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Direct Speech (El estilo directo) Cuando queremos informar exactamente de lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas (“…”) y deberá ser palabra por palabra. Ejemplos: “I am going to London next week,” she said. (“Voy a Londres la semana que viene,” ella dijo.) “Do you have a pen I could borrow,” he asked. (“¿Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme?,” él preguntó.) Alice said, “I love to dance.” (Alice dijo, “Me encanta bailar.”) Chris asked, “Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?” (Chris preguntó, “¿Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?”) Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto) El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A continuación tienes un explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales. A veces se usa “that” en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar “if” o “whether”. Nota: Ten en cuenta también que las expresiones de tiempo cambian en el estilo indirecto. Fijate en los cambios de tiempo en los ejemplos más abajo y después, encontrarás una tabla con más explicaciones de los cambios de tiempo en el estilo indirecto. Direct Speech Present Simple “He is American,” she said. “I am happy to see you,” Mary said. He asked, “Are you busy tonight?” Present Continuous “Dan is living in San Francisco,” she said. He said, “I’m making dinner.” “Why are you working so hard?” they asked. Past Simple “We went to the movies last night,” he said. Reported Speech Past Simple She said he was American. Mary said that she was happy to see me. He asked me if I was busy that night. Past Continuous She said Dan was living in San Francisco. He told me that he was making dinner. They asked me why I was working so hard. Past Perfect Simple He told me they had gone to the movies the night before. Greg said that he hadn’t gone to work the day before. “Did you buy a new car?” she asked. She asked me if I had bought a new car. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous “I was working late last night,” Vicki Vicki told me she’d been working late said. the night before. They said that they hadn’t been waiting They said, “we weren’t waiting long.” long. He asked, “were you sleeping when I He asked if I’d been sleeping when he called?” called. Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple Heather said, “I’ve already eaten.” Heather told me that she’d already eaten. “We haven’t been to China,” they said. They said they hadn’t been to China. I asked her whether she’d worked there “Have you worked here before?” I asked. before. Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous “I’ve been studying English for two He said he’d been studying English for years,” he said. two years. Steve said, “we’ve been dating for over a Steve told me that they’d been dating for year now.” over a year. “Have you been waiting long?” they They asked whether I’d been waiting asked. long. Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (NO CHANGE) “I’d been to Chicago before for work,” he He said that he’d been to Chicago before said. for work. Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (NO CHANGE) She said, “I’d been dancing for years She said she’d been dancing for years before the accident.” before the accident. Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (que sigue siendo cierto) o de algo en el futuro, no es necesario cambiar el tiempo verbal. Greg said, “I didn’t go to work yesterday.” Ejemplos: “I’m 30 years old,” she said. → She said she is 30 years old. Dave said, “Kelly is sick.” → Dave said Kelly is sick. “We are going to Tokyo next week,” they said. → They said they are going to Tokyo next week. “I’ll cut my hair tomorrow,” Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow. Modal Verbs (Los verbos modales) El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales. Nota: Con “would”, “could”, “should”, “might” y “ought to”, el tiempo no cambia. Direct Speech Indirect Speech Will “I’ll go to the movies tomorrow,” John said. “Will you help me move?” she asked. Can Debra said, “Allen can work tomorrow.” “Can you open the window, please?”, he asked. Must “You must wear your seat belt,” mom said. She said, “You must work tomorrow.” Shall “Shall we go to the beach today?” Tom asked. Would John said he would go to the movies the next day. She asked me if I would help her move. Could Debra said Allen could work the next day. He asked me if I could open the window. Had to My mom said I had to wear my seat belt. She said I had to work the next day. Should Tom asked if we should go to the beach that day. She asked me what we should do that “What shall we do tonight?” she asked. night. May Might/Could Jane said, “I may not be in class Jane said she might not be in class the tomorrow.” next day. “May I use the bathroom, please?”, the The boy asked if he could use the boy asked. bathroom. Nota: A continuación tienes una tabla donde puedes observar los cambios que sufren las expresiones de tiempo cuando usamos el estilo indirecto. Direct Speech Indirect Speech today that day tonight that night this week/month/year that week/month/year tomorrow the next day next week/month/year the following week/month/year yesterday the day before or the previous day the week/month year before or the last week/month/year previous week/month/year now then/at that moment Otros cambios here there Mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm Cambios en los tiempos Cambios de los tiempos verbales en el Reported Specch. El verbo principal retrocede un tiempo verbal: si en directo tenemos: "I live in Italy". She said. En reported speech: "She said that she lived in Italy". Direct Speech Present "I work in Argentina" "I am doing my job" Past "We saw a good film on TV" "I was dancing with Mary" Present Perfect "I have done this before" "I have been doing this for two years" Future "I will visit my mother" "I will be flying to Spain" Future Perfect "I will have arrived there by 5 pm" "I will have been selling books for two years" → Reported Speech →Past He said that he worked in Argentina He said that he was doing his job →Past Perfect He said they had seen a good film on TV. He said he had been dancing with Mary →Past Perfect She said that she had done that before He said that he had been doing that for two years →Conditional He said that he would visit his mother He said that he would be flying to Spain →Conditional Perfect He said he would have arrived here by 5 pm He said that he would have been selling books for two years Cambios en tiempos modales Direct Speech → Reported Speech Can →Could "I can stay here until Sunday" He said he could stay there until Sunday May →Might "I may go fishing next weekend" He said that he might go fishing next weekend Will →Would "I will stay here!" He said that he would stay there Must →Had to "I must work everyday" He said he had to work everyday Referencias al tiempo y lugar Direct Speech→ Reported Speech now →then, at that moment today →that day tonight →that night last night →the previous night, the night before tomorrow →the next day, the following day yesterday →the previous day, the day before this week next week last year here →that week →the following week, the week after →the previous year, the year before →there Cambios en las preguntas Direct Speech Reported Speech What "What are you looking for?" →He asked what I was looking for Where "Where can we go tonight?" →She asked where they could go that night When "When did they go to India?" →He asked when they had gone to India Who "Who told you that?" →He asked me who had told me that How "How old are the twins?" →He asked how old the twins were Why "Why did Carla leave so early?"→He asked why Carla had left so early Which "Which skirt did you choose?" →She asked me which skirt I had chosen Whose "Whose dog is missing?" →He asked whose dog was missing Yes-no questions "Are these your glasses?" →He asked me if those were my glasses "Isn't that Jen's boyfriend?" →She asked me if that wasn't Jen's boyfriend Verb usuales 1 Verbo Ejemplo "John is not here right now." tell She told me that John wasn't there then. "Mum came to see you today." say He said that mum had come to see me that day. "Please, give this letter to Penny." ask He asked me to give the letter to Penny. "OK, OK. Yeah. I broke that window." admit He admitted that he had broken the window "Yeah, of course. I will give you the money" agree He agreed to loan me some money "Oh, not now. I am too busy at this moment." answer She answered that she was too busy at that moment "Hey guys! Don't you want to go to the beach with me?" invite He invited us to go to beach with him complain"Oh, no. I have this terrible toothache again!" He complained of a toothache Verb 2 Verbo Ejemplo "I could help you with that math problem if you want" offer She offered to help me with the math problem "It's a nice day. We could go to the country and have a picnic" suggest Bill suggested that we have a picnic "I want to see the manager of this company immediately!" demand The man demanded to see the manager of the company "Excuse me, Madam. Could I use your telephone for a minute?" request He requested permission to use the woman's telephone "Hey Bill. Don't forget to mail this letter today!" remind Jack reminded Bill that he had to mail a letter that day "The house is white. It has three bedrooms and a beautiful garden" describe He described his house "I must tell you something Jane... I love you with all my heart" confess He confessed that he loved her "It was your fault that I couldn't arrive on time" blame The girl blamed the boy for her arriving late Veb 3 Verbo Ejemplo "Sir, I think we should have a meeting this afternoon" propose He proposed having a meeting that afternoon "I won't do this job any longer" refuse He refused to continue working "Congratulations Jack. Your performance was excellent!" congratulate He congratulated Jack on giving a good performance at the theater "Hi everybody" greet Bill greeted everybody as he entered the room "This is my mother. Her name is Nancy" introduce He introduced me to his mother "Don't drink so much or you'll get drunk" warn Bill warned Jack not to drink too much "You must take me there!. Come on. I really want to go there!" insist She insisted that she wanted to go "You... damned fat cow!. You ate all my cookies!" insult She insulted her friend calling her a 'fat cow' Verb 4 Verbo Ejemplo "I am very sorry for having insulted you in that way" She apologized to her friend for having insulted her "Thank you so much for your help, Mary" thank Jack thanked Mary for her help "Come on. It was not my fault. You are accusing the wrong person!" protest The girl protested against the unfair accusation "If you don't give me the money, I will kill you" threaten The robber threatened to kill the man "If you don't want to have problems with your health, you should stop advise smoking" His doctor advised him to stop smoking "Could you tell me where the main library is?" inquire She inquired how to get to the library "I really think that the work you are doing is excellent" praise Bill's boss praised him for the work he was doing "I don't know what you think, but I didn't break that window" deny Billy denied having broken the window apologize Verb 5 Verbo Ejemplo "Don't worry. I will finish my work on time" assure He assured me that he would finish his work on time "Come on. You'll have a great time a the party. Let's go!" persuade Jack persuaded Bill to go to the party "Instead of going to France we should go to Brazil on vacation. It's cheaper, convince nearer and warmer" She convinced her husband to go to Brazil instead of France "Oh please, Mom, please, let me go. I promise I'll be back before beg midnight!" She begged her mother to let her go the party "I don't think it is a good idea to fly now. The conditions are dangerous" dissuade The man dissuaded him from flying under those weather conditions "I am terribly afraid of storms" confide He confided his fear of storms to his companion "I think you should take these shoes. They are very nice and have a good recommendquality" The sales girl recommended that I buy those shoes "Look what you have done!. You broke the vase!. You must be more careful scold with things in the house" Jack's mother scolded him for breaking the vase Verb 6 Verbo order accuse explain Ejemplo "Fire!!" The sergeant ordered the soldiers to fire at the enemy "I saw you when you stole my money!" The man accused his colleague of stealing his money "I couldn't call you because there was no phone nearby" He explained why he couldn't call me "By the way, I am a bit tired after this trip" Bill mentioned that he was tired after the trip "Jane, how elegant you are tonight!" compliment The man complimented Jane on being so elegant that night "Come on. Don't quit now!. You are about to win the game" encourage Bill's father encouraged him to continue with the game "It is cold and it is raining. I think you shouldn't go out tonight" discourage Mary's mother discouraged her from going out that night "Don't feel so bad. It is not so terrible to fail an exam. You'll pass it next console time!" Bill's companion tried to console him for having failed the exam mention