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GRAMÁTICA INGLESA
NOMBRES
EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES
La mayoría de los nombres forman el plural añadiendo -s or -es.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
dog
dogs
book
books
rose
roses
box
boxes
Si el nombre finaliza en -y y va precedido por una consonante, el plural se forma añadiendo -ies.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
a cry
cries
a fly
flies
a nappy
nappies
a poppy
poppies
a city
cities
a lady
ladies
a baby
babies
Algunos plurales son irregulares . Aqui tienes una lista con algunos de los más habituales.
Ejemplos de plurales irregulares:
SINGULAR
PLURAL
woman
women
man
men
child
children
tooth
teeth
foot
feet
person
people
leaf
leaves
half
halves
knife
knives
wife
wives
life
lives
loaf
loaves
potato
potatoes
cactus
cacti
focus
foci
fungus
fungi
nucleus
nuclei
syllabus
syllabi/syllabuses
analysis
analyses
diagnosis
diagnoses
oasis
oases
thesis
theses
crisis
crises
phenomenon
phenomena
criterion
criteria
datum
data
Algunos nombres mantienen la misma forma singular y en plural
Ejemplos:
SINGULAR
PLURAL
sheep
sheep
fish
fish
species
species
aircraft
aircraft
Nombres plurales con verbo en singular.
Ejemplos:
news
The news is on at 6.30 p.m.
athletics
Athletics is good for young people.
linguistics
Linguistics is the study of language.
darts
Darts is a popular game in England.
billiards
Billiards is played all over the world.
Nombres plurales con verbo en plural.
Ejemplos:
trousers
My trousers are too tight.
jeans
Her jeans are black.
glasses
Those glasses are his.
Otros nombres con las mismas características
savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods,
wits
TIEMPOS VERBALES
PRESENTE SIMPLE
TERCERA PERSONA SINGULAR DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE
Particularidades:
1. he, she, it: En la tercera persona singular, el verbo siempre acaba en -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
2. Las formas negativas e interrogatives usan DOES (=la tercera persona del verbo auxiliar
'DO') + el infinitivo del verbo.
He wants. Does he want? He does not want.
3. Verbos que finalizan en -y : la tercera persona singular -y cambia a -ies:
fly
flies, cry
cries
Excepción: En caso de haber una vocal precediendo la -y:
play
plays, pray
prays
4. Añadimos -es a los verbos que finalizan en:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
Ejemplos:
1. Tercera persona singular con -s or -es
a. He goes to school every morning.
b. She understands English.
c. It mixes the sand and the water.
d. He tries very hard.
e. She enjoys playing the piano.
2. Formación del Presente Simple
Ejemplos: to think, presente simple
AFIRMATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
NEGATIVA
I think
Do I think ?
I do not think.
You think
Do you think?
You don't think.
he, she, it thinks
Does he, she, it think?
He, she, it doesn't think.
we think
Do we think?
We don't think.
you think
Do you think?
You don't think.
TIEMPOS VERBALES
PRESENTE CONTINUO
1. FORMACIÓN DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO
El presente continuo de cualquier verbo consta de dos partes – el tiempo presente del verbo “to be” +
el participio presente del verbo principal.
(El participio presente se forma añadiendo +ing, al infinitive del verbo. Ejemplo:. talking, playing,
moving, smiling)
AFIRMATIVA
Subject
+ to be
+ base+ing
she
is
talking
Subject
+ to be + not
+ base+ing
she
is not (isn't)
talking
to be
+ subject
+ base+ing
is
she
talking?
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
Ejemplos: to go, presente continuo
AFIRMATIVA
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
I am going
I am not going
Am I going?
You are going
You aren't going.
Are you going?
He, she, it is going
He, she, it isn't going
Is he, she, it going?
We are going
We aren't going
Are we going?
You are going
You aren't going
Are you going?
They are going
They aren't going
Are they going?
