUESTIONS
Reporte Directo e Indirecto
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de
hacerlo: utilizando el reporte directo o el reporte indirecto.
Reporte Directo
Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el reporte directo.
Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas y deberá ser palabra por palabra.
Ejemplos:
-
“I am going to Cuenca next week,” she said.
"Voy a Cuenca la semana que viene," ella dijo.
-
“Do you have a pen?” he asked.
"Tienes un bolígrafo?" él preguntó.
-
Alicia said, "I love to dance."
Alicia dijo, "Me encanta bailar."
-
Christian asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?"
Christian preguntó, "Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?"
Reporte Indirecto (Indirect Speech)
El reporte indirecto, a diferencia del reporte directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra
por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el reporte directo, el tiempo verbal cambia.
Ejemplos:
*Reporte de Oraciones
-
Paola said she was a new student.
Paola dijo que ella era una nueva estudiante.
-
They said they would bake a cake for their parents.
Ellos dijeron que hornearían una torta para sus padres.
-
The boy said he could play soccer very well.
El niño dijo que el podía jugar futbol muy bien.
-
The teacher said she would come back in one hour.
La profesora dijo que ella volvería en una hora.
42
*Reporte de Preguntas:
Existen dos formas de reportar preguntas: Sofia asked: Do you like English?
Sofia asked if I liked English.
- Did your mother go to her job? Peter asked.
Peter asked if my mother had gone to her job.
- What does Patricia’s brother study? Augusta asked.
Augusta asked what Patricia’s brother studied.
- Why are you angry? My mother asked.
My mother asked why I was angry
A continuación se presenta un cuadro explicativo de los cambios de los tiempos verbales.
Reporte Directo
Present Simple
"He's American" she said.
"I'm happy to see you," Maria said.
He asked, "Are you busy tonight?"
Present Continuous
"Daniel is living in Loja," she said.
He said, "I'm making dinner."
"Why are you working so hard?" they asked.
Past Simple
"We went to the movies last night," he said.
Luis said, "I didn't go to work yesterday."
"Did you buy a new car?" she asked.
Past Continuous
"I was working late last night," Vicki said.
They said, "We weren't waiting long."
He asked, "Were you sleeping when I called?"
Present Perfect Simple
Heather said, "I've already eaten."
"We haven't been to China," they said.
"Have you worked here before?" I asked.
Present Perfect Continuous
"I've been studying English for two years," he said.
Sofia said, "We've been dating for over a year now."
"Have you been waiting long?" they asked.
Past Perfect Simple
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said.
Past Perfect Continuous
She said, "I'd been dancing for years before the
accident."
Reporte Indirecto
Past Simple
She said he was American.
Maria said that she was happy to see me.
He asked me if I was busy tonight.
Past Continuous
She said Daniel was living in Loja..
He told me that he was making dinner.
They asked me why I was working so hard.
Past Perfect Simple
He told me they had gone to the movies last night.
Luis said that he hadn't gone to work yesterday.
She asked me if I had bought a new car.
Past Perfect Continuous
Vicki told me she'd been working last night.
They said that they hadn't been waiting long.
He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called.
Past Perfect Simple
Heather told me that she'd already eaten.
They said they hadn't been to China.
I asked her whether she'd worked there before.
Past Perfect Continuous
He said he'd been studying English for two years.
Sofia told me that they'd been dating for over a year.
They asked whether I'd been waiting long.
Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE)
He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work.
Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE)
She said she'd been dancing for years before the
accident.
43
A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona.
Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether".
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado, es decir que todavía es verdad o que es en el
futuro, no tenemos que cambiar el tiempo verbal.
Ejemplos:
-"I'm 30 years old," she said.
→ She said she is 30 years old.
-"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
Reporte Indirecto con los verbos modales:
El tiempo verbal cambia en el reporte indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales:
Reporte Directo
Will
"I'll go to the movies tomorrow," Freddy said.
"Will you help me move?" she asked.
Can
Debora said, "Andres can work tomorrow."
"Can you open the window, please?", he asked.
Must
"You must wear your seatbelt," mom said.
She said, "You must work tomorrow."
Shall
"Shall we go to the beach today?" Tomas asked.
"What shall we do tonight?" she asked.
May
Sandra said, "I may not be in class tomorrow."
"May I use the bathroom, please?" the boy asked.
Reporte Indirecto
Would
Freddy said he would go to the movies tomorrow.
She asked me if I would help her move.
Could
Debora said Andres could work tomorrow.
He asked me if I could open the window.
Had to
My mom said we had to wear my seatbelt.
She said I had to work tomorrow.
Should
Tomas asked if we should go to the beach today.
