Download Document

INGLÉS
2nd BACHILLERATO
3rd Term
La Inmaculada Padres Franciscanos School
School Year 2015/ 2016
3ª EVALUACIÓN
1. CONTENIDOS GRAMATICALES
1. La voz pasiva.
2. Cómo expresar el consejo, la sugerencia, el ofrecimiento, la petición, la invitación, la causa y
la razón.
3. El estilo indirecto en órdenes, peticiones, sugerencias, exclamaciones, consejos, invitaciones,
ofrecimientos. Otras expresiones.
4. Verbos seguidos de Infinitivo o gerundio con o sin TO.
2. VOCABULARIO
1. Nombre + preposición.
2. Sinónimos y antónimos ( entran también los de las evaluaciones anteriores ).
1. THE PASSIVE VOICE
La diferencia fundamental entre la voz activa y la pasiva está en el sujeto. En la voz activa el sujeto es
quien realiza la acción ( sujeto agente ) y en la pasiva es quien la recibe ( sujeto paciente).
La voz pasiva en inglés se forma con el sujeto paciente, que es el complemento directo de la oración en
voz activa ( a veces también el indirecto como veremos después), seguido del tiempo correspondiente del
auxiliar TO BE y el participio pasivo o de pasado del verbo que se conjuga. En caso necesario puede
expresarse también el complemento agente, que es el sujeto de la voz activa, precedido de la preposición
BY.
Activa.
The Town Council built those houses.
Sujeto
V
CD
Pasiva.
Those houses were built by the Town Council.
S. Paciente
V
C. Agente
Los diferentes tiempos verbales en voz pasiva son:
Present Simple: am / is / are + PP
Past Simple:
was/ were + PP
Present Continuous: am/ is/ are being + PP
Past Continuous: was/ were being + PP
Present Perfect: has/ have been+ PP
Past Perfect:
had been + PP
Cuando tenemos que construir una oración en voz pasiva cuya activa lleva un verbo modal el verbo
pasivo quedaría de la siguiente manera:
Verbo modal + ( TO) BE + PP ( si es infinitivo)
+ ( TO) HAVE BEEN + PP ( si es infinitivo compuesto)
A. Sarah can give me the money.
B. The money can be given to me by Sarah.
A. Somebody should have cleaned the room.
B. The room should have been cleaned.
1
Se emplea la voz pasiva cuando interesa más lo sucedido que el sujeto agente, que puede ser
desconocido, impersonal o de importancia secundaria. En estos casos, no es necesario expresar el
complemento agente. Tampoco lo expresamos cuando el sujeto de la voz activa es una palabra como
people, somebody o someone o un pronombre personal.
La construcción con pasiva es mucho más frecuente en inglés que en español, que prefiere la forma
impersonal, la pasiva refleja con “se” o simplemente la voz activa. Así, la oración It has been sold se
suele traducir al español por Se ha vendido o Lo han vendido.
Hay una construcción pasiva peculiar de la lengua inglesa que se utiliza con los verbos que llevan doble
objeto , objeto directo e indirecto: give, show, lend, send, ask, tell, offer order y pay. Con estos, son
posibles dos construcciones pasivas distintas. Una se forma pasando el Objeto Directo a sujeto de la
pasiva y otra pasando el Objeto Indirecto también a sujeto de la pasiva, aunque es más común la segunda
forma. Los verbos ASK y TELL sólo admiten la pasiva con el Objeto Indirecto.
A. They gave him a book.
CI CD
A. They told him the truth.
CI CD
P. A book was given to him.
P. He was given a book.
P. He was told the truth.
Cuando el verbo es frasal, la preposición se conserva en voz pasiva.
A. My parents looked after my children.
P. My children were looked after by my parents.
PASIVA IMPERSONAL
Se construye con los verbos con los verbos SAY, THINK, BELIEVE, KNOW, EXPECT, REPORT,
UNDERSTAND, CONSIDER.
Se usa para expresar la idea de “se dice”, “se piensa”, etc. cuando no se está seguro sobre algo.
Con estos verbos son posibles dos construcciones pasivas impersonales diferentes.
