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Implementation of Almada’s
Adaptation Strategy: a multi-level
approach.
Nuno Lopes, Sara Dionísio, Patrícia Silva & Catarina Freitas
Head of the Environmental Studies and Management Division
Sustainable Environmental Management and Planning Department
City Council of Almada, Portugal
Adaptación
Adaptación a
a los
los efectos
efectos del
del cambio
cambio climático:
climático: Marco
Marco europeo,
europeo, sectores
sectores estratégicos
estratégicos y
y políticas
políticas
municipales
Bilbao
|
15
September
2015
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Topics…
... a glimpse of Almada
... adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for
Climate Change
... boosting resilience through ecosystem
based adaptation
… Final remarks
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Almada
 Coastal southern
European city
Lisboa
Tagus River
 1 of 18
municipalities in
Lisbon
Metropolitan Area
Almada
 Area ~ 70 km2
 175 000
inhabitants
 35 km Waterfront
Atlantic
Ocean
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
White sandy beachfront, fisherie community
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Topics…
... a glimpse of Almada
... adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for
Climate Change
... improving resilience through ecosystem
based adaptation
… Final remarks
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Almada’s starting point on adaptation…
− South bank of Tagus river across Lisbon ► urban pressure
− Highly populated and dense territory
− Vulnerable coastal and riverfront areas to sea level rise, with
high tourist value
− Abusive occupation of high value natural areas, rich
Mediterranean ecosystems at risk
− Ageing society
 Long term vision on sustainability from our political leadership
 More informed community
 Landuse plans under development …
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
 Mitigation Agenda
 energy consumption and GHGs emissions
Energy efficiency, renewables, smart mobility... low carbon city
... but even with drastic mitigation, accumulated CO2 will
change the climate until 2040’ (climatic system inertia)
 Adaptation Agenda
Allowing the resilience of our natural, social and
economic systems, providing our communities an
healthy and safe environment to live and work.
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
 Mitigation Agenda
 energy consumption and GHGs emissions
Energy efficiency, renewables, smart mobility... low carbon city
... but even with drastic mitigation, accumulated CO2 will
change the climate until 2040’ (climatic system inertia)
 Adaptation Agenda
Means to allow the resilience of our natural, social
and economic systems, providing our communities an
healthy and safe environment to live and work.
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Methodology
Almada’s Strategy for Climate Change
Conferência
“Roteiro Local
para Change
as Alterações
Climáticas:Conference
Mobilizar, Planear
ECCA, European
Climate
Adaptation
2013e Agir”
Almada,
Portugal
| 28March
- 29 Maio
2009
Hamburg
| 18 – 20
2013
 Downscaling Climate Evolution Scenarios
 Monitoring climate change impacts (ex:,
floods, landslides, heat waves, oceanic
overwashes)
 Vulnerability Diagnosis (coast, riverfront,
ecosystems, urban water cycle, urban services),
Adaptation
in Almada’s Strategy
for Climate Change
existing and amplified…
 Modeling Urban Heat Island Effect
 Design Risk Maps
 Definition of adaptation goals and
measures
 Integrating adaptation goals and measures
in land use planning: Urban Plans and
Master Plan of Almada (currently under
revision)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Almada’s Climate Evolution (2070-2100 scenarios)
50
 Temperature
Anomalia das temperaturas para 2070 -2100 em Almada
45
↑ +4,25 oC
40
- Annual mean: increases 2,5 ºC
- Nº of Days/year with >35 ºC:
2070 - 2100
↑ +5 oC
35
Temperatura (oC)
- Tmáx Summer , Winter: rises 4,0 to 5,0 ºC
2000-2006
Variação dos modelos
30
25
20
↑ +2,5 oC
15
5-10 ► 20-30
10
↑ +4 oC
5
0
 Precipitation
Maior temp. máx. registada
Média temp. máx. Verão
Média temp. diária anual
Média temp. mín. Inverno
Evolução da precipitação mensal com alterações climáticas
10,0
Autumn and Spring
- increase of heavy rainfall events
2000 - 2009
9,0
2070 - 2100
8,0
7,0
Precipitação (mm)
- 55% reduction in Summer precipitation
- 12,5% increase in Winter precipitation
- Decrease of 15 to 55% in
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Jan
Fev
Mar
Abr
Mai
Jun
Jul
Ago
Set
Out
Nov
Dez
Almada’s vulnerability to
Natural Hazards
 Mass Wasting (rock falls, rock topple, landslides)
 Sea Level Rise (coastal erosion)
 Storm Surges/overwash
Mass Wasting
 Droughts
 Flooding
 Salinization of Coastal Aquifers
 Forest Fires
 Biodiversity loss
 Heat waves
Coast Erosion
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Improving resilience through
land use planning
“Boost” resilience in land use planning

Multi-dimension, integrated and multi-level approach:
 Detail scale: integration of specific adaptive solutions
(smart urban design) in the development of Local and
Urban Plans (1:1.000)
 Municipal scale: define a global territorial adaptation
strategy and establish solutions + regulations for Almada’s
Master Plan (1:10.000)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Land use plans are
the most strategic
compulsory plans
that can be develop
at a local level !