She asked me what we should do tonight.
Might/Could
Sandra said she might not be in class tomorrow.
The boy asked if he could use the bathroom.
Los adverbios y expresiones adverbiales de lugar y tiempo cambian de la siguiente forma:
CUADRO DE CAMBIOS EN ADVERBIOS DE LUGAR Y TIEMPO
REPORTE DIRECTO
REPORTE INDIRECTO
Today
That day
Yesterday
The day before
The day before yesterday
Two days before
Last week / year…
The previous week / year…
A / two … week / year…ago
A / two…week / year before
Tomorrow
The next /following day
The day after tomorrow
In two days' time
Next week /year …
The following week / year
Here
There
Now
Then
This
That
these
Those
44
Ejercicio 1
I. Cambie las siguientes oraciones de reporte directo a reporte indirecto.
1. Juan:"Marcelo is at home."
___________________________________________________________________
2. Max:"Francis often reads a book."
___________________________________________________________________
3. Susan:"I'm watching TV."
___________________________________________________________________
4. Simon:"David was ill."
___________________________________________________________________
5. Patricia:"The girls helped in the house."
___________________________________________________________________
6. Ricardo:"I am going to ride a skateboard."
___________________________________________________________________
7. Stefani and Carlos:"We have cleaned the windows."
___________________________________________________________________
8. Charlie:"I didn't have time to do my homework."
___________________________________________________________________
9. Mrs. Salas:"My mother will be 50 years old."
___________________________________________________________________
10. Jeanneth:"The boss must sign the letter."
___________________________________________________________________
II. Cambie las siguientes preguntas de reporte directo a reporte indirecto.
1. Christopher:"Do you want to dance?"
___________________________________________________________________
2. Betty:"When did you come?"
___________________________________________________________________
3. Mark:"Has John arrived?"
___________________________________________________________________
4. Ronald:"Where does Maria park her car?"
___________________________________________________________________
5. Elisabeth:"Did you watch the latest film?"
___________________________________________________________________
6. Mandy:"Can I help you?"
___________________________________________________________________
45
7. Andrew:"Will Mandy have lunch with Sue?"
___________________________________________________________________
8. Justin:"What are you doing?"
___________________________________________________________________
9. Frank:"How much pocket money does Lisa get?"
___________________________________________________________________
10. Anne:"Must I do the shopping?"
___________________________________________________________________
III. Escoja la respuesta correcta tomando en cuenta el cambio del tiempo verbal.
1. Sofia "I love chocolate."
Paola: Sofia said (that) she ___ chocolate.
a. loved
b. loves
c. loving
2. Patricio: "I went skiing."
Santiago: Patricio said (that) he ___ skiing.
a. went
b. had gone
c. have gone
3. Maria: "I will eat steak for dinner."
Her mother: Maria said (that) she ___ eat steak for dinner.
a. willing
b. will
c. would
4. Juan: "I have been to Loja twice."
His brother: Juan said (that) he ___ to Loja twice.
a. had been
b. has been
c. was being
5. The principal: "I have had three cars."
The student: The principal said (that) he ___ three cars.
a. has
b. has had
c. had had
6. My friends: "We’re going to go to Tonsupa next holiday."
Johana: My friends said (that) they ___ going to go to Tonsupa next holiday.
a. were
b. was
c. are
7. Sebastian: "I don't like spinach."
Domenika: Sebastian said (that) he ___ like spinach.
a. doesn't
b. don't
c. didn't
8. Mary: "I have never been to London."
Jill: Mary said (that) she ___ never been to London.
a. had
b. has
c. have
9. Daniela: "I was swimming with my friends last weekend."
Gabriela: Daniela said (that) she ___ swimming with her friends last weekend.
a. has been
b. had been
c. have been
10. Teacher: "I have two beautiful cats."
Student: The teacher said (that) she had ___ some cats.
a. have
b. has
c. had
46
UNIT 7
SECOND CONDITIONAL
El uso del condicional significa que una acción depende de otra. Los condicionales se utilizan para
hablar sobre situaciones reales o irreales. En general, las frases condicionales llevan la palabra "if" (si).
Estructura:
A continuación las estructuras que se utiliza en el segundo condicional. Las estructuras expresan
exactamente lo mismo.
IF
If
Condition ,
Past simple
Result Clause
,
"Would" + infinitivo
o
Result Clause
"Would" + nfinitivo
IF Condition
If
Past simple
Ejemplos:
-
If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.
I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.
Si ganara la lotería, viajaría alrededor del mundo.
-
If Rachel had more time, she would learn to play the guitar.
Rachel would learn to play the guitar if she had more time.
