Download tiempos verbales más utilizados en inglés

TIEMPOS VERBALES MÁS UTILIZADOS EN INGLÉS
SIMPLE PRESENT: Se utiliza para realizar presentaciones e indicar acciones que se
realizan regularmente. Estas acciones pueden ser hábitos, hobbies, eventos que ocurren
diariamente, eventos programados, o también algo que una persona olvida o no realiza a
menudo.
En las oraciones afirmativas los verbos utilizados junto a las terceras personas singulares (he
– she – it) llevan una “S” o una “ES” al final del verbo. * El verbo HAVE cambia a HAS.
Se agrega ‘ES’ cuando el verbo termine en CH, SH, X, Z, S o VOCAL.
En las preguntas y negaciones se utilizan los verbos auxiliares DO (I – you, we, they) y
DOES (he, she, it).
Ejemplos:
Afirmativo:
I play tennis everyday.
She plays tennis everyday.
[yo juego tenis todos los días]
[ella juega tenis todos los días]
Interrogativo: Do I play tennis everyday?
Does She play tennis everyday?
Negativo:
[¿Juego (yo) tenis todos los días?]
[¿Juega ella tenis todos los días?]
I do not play tennis everyday. (Don’t) [yo no juego tennis todos los días]
She does not play tennis everyday. (Doesn’t) [ella no juega tennis todos los días]
El presente simple también puede indicar que un orador cree que un hecho fue, es y será
verdadero. No es importante si el orador tiene la razón. También se utiliza para generalizar
sobre personas o cosas. Ej.: Cats like milk.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Se utiliza para expresar que algo está ocurriendo ahora, en este
momento. También se utiliza para indicar que algo NO está ocurriendo ahora. En este
tiempo verbal utilizamos el verbo to be en presente y el verbo en gerundio (terminados en
ING).
Ejemplo:
Afirmativo:
I am playing tennis now.
[Yo estoy jugando tenis ahora]
Interrogativo: am I playing tennis now?
[¿Estoy (yo) jugando tenis ahora?]
Negativo: I am not playing tennis now.
[yo no estoy jugando tenis ahora]
En ingles, now puede significar “este segundo”, “hoy”, “este mes”, “este año”, “este siglo” y
asi sucesivamente. Algunas veces utilizamos el presente continuo para decir que estamos
en el proceso de hacer una acción más grande que está en progreso; sin embargo, podemos
no estar realizándola en este preciso momento. Ejs.:
-
I am studying to become a doctor.
He is reading the book Tom Sawyer.
PRESENT PERFECT: Utilizamos este tiempo para indicar que una acción ocurrió en un
tiempo NO ESPECÍFICO antes de ahora. El tiempo exacto no es importante. No puedes
utilizar este tiempo con expresiones de tiempo tales como “yesterday”, “one year ago”, “last
week”, etc. Podemos utilizar este tiempo con expresiones como: “ever”, “never”, “once”, “
many times”, “before”, “already”, “yet”. * En este tiempo se utiliza HAS (he, she, it) o
HAVE (I, you, we, they) [tener] como verbo auxiliar por lo tanto se reemplaza por el
verbo haber y se utiliza el verbo en PARTICIPIO. Ejemplo:
Afirmativo: I have seen that movie.
[Yo he visto esa película]
Interrogativo: has she seen that movie?
[¿Ha visto ella esa película?]
Negativo: We have not seen that movie.
[Nosotros no hemos visto esa película]
Puedes utilizar el presente perfecto para describir tu experiencia. Es como decir “tengo la
experiencia de…..” También puedes utilizar este tiempo para decir que nunca has tenido
experiencia en algo. El presente perfecto no se utiliza para describir un evento específico.
Ejemplo: I have been to France.
A menudo utilizamos este tiempo para hablar sobre cambios que han ocurrido en un periodo
de tiempo. Ejemplo: You have grown since the last time I saw you.
Utilizamos este tiempo para enumerar los logros de individuos y la humanidad. No puedes
mencionar un tiempo específico. Ejemplo: Man has walked on the moon.
También utilizamos este tiempo para decir que una acción que esperábamos no ha ocurrido.
Al utilizar este tiempo sugerimos que aún estamos esperando por la acción. Ejemplo: James
has not finished his homework yet.
El presente perfecto se utiliza además para hablar de muchas acciones distintas que
ocurrieron en el pasado en diferentes momentos. Este tiempo verbal sugiere que el proceso
no está completo y que se pueden realizar más acciones. Ejemplo: I have had four quizes
and five tests so far this semester.
IMPORTANTE: Cuando utilizamos este tiempo verbal significa que algo ha ocurrido en algún
punto de nuestras vidas antes de ahora. Recuerda, el tiempo exacto en que ocurrió la acción
no es importante.
Nota: “Last year” y “in the last year” tienen significados muy distintos. “last year” quiere decir
el año anterior al actual. “in the last year” significa desde hace 365 días antes hasta ahora.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: Se utiliza para mostrar que algo comenzó en el
pasado y continuó hasta ahora. ‘For five minutes’, ‘for two weeks’, and ‘since Tuesday’ son
expresiones que pueden ser utilizadas con el presente perfecto continuo.
Ejemplos:
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They have been talking for the last hour.
She has been working at that company for three years.
What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
James has been teaching at the university since June.
We have been waiting here for over two hours!
Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
También puede ser utilizado para expresar acciones que se han realizado ‘últimamente’ o
‘recientemente’. Generalmente se utilizan las palabras ‘lately’ o ‘recently’ para darle énfasis
al significado.
Ejemplos:
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Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
She has been watching too much television lately.
Have you been exercising lately?
Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
Lisa has not been practicing her English.