F2 - New approaches to resilient
3 levels of land use planning:
Master Plan (1:10.000)

Urban Plans (1:1.000)
+
Local Plans (1:1.000)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales
Bilbao | 15 September 2015
urban planning and design
boosting resilience through land
use planning
Examples Adaptative Measures (Detail scale)
 Smart urban design to improve natural cooling and the use
of solar energy in buildings
 Conservative average sea-level rise limits incorporated in
urban design
 Development of urban green corridors
 Coastal dune restoration
 Promotion of water infiltration and the use of permeable
pavements
 Protection of people and property from flood risk with the
construction of terrace defenses and retention basins
 Rehabilitation of streams with riparian vegetation (green
Adaptación and
a los efectos
del cambio
climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
blue
infrastructure)
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Example: Developing Local Plan of Fonte da Telha
 Coastal Adaptation Measures incorporated in the Plan
REMOVE
 urban perimeter
reconfiguration
with retreat from
the risk areas
PROTECT
ACCOMMODATE
 define a new
ground level: 11 m
(landfill)
 building on stilts
 elevated pathways
 recover of the dune
ecosystems
 dune reconstitution:
minimum level 12 m
 sediment trapping
 erosion and slope deposits
control with native plants
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Topics…
... a glimpse of Almada
... adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for
Climate Change
... improving resilience through ecosystem
based adaptation
… Final remarks
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Ecosystem based adaptation
1º Identify different types of hazards in Almada
2º Evaluate how the current hazards will be amplified by
climate change impacts
3º Assess how GI’s environmental services can respond
and mitigate to current and future hazardous/
vulnerabilities
4º Spatial representation of GI’s environmental services
5º Designed ecosystem based projects to address the
hazardous/vulnerabilities
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Types of
hazards in
Almada







Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
GI’s
environmental
services
GI’s
environmental
services
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Nature
conservation
Food
Aquifer
recharge
Erosion
control
Rain water
Microclimatic
Adaptación
a los efectos del cambio climático:
Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos
y políticas
(floods, marine
regulation
)
permeability
municipales
Bilbao
| 15 September 2015
washover, land
slides)
Carbon
sequestration
Disease
plagues
control, seed
dispersal
Multifunctional Map of Green
Infrastructures Network
Environmental services
Multifunctionality
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
(nr. of services)
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Example of Almada’s GI application
Mitigation of the Urban Heat Island Effect (~  4ºC)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Example of GI application
 High vulnerability to heat waves: evaluate mortality rate increased
in Lisbon Area for the period of the heat wave in 2013 (June 23rd to
July 14th)
Number of heat wave days for June-JulyMortality rate in Lisbon Area (June 23rd and July 14th)
August
2013 (NACLIM
FP7 Project)
Adaptación
a los efectos
del cambio climático:
Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales
Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Example of GI application
Mitigation of Heat Island Effect (temperature; humidity)
Hazards
Green Infrastructure
Major GI
Heat island
Effect
Heat waves
Drought
Fires
…
Vegetation of conservative value
Water course (bed and banks)
Areas of highest infiltration
Cliffs (protection belts)
Soils of high ecological value
c
Areas at risk of erosion
Urban GI
Gardens and parks
Green
Infrastructure
services
Microclimatic regulation
and reduction of heat
island effects on cities
Flood mitigation during
rainfall peaks
Nutrient recycling and
groundwater supply
Retention basins
Erosion control
Wooded areas and streets,
Food production
Vegetable gardens …
Recreation, Education,…
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Smaller green areas and corridors within the urban areas / native tree species
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Vegetable Gardens;
Roofs;
Gardens
Green roofsGreen
and walls
at theVertical
most dense
areas
Boosting territorial resilience
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
 Present Problem: Erosion events caused by flooding
during heavy rain periods; soil and infrastructure losses;
biodiversity lost; demand for vegetable gardens
Objectives: Mitigation of flood/erosion hazards; enhance
biodiversity; promotion of local food production
 food,  biodiversity,  runoff water;  water infiltration
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Boosting territorial resilience
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
How can GI + BI and their ecosystem services respond to current
and future hazards/vulnerabilities?