Si Rachel tuviera más tiempo, aprendería a tocar la guitarra.
USOS
Se utiliza el segundo condicional para expresar una posibilidad irreal en el presente, como un deseo o un
sueño, o para una acción en el futuro no tan probable.
Las oraciones condicionales de segundo tipo se caracterizan porque la condición es improbable que se
cumpla, aunque no es imposible, es decir expresa situaciones hipotéticas referidas al momento
actual.
-
If I ate more, I would be very fat
Si yo comiera más, estaría muy gordo
-
If I worked harder, I would pass the exam
Si yo trabajara más, pasaría el examen
47
-
We would phone her if we had her number.
A Nosotros
pesar que
la oración condicional
vanúmero.
en pasado, el sentido es de presente o de
la llamaríamos
si tuviéramos su
futuro.
-
If I won the lottery next Saturday, I would buy a car immediately
Si ganara la lotería el próximo sábado, me compraría un carro inmediatamente.

En este segundo condicional, se emplea were para todas las personas del verbo to be.
Este es uno de los usos más importantes de este segundo condicional y se suele traducir por "Si yo
fuera tú", "Yo en tu lugar".
Ejemplos:
-
If he were a millionaire, he would lend me the money.
Si él fuera millonario, el me prestaría dinero.
-
You look tired. If I were you, I would get some rest
Te ves cansado. Yo en tu lugar, descansaría.

Con el segundo condicional también se puede expresar ambiciones o esperanzas:
-
If I got a pay rise, I would buy a flat.
Si tuviera un aumento, me compraría un departamento.

Dependiendo de lo que se desea expresar, podemos utilizar la negación en la clausula
condicional o en la clausula de resultado. A continuación algunos ejemplos.
Ejemplos:
1. If you didn’t have so much work you wouldn’t be so serious.
Si no tuvieras tanto trabajo, no estarías tan seria / tan serio.
2. If you didn’t ask me, I wouldn’t give you so many sweets.
Si no me pidieras, no te daría tantos dulces.
3. If I had more friends I wouldn’t live alone.
Si yo tuviera más amigos, no viviría solo.
4. If the English weren’t so rude, I’d like them more.
Si los ingleses no fueran tan groseros, a mí me gustarían más.
5. If all the predictions came true, I wouldn’t be very happy.
Si todos los pronósticos se cumplieran, yo estaría muy contento.
6. If they didn’t accept his behavior, their son wouldn’t do that.
Si no aceptaran su comportamiento, su hijo no haría eso.
7. If she loved me more, I wouldn’t leave her.
Si ella me quisiera más, no la dejaría.
8. If we didn’t talk so much, we would do more work.
Si no habláramos tanto, haríamos más trabajo.
48
Wish and If Only
I wish / if only + pasado simple: Se usa esta estructura para manifestar un deseo de que algo cambie en
el presente, lamentamos algo que no nos gusta del presente.



Las dos formas significan “Ojala”, aunque "if only" es más enfático.
"I wish" puede ir seguido de "that", "if only" NUNCA
Para Expresar el deseo de que algo sea distinto a como es:
I wish [that] / if only + sujeto + pasado simple
Ejemplos:
-
I wish [that] / If only you were here!
¡Ojalá estuvieras / estuvieses aquí!
-
I wish [that] / If only he worked with us!
¡Ojalá trabajara / trabajase con nosotros.
-
I wish [that] / If only my brother didn't find it!
¡Ojalá mi hermano no lo encontrara / encontrase!

Cuando usamos WISH e IF ONLY, usamos la conjugación WERE del verbo To - be con todos
los pronombres.
Ejemplos:
-
I wish that I were there!
¡Ojalá yo estuviera allí!
-
If only his sister were nicer!
¡Ojalá su hermana fuera más amable!
-
I wish it were easier!
¡Ojalá fuera más fácil!
Ejercicio 1
I. Complete las siguientes oraciones con la forma correcta de los verbos en paréntesis de acuerdo a la
estructura del Segundo condicional.