What have you been doing?
RECORDAR Non-Continuous Verbs
Es importante recordar que los verbos no continuos no pueden ser utilizados en cualquier
tiempo continuo. En vez de utilizar el presente perfecto continuo, debes usar el presente
perfecto.
Ejemplos:

Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
 Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
SIMPLE PAST: Se utiliza para expresar la idea de que una acción comenzó y terminó en un
tiempo específico del pasado. A veces el orador no menciona el tiempo específico pero sí lo
tienen en mente. En las oraciones afirmativas utilizamos el verbo en PASADO mientras que
en la preguntas y negaciones se utiliza el verbo auxiliar Did y el verbo en INFINITIVO.
Ejemplo:
Afirmativo:
I saw a movie yesterday.
Interrogativo: Did I see a movie yesterday?
Negativo:
[(Yo) ví una película ayer]
[¿ví (yo) una película ayer?]
I did not see a movie yesterday (didn’t) [Yo no ví una película ayer]
Utilizamos el pasado simple para enumerar una serie de acciones realizadas en el pasado.
Estas acciones ocurren en 1º lugar, 2º lugar, etc.. Ejemplo: I finished work, walked to the
beach and found a nice place to swim.
El pasado simple puede utilizarse con una duración que comienza y termina en el pasado.
Una duración es una acción larga que se utiliza a menudo con expresiones como: “for two
years”, “for five minutes”, “all day”, etc. También puede utilizarse para describir un hábito que
se detuvo en el pasado. Puede tener el mismo significado que “used to” (solía…). Para
aclarar que estamos hablando de un hábito generalmente utilizamos expresiones tales como:
“always”, “often”, “usually”, “never”, “..when I was a child” or “…when I was younger”.
Ejemplo: They never went to school. They always skipped.
PAST CONTINUOUS: Se utiliza para indicar que una acción en el pasado fue interrumpida.
Recuerda que esto puede ser una interrupción real o sólo una interrupción en el tiempo. * Se
utiliza el verbo to be en pasado (was/were) y el verbo en gerundio (terminados en ING).
Ejemplo:
Afirmativo: I was watching TV when she called.
[yo estaba viendo TV cuando ella llamó]
Interrogativo: was I watching TV when she called? [¿estaba (yo) viendo TV cuando ella llamó?]
Negativo: I was not watching TV when she called.
[yo no estaba viendo TV cuando ella llamó]
En el pasado simple una acción específica se utiliza para mostrar cuando una acción
comenzó o terminó. En el pasado continuo un tiempo específico sólo interrumpe la acción.
Ejemplo: last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner.
Parallel Actions
Cuando se utiliza el pasado continuo con dos acciones en la misma oración, expresa la idea
que ambas ocurrieron al mismo tiempo. Las acciones son paralelas.
Ejemplo:
I was studying while he was making dinner.
While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
They were eating dinner, discussing their plans and having a good time.
PAST PERFECT: Este tiempo expresa la idea de que algo ocurrió en el pasado antes de otra
ya acontecida. También puede mostrar que algo ocurrió antes de un tiempo específico en el
pasado.
Ejemplos:
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I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
Con los tiempos no continuos utilizamos el pasado perfecto para expresar acciones que se
realizarían con el pasado perfecto continuo.
Ejemplos:

We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
 They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty
years.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS: Se utiliza para mostrar que algo comenzó en el pasado y
continuó hasta otra acción acontecida en el pasado. Es similar al presente perfecto continuo,
sin embargo, la duración no continúa hasta el presente sino que se detiene con otra acción
ocurrida en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
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They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for
Asia.