A. People say that he is very old.
P. It is said that he is very old.
P. He is said to be very old.
2
1. Change into the passive voice.
1. People don´t use this road very often.
2. They had to postpone the meeting because of illness.
3. People should send their complaints to the office.
4. Nobody told me that George was ill.
5. They won´t make a decision until the next meeting.
6. They didn´t ask me my name.
7. They spent a lot of money on arms.
8. An electrical fault could have caused the fire.
9. They can´t find the boy anywhere.
10. Somebody is cleaning the room now.
11. We will send you your results as soon as they are ready.
12. They are building a new market in town.
13. They shouldn´t have played the football match in the rain.
14. They ought to knock down this building before it falls down.
15. They cancelled all flights because of fog.
16. They say that these documents belong to the Prime Minister.
17. Someone should take this rubbish away.
18. Shakespeare wrote King Lear.
19. They don´t allow dogs in this restaurant.
20. They´ll ask you a lot of questions.
21. People know that Mediterranean food is healthy.
22. They have to answer the questions on this sheet.
23. You must not leave these documents on the desk. You must lock them up.
24. My friend could do this much more easily.
25. Tim lent me this book. I´ll have to give it back soon.
26. Someone is following us.
27. They told us a secret.
28. People think that they built this town in the 17th century.
29. They expect that the government will reduce taxes soon.
30. John is repairing the car this week.
31. Did the idea interest you?
32. They didn´t look after the children properly.
33. They used to start these engines by hand.
34. They weren´t watching TV at 10.00 last night.
35. We have sold all our copies and we have ordered more.
36. They say that some ghosts inhabit this palace.
37. They are fixing our computer. ( To fix: arreglar).
38. Have they offered him a better job?
39. They sell oysters in the shop next door.
3
40. The police arrested the thief at the airport.
41. They have painted the house in two weeks.
42. They are building a new bridge.
43. Walt Disney designed Mickey Mouse.
44. They didn´t make Mary the job.
45. They told the children a nice story.
46. They are going to pay us a higher salary.
47. They make delicious cakes in the bakery next door.
48. They believe this castle belonged to a German emperor.
49. They say the children next door are very intelligent.
50. Christopher Columbus discovered America.
51. They speak English in this shop.
52. They think this man is very rich.
53. Someone will have to repair the armchair.
54. The postman delivered the letters this morning.
55. They will offer Harry a good job.
4
2. EL CONSEJO, LA SUGERENCIA, LA PETICIÓN, LA
INVITACIÓN, EL OFRECIMIENTO, LA CAUSA y LA RAZÓN.
A. El CONSEJO (ADVICE)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SHOULD ( Deberías) . You should sleep more.
OUGHT TO (Deberías). You ought to go on a diet.
WHY DON´T YOU……? ¿ Por qué no…. ? Why don´t you tell me?
IF I WERE YOU… ( Yo de tí, yo en tu lugar) If I were you, I ´d go.
HAD BETTER ( Sería mejor) You had better go to the dentist.
TRY+ Gerundio. ( Probar) Try doing things more slowly.
ADVISE (Aconsejar) I advised him to ask for something.
B. LA SUGERENCIA ( SUGGESTION)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
SHOULD ( Deberías)
SUGGEST ( Sugerir). I suggest going with him.
WHAT ABOUT…? ( ¿Y si…?/ ¿ Qué tal si…?) What about sending the e-mail?
LET´S …… Let´s do it.
SHALL WE…? Shall we start ringing?
WHY DON¨T WE …? ( ¿ Por qué no …? )
C. LA PETICIÓN ( REQUEST )
1. Imperativo 2ª persona singular + PLEASE. Please, do as I say.
2. WOULD YOU MIND+gerundio…? ( ¿ Te importaría…? ) Would you mind opening the
door?
3. WILL YOU …? Will you help me? ( ¿ Me ayudas? )
4. COULD YOU …? Could you send this letter?
5. I´D BE VERY GRATEFUL IF…( Estaría muy agradecido si…) I´d be very grateful if
you sign the cheque.
D. LA INVITACIÓN ( INVITATION)
1. WOULD YOU LIKE…? ( ¿ Te gustaría…? ) Would you like to have lunch with me?
5
E.
EL OFRECIMIENTO ( OFFER)
1. SHALL I …?
F.
Shall I do the shopping for you ? ( ¿ Te hago la compra? )
LA CAUSA ( CAUSE)
a. BECAUSE + Oración. I went to the beach because I wanted to bathe.
SINCE
AS
2. BECAUSE OF+ Nombre/ Pronombre.
DUE TO
They didn´t go out because of the rain.
3. FOR + Gerundio. Detrás de los verbos PUNISH/ DISQUALIFY/ BAN/SHOOT/
EXILE y FIRE.
G. LA RAZÓN ( REASON)
a. The reason WHY + Oración. That´s the reason why they didn´t come.
b. The reason FOR + Nombre/Pronombre. That´s the reason for the delay /this.