1. If I _________________ (be) you, I _________________ (get) a new job.
2. If he _________________ (be) younger, he _________________ (travel) more.
3. If we _________________ (not / be) friends, I _________________ (be) angry with you.
4. If I _________________ (have) enough money, I _________________ (buy) a big house.
5. If she ______________ (not / be) always so late, she ________________(be) promoted.
49
6. If we _________________ (win) the lottery, we _________________ (travel) the world.
7. If you _________________ (have) a better job, we _________________ (buy) a new car.
8. If I _________________ (speak) perfect English, I ________________(have) a good job.
9. If we _________________ (live) in Mexico, I _________________ (speak)Spanish.
10. If she _____________ (pass) the exam, she _____________ (enter) university.
11. She _________________ (be) happier if she _________________ (have) more friends.
12. We _________________ (buy) a house if we _________________ (decide) to stay here.
13. They ________ (have) more money if they _____________ (not / buy) so many clothes.
14. We _________________ (come) to dinner if we _________________ (have) time.
15. She _________________ (call) him if she _________________ (know) his number.
16. They ____________ (go) to Spain on holiday if they ____________(like) hot weather.
17. She _________________ (pass) the exam if she _________________ (study) more.
18. I ________________ (marry) someone famous if I _______________ (be) a movie star.
19. We never _______________ (be) late again if we _________________ (buy) a new car.
20. You _________________ (lose) weight if you _________________ (eat) less.
II. Una las oraciones de la Columna A con las oraciones de la Columna B.
A
B
1. My parents would help me if...
a. ...I were going to a fancy dress party.
2. I would color my hair blue if...
b. ...I were dying of hunger.
3. Paul would tell you my secret if...
c. ...she did all her exams well.
4. I wouldn’t eat monkey meat unless…
d. ...I had problems at school.
5. Rachel would marry Martin if...
e. ...I missed the bus.
6. Her teacher would be very pleased if...
f. ...he though my life was in danger.
7. I wouldn’t take a taxi home unless...
g. ...he had a lot of money and he was old enough.
50
UNIT 8
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Los gerundios e infinitivos son formas verbales, no tiempos.
determinadas situaciones que serán explicadas en breve.
Como formas verbales se usan en
Estas formas verbales traducidas al español tienen la terminación –ar, –er, –ir.
El gerundio es la forma verbal que termina con –ing.
Ejemplo:
(work)
working
trabajar
(read)
reading
leer
(come)
coming
venir
El infinitivo es la forma verbal que empieza con la preposición to
Ejemplo:
(work)
to work
trabajar
(read)
to read
leer
(come)
to come
venir
USO DE LOS GERUNDIOS
*COMO SUJETO DE LA ORACIÓN: Cuando un verbo tiene que ser sujeto de la oración, el verbo tiene
que ir en gerundio. Cuando un gerundio es sujeto de la oración la conjugación del verbo tiene que ir en
singular, es decir como tercera persona.
Ejemplo:
-
Smoking is bad for your health.
(Fumar es malo para su salud)
-
Drinking eight glasses of water helps your body eliminate toxins.
(Tomar ocho vasos de agua ayuda a tu cuerpo a eliminar toxinas)
51
*DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS: Se usa el gerundio después de ciertos verbos. A continuación se
presenta una lista básica de verbos que siempre van seguidos del gerundio
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR UN GERUNDIO
admit
delay
Finish
Permit
resume
advise
deny
Forbid
postpone
risk
appreciate
detest
get through
practice
spend (time)
avoid
dislike
Have
Quit
suggest
complete
enjoy
Imagine
Recall
tolerate
consider
escape
Mind
Report
waste (time)
resist
excuse
Miss
Resent
Ejemplos:
-
They enjoy spending time with their friends.
Ellos disfrutan pasar tiempo con sus amigos.
-
He couldn´t resist coming to the party.
El no pudo resistir venir a la fiesta.
-
Mary always avoids being in crowded places.
Mary siempre evita estar en lugares con mucha gente.
Como se puede dar cuenta en el ejemplo, los verbos ENJOY, RESIST, AVOID están seguidos del
gerundio.
*DESPUÉS DE PREPOSICIONES: De necesitar un verbo después de una preposición, este verbo tiene
que ser en la forma de gerundio.
A continuación un listado de preposiciones, que será de utilidad para que las reconozca.
in
before
after
with
at
to
on
of
for
about
from
Ejemplo:
-
They are interested in studying politics.
Ellos están interesados en estudiar política.
-
John washes his hands before eating any meal.
John lava sus manos antes de comer cualquier comida.
52
USO DE LOS INFINITIVOS
*DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS: Se usa el infinitivo después de ciertos verbos. A continuación se
presenta una lista básica de verbos que siempre van seguidos del infinitivo:
VERBOS SEGUIDOS POR UN INFINITIVO
Arrange
Prepare
Decide
agree
pretend
Ask
Want
Promise
refuse
forget
Appear
Need
Offer
hope
intend
Refuse
Can’t afford
Would like
expect
choose
Seem
Can’t wait
Would love
plan
manage
Ejemplos:
-
I need to buy some books for my father.
Yo necesito comprar algunos libros para mi padre.
-
The students would like to travel to London next summer.
A los estudiantes les gustaría viajar a Londres el próximo verano.
