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EL CAPITAL SOCIAL (Esquema del Curso dado en el Doctorado de Teoría y Análisis de Redes Sociales 2005-.2006) Carlos Lozares 1. Interés por (e historia) del CS. 2. El CS y otras formas de capital 2.1. Los diferentes capitales El Capital Fisico/Material, CF/CM El Capital Económico,CE El Capital Humano,CH El Capital Cognitivo/Intelectual, CC/ CI El Capital Cultural, CCu El Capital Social, CS 2.2. Diferencia e igualdad entre los diferentes capitales 3. Algunas definiciones/ concepciones básicas del CS. Conceptos Definición /Identidad Propósito /Objetivo Autores Bourdieu Recursos que proporcionan Asegura CE Unidad Análisis/ Referencia Coleman Aspecto de la estructura social Asegura CH Individuos en familia y/o comunidad Putnam Regiones en contextos nacionales acceso a bienes del grupo/clase que los actores pueden usar como recurso para llevar a cabo sus propios intereses Confianza, normas y redes que Asegura facilitan la cooperación para un democracia, beneficio mutuo economía Individuos en clases en competición Ian Winter 1 Cuatro perspectivas respecto del capital social. Pespectiva Woolcock * Deepa Narayan Actores Grupos comunitarios. Organizaciones Asociaciones locales Del voluntariado Empresarios Visión de redes Lazos comunitarios “que Cámaras comercio e vinculan” y que tienden industria. Mediadopuentes” res de información Visión institucional Sectores públicos y Instituciones políticas y privados Visión comunitaria legales Visión sinérgica Redes comunitarias relaciones estado sociedad. Objetivos Reconocer los activos sociales de la comunidad Descentralizar Crear zonas empresariales Tender puentes entre sectores sociales Otorgar libertades civiles y políticas Instaurar transparencia y responsabilidad de Instituciones ante la sociedad civil Grupos Coproducir, complementar y comunitarios, socie- Fomentar la participación, forjar y dad civil, empresas, uniones estados Ampliar la capacidad y escala de las organizaciones locales 4. Dificultades y/o problemas ligados al CS 4.1. Un problema teórico que pasa a ser metodológico. 4.2. Dificultades referentes a la medición. 4.3. El CS colectivo no es idéntico al CS individual. 4.4. Las consecuencias no positivas del CS. 4.5. Las dualidades inherentes 5. Dualidades, polaridades y controversias. 5.1. Desde su estructuración interna. 2 5.1.1. Distinción entre contenido del CS (naturaleza sustantiva o recurso) y su objetivo o finalidad. Variables estructurales Base Relaciones Redes Cualificaciones Atribuciones Confianza Reciprocidad Normas Cristalizaciones Beneficio Instituciones Asociaciones Organizaciones 5.1.2. Origen en otras variables o condiciones externas de su producción y, por tanto, el CS es un sistema explicado o a explicar (visión externalista) o no se tienen en cuenta las condiciones de producción. 5.1.3. La naturaleza individual o colectiva del CS: es un recurso en tanto que entidad o unidad individualizada (o con soporte individual) a partir de sus redes y otras características o es una realidad colectiva, formada por la composición o emergencia de las interacciones entre unidades: una nueva entidad entretejida de individuos y/o sujetos/actores sociales. 5.1.4. Sujeto de la apropiación y de la puesta en acción del recurso en vistas a un beneficio. 5.1.5. Orientación de las acciones/ relaciones/ interacciones una vez definida la frontera o naturaleza del nivel del CS o unidad de análisis(naturaleza individual o colectiva del CS). Esta distinción se refiere o establece a partir de la orientación de la acción o roles: 3 orientación hacia dentro o por relaciones internas (bonding) o hacia fuera o por relaciones externas (bridging). De la conjugación de 3 y 5 surge la tipología de Burgatti. 5.1.3.Naturaleza o nivel del recurso (o unidad de análisis) 5.1.5.El punto de mira o enfoque en la dirección de la acción y/o relación: con relación a la unidad elegida como referencia (sea como realidad individual sea como realidad colectiva) puede orientarse dicha relación. Hacia dentro (bonding) Hacia fuera (bridging) Como nivel o soporte Individual Vacío en una visión reticular Individualista. Ego network CS como bien privado Densidad de grado Medidas de centralidad individual. Holes. Brokers Como nivel o soporte colectivo Relaciones intra/dentro del grupos: grupista. Densidad. Centralidad global. Cohesión. Homofilia. Bonding Relaciones extra/inter grupos Estudio contextual del grupo Comparación de centralidades Brigding Borgatti 5.2. Desde sus contenidos. 5.2.1. Enfoque más reticular y/o de estructuras de redes o relaciones. 5.2.2. Enfoques más atributivos que se refieren a algunas características o contenido, sustancia de las relaciones (se supone que el capital es un conjunto de relaciones) Normas, confianza, reciprocidad Centrado en creencias generalizadas Recursos asociativos y/o comunitarios: Relaciones sociales internalizadas dentro grupo. 5.2.3. Institucional. 4 5.2.4. Sinérgica. Integración de redes e instituciones. 5.2.5. Enfoque valorativo. Dualidad con las externalidades positivas y negativas. Bibliografía Ahn, T.K, Ostrom, E. 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