Hazards
GI + BI
GI + BI
Ecosystem Services
Flooding
Water course
Erosion
Water course margins
Erosion control
Soil loss
High permeability areas
Biodiversity
loss
Soils of high ecological
value
Flood mitigation during
rainfall peaks
…
Vegetation with
conservative value
Adaptation water cycle
and other urban services
Vegetable gardens
Microclimatic mitigation
and reduction of heat
island effect
Wooded areas
Gardens and parks …
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Food production
Improve air and water
quality …
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
Solution:
Natural stream
restoration (riparian
vegetation)
+
Retention basin
(accommodate
stormwater)
+
Vegetable garden
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
Meadow
Fruit farm Riparian vegetation
Vegetable plots
Hydraulic surface
Picnic Park
discharger
Stream
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature:
Provisioning Services - Water for life
th
Seoul, South Korea | 11 April 2015
Fruit farm
Stream
Combining green and blue adaptive solutions
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
75,00 m3
1.152,55 m3
3.460,55 m3
Water Retention
Flooding area
Volume Water
capacity
Nível 1
Bacia de retenção
Bacia de retenção
Área inundável
Nível 2
Nível 3
Nível 4
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015 Retain basin
Retain basin
Boosting territorial resilience
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
 Present Problem: High coast line regression;
degradated dunes; no vegetation; beach sand
nourishment required for inland protection;
biodiversity loss
Objectives: Mitigation of coastal erosion, restore
dune ecosystems and enhance biodiversity
 biodiversity, sediment loss;  sedimentary balance
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Boosting territorial resilience
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
How can GI + BI and their ecosystem services respond to current
and future hazards/vulnerabilities?
Hazards
Adverse weather
conditions (storms,
strong winds)
Storm surge
Shoreline retreat
Coastal flood
Overwash
GI + BI
Dune relief (beaches, sand
dunes)
Vegetation of conservative
value
GI + BI
Ecosystem Services
Flood mitigation during
storms
Resilience to disasters
Areas of highest infiltration
Erosion control
…
Nature conservation
Loss of
Biodiversity
Saline intrusion
…
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
Genetic resources
Water availability/quality
Tourism
Cultural inheritage …
Boosting territorial resilience
Example GI + BI multifunctional project
Solution: ReDuna Project
Soft measures (ecological restoration of coastal
sand dunes)
+
Heavy coastal protection measures (beach sand
nourishment)
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
ICLEI World Congress 2015 | Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life
Seoul, South Korea | 11th April 2015
 ReDuna
→ Erosion control
→ Resilience to disasters
→ Nature conservation
→ Tourism
→ …
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
sand fences made of
permanent fences to regulate the
elevated pathways for dune
municipales
Bilbao | 15 Septemberpedestrian
2015 access to the dune
dry willow branches or wicker
protection
plantation of native species on
mobile dunes
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Topics…
... a glimpse of Almada
... adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for
Climate Change
... improving resilience through ecosystem
based adaptation
… Final remarks
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Conclusions
Final remarks …
 Climate Change is a Global phenomena with Local impacts:
adaptation must be addressed at a City level
 Adapt Cities to climate change, means addressing the
uncertainty of its impacts (different nature, type, magnitude)
and take decisions, act now
 But… Cities are extremely complex systems (mass, energy,
momentum flows…), difficult to manage
 So, flexibility and creativity are required in any adaptation
strategy (local management with a global knowledge…)
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Final Remarks
Final remarks …
 Green Infrastructure as a planning tool is an effective
way to build natural and urban resilience, with short term
benefits with a lower cost than grey infrastructure.
 Private engagement should be promoted e.g. economic
valuation of environmental services.
 Multi-dimension provision of ecosystem services can
tackle different hazards, with several benefits from win-win
solutions
 However, ecosystem based adaptation implies a deep
transformation in urban planning practices
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Future challenges
Future challenges…
 It is important for Cities to rely on robust (“translated”) data
to useful information, benchmarking studies and practical
solutions. (R&D)
− more regional data about the economic value of
environmental services provided by ecosystems
− evaluate the limits for adaptation (what is the tolerable
risk?)
− more comparative studies on investement and cost
benefits of ecosystem based adaptation
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015
Thank you for your attention!
[email protected]
Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas
municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015