-
The taxi driver offered to wait for us until we finish our job.
El conductor del taxi ofreció esperarnos hasta que terminemos nuestro trabajo.
¡A MEMORIZAR!
Memorice el listado de verbos que van seguidos del infinitivo.
*DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
En los siguientes ejemplos nos podemos dar cuenta como se usa el infinitivo después de un adjetivo.
Ejemplos:
- I’m happy to see you again.
Estoy feliz de volverte a ver.
-
For some people, it’s difficult to study alone.
Para algunas personas, es difícil estudiar solo.
-
It’s easy to ride a bycicle, you just need to practice a little more.
Es fácil montar bicicleta, tu solo necesitas practicar un poco más.
*PARA EXPRESAR UN OBJETIVO (el porqué estamos haciendo una acción)
-
They are here to study English.
Ellos estan aqui para estudiar Inglés.
-
I have come to help you.
He venido a ayudarte.
53
-
She called to talk to the English coordinator.
Ella llamo para hablar con la coordinadora de Ingles.

Recuerden que NO es correcto decir *I’m here for to study English. No podemos usar
las dos preposiciones.

Ejercicio 1
I. Completa las frases con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre paréntesis.
1. I don't mind ______________ (work) in an open-space office.
2. He promised ______________ (help) me with the project.
3. He is worried about ______________ (lose) his job.
4. ______________ (study) for exams is very tiring.
5. I'm saving money ______________ (buy) a new car.
5. She managed ______________ (present) the project alone.
6. I enjoy ______________ (not go) shopping on Saturdays.
7. I'm looking forward to ______________ (see) you again soon.
8. She is afraid of ______________ (fly).
9. ______________ (read) is relaxing.
10. I've come ______________ (visit) my grandmother.
II. Escoja la mejor opción para completar las frases.
1. I'm going to the post-office _____ some stamps.
a.
for to buy
b.
to buy
2. _____ from home can be stressful.
a.
Working
b.
Work
3. I would like _____ English well.
a.
speaking
b.
to speak
4. I’m worried about _____ enough money at the end of the month.
a.
not having
b.
having not
5. I'm planning _____ anything this weekend.
a.
to not do
b.
not to do
6. It's difficult _____ at the same time.
a.
working and studying
b.
to work and study
7. I can't afford _____ a flat on my own.
a.
renting
b.
to rent
8. They enjoy _____ their weekends at the seaside.
a.
to spend
b.
spending
9. He suggested _____ the Modern Tate in London.
a.
visiting
b.
to visit
10. I hope _____ this year.
a.
to graduate
graduating
b.
c.
don't have
54
III. En el siguiente ejercicio se practicara el infinitivo y el gerundio en un texto, mediante unos consejos
para aprender de inglés. Completar el texto con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre
paréntesis.
1. If you are a beginner, you need _________ (use) a bilingual dictionary. Bilingual dictionaries are good
not just for _________ (translate) but also for _________ (compare).
2. Spend time _________ (study) - if you don't study regularly, you won't become fluent.
3. Don't be afraid of mistakes - every time you are wrong, you are also able _________ (learn) something
correctly.
4.
Don't
translate!
It's
easier
_________
(learn)
English
if
you
can
think
in
English.
5. Grammar isn't boring. _________ (learn) English grammar will help you understand the language.
6. Find a friend _________ (practice) with! _________ (share) your learning adventure is a great way to
go further and to have some fun along the way.
7. A qualified teacher is the best person _________ (help) you learn English.
8. Remember _________ (do) things that you enjoy in English. If you are interested in gardening, read
about it in English.
9. Try _________ (practice) all the areas of English: listening, reading, writing and speaking.
10. Remember that _________ (learn) a language is not like cycling: if you don't use it, you lose it!
II.
Escriba la preposición correcta.
1.
Paola is good _______ dancing salsa.
2.
Some students from high school complain _______bullying.
3.
The soccer players are afraid _______losing the match.
4.
People use computers _______storing data.
5.
We are looking forward _______going to the beach at the weekend.
6.
Laura dreams _______living on a small island.
7.
The teacher apologized _______being late.
8.
Do you agree _______staying in a foreign country?
9.
The girls insisted _______going out with Kerry.
10. Eduardo thinks _______ climbing trees this afternoon.
55
SOLUCIONARIO
UNIT 1
EXERCISE 1
No
COMPLETION-Beetle Bailey
No
COMPLETION
1
told
1
spent
2
asked
2
was
3
answered / told
3
traveled / visited
4
went
4
went
5
found
5
learned
6
said
6
were
7
didn't listen
7
didn't rain
8
was
8
saw
9
didn't understand
9
Did you spend
10
asked / did I forget
10
Did the comic's guy
EXERCISE 2
56
EXERCISE 3
1
The pupils talked about the film they had watched.