Particularidades: Contracciones negativas alternativas: I'm not going, you're not going, he's not
going etc.
2. Uso del Presente Continuo
Al igual que con el resto de tiempos verbales en nglés, la actitud del hablante es tan importante
como el tiempo en que se enmarca la acción.. Cuando usamos el presente continuo, pensamos en una
acción incompleta o no finalizada.
TIEMPOS VERBALES
PRESENTE PERFECTO
1. FORMACIÓN DEL PRESENTE PERFECTO
El presente perfecto de cualquier verbo consta de dos elementos: la forma apropiada del verbo
auxiliar to have (tiempo presente) más el participio del verbo principal. El participio pasado de un
verbo regular se forma con el infinitivo+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked.
AFIRMATIVA
Sujeto
to have
Participio pasado
She
has
visited
Sujeto
to have + not
Participio pasado
She
hasn't
visited
to have
Sujeto
Participio pasado
Has
she
visited..?
to have + not
Sujeto
Participio pasado
Hasn't
she
visited...?
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA NEGATIVA
Ejemplos: to walk, present perfect
AFIRMATIVA
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
I have walked
I haven't walked
Have I walked?
You have walked
You haven't walked
Have you walked?
He, she, it has walked
He, she, it hasn't walked
Has he,she,it walked
We have walked
We haven't walked
Have we walked?
You have walked
You haven't walked
Have you walked?
They have walked
They haven't walked
Have they walked?
2. USOS DEL PRESENTE PERFECTO
El presente perfecto se utiliza para establecer un vínculo entre el pasado y el presente. El tiempo en el
que se enmarca la acción es anterior al presente sin especificar cuando y a menudo, es más
relevante el resultado que la acción en si misma.
TIEMPOS VERBALES
PASADO SIMPLE
ATENCIÓN! El pasado simple en ingles puede parecer el equivalente a un tiempo verbal en tu
propia lengua, pero el significado puede no ser el mismo.
1. FORMACIÓN DEL PASADO SIMPLE
Verbos regulares: infinitivo+ed
Ejemplos: walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped
Pasado simple, be, have, do:
SUJETO
VERBO
Be
Have
Do
I
was
had
did
You
were
had
did
He, she, it
was
had
did
We
were
had
did
You
were
had
did
They
were
had
did
AFIRMATIVA
a. I was in Japan last year
b. She had a headache yesterday.
c. We did our homework last night.
NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA
Particularidades: Para hacer las formas negativa e interrogativa del pasado simple de “do” como verbo
léxico, utilizamos el auxiliar “do”, por ejemplo: We didn't do our homework last night. La forma
negativa de “have” en el pasado simple, se forma habitualmente con el auxiliar "do", y ,
ocasionalmente, añadiendo not o la contracción "n't".
La forma interrogativa de "have" en pasado simple, se forma habitualmente con el auxiliar "do".







They weren't in Rio last summer.
We hadn't any money.
We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
We didn't do our exercises this morning.
Were they in Iceland last January?
Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy?
Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
PASADO SIMPLE DE LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES
AFIRMATIVA
Sujeto
I
NEGATIVA
verbo + ed
washed
Sujeto
They
did not
didn't
Infinitivo sin to
visit ...
Did
Sujeto
Infinitivo sin to
Did
INTERROGATIVA NEGATIVA
she
arrive...?
Did not
Didn't
Sujeto
you
Infinitivo sin to
like..?
INTERROGATIVA
Ejemplos: to walk, simple past.
AFIRMATIVA
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
I walked
You walked
I didn't walk
You didn't walk
Did I walk?
Did you walk?
He,she,it walked
We walked
You walked
They walked
He didn't walk
We didn't walk
You didn't walk
They didn't walk
Did he walk?
Did we walk?
Did you walk?
Did they walk?
Particularidades: Usamos siempre el auxiliar 'did'' en las formas interrogative y negative de todos
los verbos en pasado simple.