A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?
B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.
Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous
Si no se incluye una duración como ‘for five minutes’, ‘for two weeks’, o ‘since Friday’,
muchos hablantes ingleses escogen utilizar el pasado continuo en vez del pasado perfecto
continuo. Se debe tener cuidado porque esto puede cambiar el significado de la oración. El
pasado continuo da énfasis acciones interrumpidas, mientras que el pasado perfecto
continuo da énfasis a la duración del tiempo antes de algo en el pasado. Observe los
ejemplos para comprender la diferencia:
Ejemplos:

He was tired because he was exercising so hard.
LA ORACIÓN DA ÉNFASIS A QUE ÉL ESTABA CANSADO PORQUE ESTABA EJERCITANDO EN EL MISMO MOMENTO.

He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.
ESTA ORACIÓN DA ÉNFASIS A QUE ÉL ESTABA CANSADO PORQUE HABÍA ESTADO EJERCITANDO POR UN PERIODO
DE TIEMPO. ES POSIBLE QUE AÚN ESTUVIERA EJERCITANDO EN EL MOMENTO O QUE HUBIESE TERMINADO
RECIÉN.
****Non-Continuous Verbs. Estos verbos con acciones que generalmente no puede
observar a alguien hacerlas. Estos verbos incluyen:
Verbos Abstractos (Abstract Verbs)

to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist...
Verbos que indican posesión (Possession Verbs)

to possess, to own, to belong...
Verbos que expresan emoción (Emotion Verbs)

to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind...
SIMPLE FUTURE: Tiene dos formas diferentes en inglés ‘will’ y ‘be going to’. Aunque a
veces las dos formas pueden ser utilizadas, generalmente expresan cosas distintas que
pueden parecer abstractas al principio, pero al ser practicadas, quedan claras. Ambas se
refieren a un tiempo específico en el futuro.
Will
[will + verb]
Ejemplos:
Afirmativo: You will help him later.
Interrogativo: Will you help him later?
Negativo: You will not help him later.
1º Uso de will para expresar acciones voluntarias.
Ejemplos:
Examples:
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I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
Uso de "Will" para expresar una promesa
Ejemplos:
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I will call you when I arrive.
If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access
to inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
I won't tell anyone your secret.
Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Ejemplos:
Afirmativo: You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Interrogativo: Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
Negativo: You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Uso de "Be going to" para expresar un plan
Ejemplos:
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He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
Uso de "Will" o "Be Going to" para expresar una predicción.
Ambos "will" y "be going to" pueden expresar la idea de una predicción general del futuro.
Ejemplos:
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The year 2012 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2012 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is
more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike
Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Continuous with "Will"
[will be + present participle]
Examples:

You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
 Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
 You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "
[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]
Examples:

You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
 Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
 You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous
with little difference in meaning.
Complete List of Future Continuous Forms
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a
shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in
time.
Examples:

I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
 I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
 I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to
contact me.
 He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she
arrives.
Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present
rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you
cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the
future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as
an interruption.
Examples:
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Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER.
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At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
WE WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF DRIVING THROUGH THE DESERT.
REMEMBER
In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In
the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.
Examples:

Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner.
I AM GOING TO START EATING AT 6 PM.

Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I AM GOING TO START EARLIER AND I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER AT 6 PM.
USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the
idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:

I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.
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Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
 While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.
NOTICE "IS READING" BECAUSE OF THE TIME CLAUSE CONTAINING "WHILE." (SEE EXPLANATION BELOW)
USE 4 Atmosphere in the Future
In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point
in the future.
Example:
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When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be
dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and
several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time
expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc.
Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used.
Examples:

While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not
Correct
 While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct
Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike
Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Perfect with "Will"
[will have + past participle]
Examples:

You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
 Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
 You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"
[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]
Examples:

You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the
U.S.
 Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the
U.S.?
 You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from
the U.S.
NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little
or no difference in meaning.
Complete List of Future Perfect Forms
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future
The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the
future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.
Examples:
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By next November, I will have received my promotion.
By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this
afternoon.
By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?
Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple
Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and
you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the
Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.
Examples:

I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
 By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.
Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and
non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are
sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.