1
Hagar the
horrible
Yes/No
questions
Yes, he had.
2
I was late for work because I had missed the bus.
2
No, he hadn't
3
We lived in the house that my father had built.
3
Yes, he had.
4
We admired the picture that Lucy had painted.
4
No, he hadn't
5
In the shopping centre, I met a friend who I hadn't seen for ages.
5
Yes, he had.
6
The thief could walk right into the house because you hadn't locked.
6
Yes, he had.
7
We lost the match because we hadn't practiced the days before.
7
No, he hadn't
8
At school, Jim quickly copied the homework that he hadn't done.
8
No, he hadn't
9
What had Bob done that he was kept in after school?
9
No, she hadn't
10
Have you eaten anything before you went to the theater
10
No, they hadn't
No
BUILDING-Affirmative-Negative-Interrogative
No
UNIT 2
Oraciones Afirmativas y Negativas
Ejercicio 1
Ejercicio 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
has
has
has
has
have
have
have
have
has
have
Preguntas de Si / No
Ejercicio 3
1. Yes. I have. / No, I haven´t.
2. Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.
3. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t .
4. Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
5. Yes, they have. / No, I haven’t.
6. Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t
7. Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t
8. Yes, he hasn’t. / No, he hasn’t.
9. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
10. Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
The Project hasn’t accomplished its objectives.
The managers haven’t taken the suggestion.
The auditor hasn’t recommended new ideas.
The TV programs haven’t increased the audience.
My brother hasn’t paid taxes in the last 5 years.
The leaders haven’t taken good decisions.
The graduate students haven’t reached their degrees.
The trainers haven’t designed good courses.
Jennifer hasn’t got a better job recently.
My parents haven’t taken the tour to Europe.
Ejercicio 4
1. Have you driven a truck?
2. Has Karla performed in a play?
3. Have your friends achieved their goals?
4. Has Ken paid his taxes?
5. Have Ron and you won the race?
6. Has Yadira traveled to Colombia?
7. Have you eaten sushi?
8. Have your parents watched Titanic?
9. Has your friend finished the homework?
10. Has your mother called?
57
Ejercicio 5
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. c
5. a
6. d
7. c
8. b
9. a
10. d
Ejercicio 6
1. Where have you been?
2. Who has cooked dinner?
3. How many times has Sue read the book?
4. Who has crashed his car?
5. How long has Jeanneth been on holiday?
6. What has Freddy done?
7. Where has Gabriel stopped?
8. How many books has Sarah bought?
9. Who has talked to his teacher?
10. Why has Catherine cleaned the house?
Ejercicio 7
Ejercicio 8
Ejercicio 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
since
since
for
since
for
since
since
since
for
since
Has your wife had the baby already?
No, she hasn’t had the baby yet.
Rita has already had a sonogram.
The doctor hasn’t told them the baby’s gender yet.
We have already bought some staff for a girl.
Have you finished the painting already?
I haven’t had the time to choose the color yet.
Have you thought of some names for the baby yet?
I have already made a list names.
My wife hasn’t thought of any names yet.
ever
ever
just
just
ever
just
ever
ever
just
just
Ejercicio 10
Ejercicio 11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1. Alberto hasn’t been playing soccer for two hours.
has been working
have been waiting
has been living
has been playing
have been learning
have been looking
have been living
has been working
has been teaching
has been washing
2. Ana hasn’t been watching the volleyball match
since 9 o’clock.
3. We have been waiting for a long time.
4. Ricky Martin has been recording a new album for
a long time.
5. I haven’t been reading a magazine for an hour.
6. It has been raining all day.
7. Patricio and Susan haven’t been running in
marathons lately.
8. She has been brushing her teeth for five minutes.
9. My uncle has been living in London for three
years.
10. The children haven’t been swimming on the
beach.
58
Ejercicio 12
Ejercicio 13
1. Has she been talking on the phone?
2. Has his brother been cooking dinner?
3. Have Jane and Mary been playing
badminton?
4. Has Sue been exercising in the gym?
5. Has Robert been painting the room?
6. Have they been planting trees?
7. Has Henry been working in the garage?
8. Have they been swimming in the lake?
9. Has it been raining for a week?
10. Has she been asking questions all day long?
1. The secretary has been waiting in the office
since 4 o’clock.
2. Sue has been working in Marathon Sports
for 20 years.
3. They have been learning English for six
years.
4. She has been saving her money since she
graduated from high school.
5. The children have been watching TV for
hours.
6. My father has been waiting in the office
since 4 o’clock.