Ejemplos: Pasado Simple de los verbos irregulares.
to go
a. He went to a club last night.
b. Did he go to the cinema last night?
c. He didn't go to bed early last night.
to give
d. We gave her a doll for her birthday.
e. They didn't give John their new address.
f. Did Barry give you my passport?
to come
g. My parents came to visit me last July.
h. We didn't come because it was raining.
i. Did he come to your party last week?
2. FUNCIONES DEL PASADO SIMPLE
Usamos el pasado simple para referirnos a acciones finalizadas ien un tiempo anterior al presente.
La duración de la acción no es importante. El tiempo de la acción se puede enmarcar en el pasado
reciente o en el pasado remoto.




John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
My father died last year.
He lived in Fiji in 1976.
We crossed the Channel yesterday.
Siempre usamos el pasado simple cuando indicamos cuándo ha ocurrido la acción, por tanto se asocia
con adverbios y expresiones temporales pasadas.
TIEMPOS VERBALES
FUTURO SIMPLE
Formación del Futuro Simple
El futuro simple se forma con : will / shall + infinitive sin 'to'
SUJETO
WILL
INFINITIVO SIN “TO”
He
will
leave...
I
will
go
I
shall
go
They
will not
see
They
won't
see
she
ask?
she
take?
AFIRMATIVA
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
Will
INTERROGATIVA NEGATIVA
Won't
CONTRACCIONES
I will
I'll
You will
He,she, will
We will
you'll
he'll, she'll
Particularidades: La forma 'it will' no suele contraerse.
Ejemplo: to see, future simple
You will
They will
we'll
you'll
they'll
AFIRMATIVA
NEGATIVA
INTERROGATIVA
I'll see
I won't see/
Will I see?/
*I will/shall see
I shan't see
Shall I see?
You'll see
You won't see
Will you see?
He, she, it will see
He won't see
Will she see?
We'll see
We won't see/
Will we see?/
*We will/shall see
We shan't see
Shall we see?
You will see
You won't see
Will you see?
They'll see
They won't see
Will they see?
* Particularidades: El uso de shall es poco habitual en el inglés actual, pero puede utilizarse en
lugar de will con I / we.
ARTÍCULOS
ARTÍCULO DEFINIDO
THE
Los artículos en ingles son invariables. Es decir, no cambian en function del género o número del
nombre al que hacen, por ejemplo: the boy, the woman, the children
ARTÍCULO INDEFINIDO
A / AN
Usamos 'a' con nombres que empiezan por consonante (letras que no son vocales),
'an' con nombres que empiezan por vocal (a,e,i,o,u)
Ejemplos:
A boy
An apple
A car
An orange
A house
An opera
OBSERVACIONES:
An delante de h muda - an hour, an honour.
A antes de u and eu cuando suenan como en 'you': a european, a university, a unit
TIPOS DE ADVERBIOS
ADVERBIOS INTERROGATIVOS
Los adverbios interrogativos son los siguientes:
why, where, how, when
A menudo los colocamos al iniciar una pregunta.
Ejemplos:





Why are you so late?
Where is my passport?
How are you?
How much is that coat?
When does the train arrive?
Observa que how puede utilizarse de cuatro formas distintas:
1. Cuando significa 'cómo?':
How did you make this sauce?
How do you start the car?
2. con adjectivos:
How tall are you?
How old is your house?
3. con los adverbios much y many:
How much are these tomatoes?
How many people are coming to the party?
4. con otros adverbios:
How quickly can you read this?
How often do you go to London?
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
Sujeto
Objeto
Reflexivo
I
Me
Myself
You
You
Yourself
He
Him
Himself
She
Her
Herself
It
It
Itself
We
Us
Ourselves
You
You
Yourselves
They
Them
Themselves
Posesivos
adjetivos
pronombres
My
Mine
Your
Yours
His
His
Her
Hers
Its
Our
Ours
Your
Yours
Their
Theirs