7. Ronald has been repairing an apple
computer.
8. My friends have been climbing the
mountains every month.
9. My son has been taking piano lessons at 4
pm.
10. Those men have been cleaning the street
because the Mayor is visiting the
neighborhood.
UNIT 3
EXERCISE 1
COMPLETION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
will help
will get
will win
will do
will buy
will do
will stay
will cook
will understand
will probably go
RANKING-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
I will not/won't answer the question.
She will not/won't read the book.
They will not/won't drink beer.
They will not/won't send the postcard.
Vanessa will not/won't catch the ball.
James will not/won't open the door.
We will not/won't listen to the radio.
They will not/won't eat fish.
She will not/won't give him the apple.
The computer will not/won't crash.
RANKING-2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Will you ask him?
Will Jenny lock the door?
Will it rain?
Will the teacher test our English?
What will they eat?
When will she be back?
Who will drive us into town?
Where will we meet?
When will I be famous?
What will you do?
59
EXERCISE 2
MATCHING
RANKING
FIXING
1
d
1
She is going to call her boyfriend.
1 is going to rain
2
a
2
They are going to play squash.
2 are going to eat
3
h
3
3 am going to wear
4
f
4
She's going to visit her grandma.
We´re going to walk in the
mountains.
5
b
5
We're going to wash the car.
5 is not going to walk
6
g
6
I am going to brush my teeth.
6 Are you going to cook
7
j
7
He is going to repair the car.
7 is not going to share
8
c
8
They are going to light the bonfire.
8 Are they going to leave
9
i
9
We are going to learn Greek.
9 is she going to take part
10
e
10 I'm going to write some postcards.
4
are not going to help
10 I'm not going to spend
EXERCISE 3
COMPLETION-1
COMPLETION-2
1
will be sleeping
1
will be waiting
2
will be sitting
2
will be dancing
3
will be watching
3
will be sunbathing
4
will be studying
4
will be helping
5
will be dancing
5
will be watching
6
will not be playing
6
will be having
7
will not be working
7
will be smiling / will be crying
8
Will you be eating
8
9
Will she be driving
9
will be cleaning / will be
washing
will be talking / dancing /
having
FIXING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 Will they be fighting 10 will be raining
Tomorrow morning we will be working.
This time next week we will be having a
party.
At midnight I will be sleeping.
This evening we will be watching a talk
show.
They won't be doing their homework this
afternoon.
He will be listening to music.
I will be reading a book this evening.
Will you be walking home this afternoon?
He won't be drawing tomorrow morning.
Will be they arguing again?
10.
60
EXERCISE 4
COMPLETION-1
1 will have repaired
COMPLETION-2
1 won't have finished
MULTIPLE
CHOICE
a
1.
2 will have done
2 won't have sent
2.
b
3 will have visited
3 won't have cleaned
3.
d
4 will have finished
4 won't have ordered
4.
c
5 will have left
5 won't have written
5.
a
6 will have discussed
6 won't have met
6.
c
7 will have arrested
7 won't have organized
7.
a
8 will have written
8 won't have called
8.
b
9 will have managed
9 won't have read
9.
d
10 will have completed
10 won't have received
10.
c
UNIT 4
Ejercicio 1
1. are eating
2. are visiting
3. comes
4. reading
5. work
6. don’t believe
7. has
8. is not driving
9. thinking
10. doesn’t have
Ejercicio 2
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. c
8. a
9. b
10. d
Passive Voice
Ejercicio 1
1. She was arrested last week.
2. A letter was written by John
3. Ten friends were invited to the party.
4. A new house has just been built.
5. The thieves were caught by the police
yesterday.
6. All the house will be cleaned by the
maid tomorrow.
7. I was hit by my brother.
8. Two cars were removed from the
street.
9. The room has just been cleaned.
10. A new house will be built
Ejercicio 3
1. b
2. b
3. a
4. a
5. a
6. b
7. b
8. a
9. b
10. a
Ejercicio 2
1. will be explained
2. were sent
3. won’t be stolen
4. has already been closed
5. will be opened
6. was invited
7. can’t be seen
8. was given
9. weren’t washed
10. was stolen
Ejercicio 3
1. Voz activa
2. Voz activa
3. Voz pasiva
4. Voz activa
5. Voz pasiva
6. Voz pasiva
7. Voz activa
8. Voz pasiva
9. Voz activa
10. Voz pasiva
61
UNIT 5
Ejercicio 1
I. Una cada par de enunciados empleando who para gente y that para cosas.
a. He’s the man who painted my house.
b. What is the name of the boy that telephoned you?
c. What happened to the money that was on my desk?
d. They’re the people who offered Sue a job.
e. The car that was stolen has now been found.
f. She’s the person who gives me a lift to work every day.
g. The lock that was broken has now been repaired.
h. Most of the people who work in Peter’s office are very nice.
II. Completa los enunciados empleando who para gente y that para cosas.
1. who
6. who
2. that
7. who
3. that
8. that
4. that
9. who
5. who
10. that
III. Responde las preguntas empleando whose, como en el ejemplo.
1. He’s the man whose flat was broken into.
2. They are the couple whose children were injured in the accident.
3. She’s the girl whose brother works in the post office.
4. They are the people whose credit cards were stolen.
5. I’m the person whose mother phones the police.
IV. Complete los enunciados empleando, where, when ó why/that.
1. why
2. where
3. when
4. where
5. why
6. when
62
V. Complete the sentences with whose, who, which, or where.
1. whose
6. which
2. where
7. whose
3. whose
8. who
4. who
9. which
5. whose
10. where
VI. Match the column A with the column B in order to form a clause.
1–d
4–f
2–e
5–a
3–b
6–c
UNIT 6
Ejercicio 1
I. Cambie las siguientes oraciones de reporte directo a reporte indirecto.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Juan said that Marcelo was at home.
Max told me that Francis often read a book.
Susan said to me that she was watching TV.
Simon said that David had been ill.
Patricia told me that the girls had helped in the house.
Ricardo said to me that he was going to ride a skateboard.
Stefani and Carlos told me that they had cleaned the windows.
Charlie remarked that he hadn't had time to do his homework.
Mrs. Salas told me that her mother would be 50 years old.
Jeanneth said that the boss had to sign the letter.
II. Cambie las siguientes preguntas de reporte directo a reporte indirecto.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Christopher asked me if I wanted to dance.
Betty wanted to know when I had come.
Mark asked me if John had arrived.
Ronald asked me where Maria parked her car.
Elisabeth asked me if I had watched the latest film.
Mandy wanted to know if she could help me.
Andrew asked me if Mandy would have lunch with Sue.
Justin asked me what I was doing.
Frank wanted to know how much pocket money Lisa got.
Anne asked if she had to do the shopping.
III. Escoja la respuesta correcta tomando en cuenta el cambio del tiempo verbal.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a
b
c
a
c
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a
c
a
b
c
63
UNIT 7
Ejercicio 1
I. Complete las siguientes oraciones con la forma correcta de los verbos en paréntesis.
1. were / would get
2. were / would travel
3. weren’t / would be
4. had / would buy
5. weren’t / would be
6. won / would travel
7. had / would buy
8. spoke / would have
9. lived / would speak
10. passed / would enter
11. would be / had
12. would buy / decided
13. would have / didn't buy
14. would come / had
15. would call / knew
16. would go / liked
17. would pass / studied
18. would marry / were
19. would never be / bought
20. would lose / ate .
II. Una las oraciones de la Columna A con las oraciones de la Columna B.
1–d
5–g
2–a
6–c
3–f
7–e
4–b
III. Complete las siguientes oraciones. (Posibles respuestas)
1. you would earn more money.
2. we would be more relaxed.
3. would you do
4. you won the lottery?
5. lost his wallet?
6. I would invite you to the movies.
7. I wouldn’t get married with him.
Ejercicio 2
I. Complete las siguientes frases con la forma correcta del verbo en paréntesis.
1. didn't have
2. knew
3. went
4. understood
5. had
6. lived
7. could change
8. were
9. were
10. had
II. Lea las siguientes oraciones y usando If only o I wish, exprese un deseo siguiendo las estructuras
apropiadas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I wish / If only I could give up smoking.
I wish / If only I had a cigarette / some cigarettes.
I wish / If only George were here.
I wish / If only it weren't so cold (or I wish it were warm).
I wish / If only I didn't live in New York City.
I wish / If only Tina could come to the party.
I wish / If only I didn't have to work tomorrow or I wish I could stay in bed tomorrow.
I wish / If only I knew something about cars.
64
UNIT 8
Ejercicio 1
I.
Completa las frases con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre paréntesis.
1. working
2. to help
3. losing
4. studying
5. to buy
5. to present
6. going
7. seeing
8. flying
9. Reading
10. to visit
II. Escoja la mejor opción para completar las frases.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b
a
b
a
b
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
b
b
b
a
a
III. Completar el texto con la forma de infinitivo o de gerundio de los verbos entre paréntesis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
To use / translating/ comparing
Studying
To learn
To learn
Learning
To practice /sharing
To help
To do
to practice
learning
IV. Escriba la preposición correcta.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
At
About
Of
for
To
Of
For
With
On
10. of
65