6
3. REPORTED SPEECH
Commands ( Órdenes )
TO TELL + Object + To + Infinitive.
He told me : “ Wait for me”.
He told me to wait for him.
Si el verbo está en negación se coloca el adverbio NOT delante de la preposición TO.
He told me: “ Don´t talk “.
He told me not to talk.
Requests ( peticiones)
TO ASK + Object + To + Infinitive.
He asked me : “ Will you lend me your car?”.
He asked me to lend him my car.
Si el verbo está en negación se coloca el adverbio NOT delante de la preposición TO.
He asked me: “ Don´t go, please “.
He asked me not to go.
Advice ( consejos)
ADVISE + Object + To + Infinitive.
He told me : “ Why don´t you ask for something better?”.
He advised me to ask for something better.
7
Invitations ( invitaciones)
INVITE + Object + To + Infinitivo
He said to me: “ Would you like to have lunch with me? “
He invited me to have lunch with him.
Offers ( ofrecimientos)
OFFER + To + Infinitivo
He asked me: “ Shall I do the shopping for you?”
He offered to do the shopping for me.
Suggestions ( Sugerencias )
SUGGEST + Gerundio
+ oración con THAT con SHOULD
+ oración con THAT sin SHOULD
He said: “ Let´s go to the party “.
He suggested going to the party.
that they should go to the party.
that they go to the party.
Exclamations ( exclamaciones)
SAY + oración introducida por la misma partícula exclamativa.
EXCLAIM + THAT+ oración.
She said: “ What a wonderful day! “
She said what a wonderful day it was.
She exclaimed that it was a wonderful day.
8
Muchas veces poner una exclamación en estilo indirecto se consigue por medio de una explicación que
refleje el significado de esa exclamación:
“ Happy birthday, Helen! “
“ Thank you !”
“ Oh !”
He wished Helen a happy birthday.
He congratulated Helen.
He thanked me.
He gave an exclamation of surprise.
Apologies (disculpas)
Apologise + FOR + Gerundio
“ I am very sorry I phoned you so late “, he said.
He apologised for phoning me so late o He apologised to me for phoning so late.
Adverbs YES and NO
Se expresa el pronombre sujeto seguido del verbo auxiliar empleado en la pregunta.
He said: “Have you bought it? “ and I said “Yes”.
He asked me if I had bought it and I said that I had.
Si la respuesta es NO, el verbo auxiliar va seguido de NOT.
He asked me if I had bought it and I said that I hadn´t.
9
1. Change into reported speech.
1. “ Switch off the TV”, he told me.
2. “ Don´t touch that switch, Mary”, I said.
3. “ Please, please, send whatever you can “, said the secretary.
4. “ Don´t put your hands near the bars “, the zoo keeper told us.
5. “ Would you like to have lunch with me on Sunday ?, he said to me.
6. “ If I were you, I´d get a room on the top floor “, he said.
7. “ Why don´t you go by train ? It´s much less tiring than driving”, I said.
8. “ Would you mind moving your car? “, he said. “ It´s blocking my gate”.
9. “ Don´t move till the policeman waves you on “, said the driving instructor.
10. “ Will you help me, please? “, she said. “ I can´t reach it “.
11. “ Shall I tell him what happened ? “, she asked me.
12. “ Will you read this very carefully, please? “, he said to me.
13. “ Let´s not make a list. Let´s invite everybody “, she said.
14. “ What about renting a caravan ? “, said her husband.
15. “ Keep an eye on your luggage, “ he said. “ This place is full of thieves “.
16. “ Could you read the last sentence again, please? “, said the examiner.
17. “ Sit down and tell me what is worrying you “, he said to her.
18. “ Don´t drink the river water unboiled. Boil it first “, said the guide.
19. “ Why don´t you cut your hair? “, he said. “ You´d find it much easier to get a job if you
looked tidy “.
20. “ Shall we go to the beach? “, he suggested.
21. “You´d better sweep up that broken glass “, I said.
22. “ Please, don´t drink any more “, said his wife. “ Don´t forget that we have to drive home “.
23. “ Would you mind taking off your hat? “, I said to the woman in front of him.
24. “ What about working out how much it will cost first? “, she said.
25. “ Do you live in Canada? “, I asked Paul. “ No”, he said.
26. “ I´m sorry I bought some books from the library”, I said to him.
10
4. VERBOS QUE RIGEN INFINITIVO Y/O -ING
4.1. VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE INFINITIVO.
A) INFINITIVO CON TO
Advise
Agree
Allow (esp. be allowed to)
Ask
Choose
Decide
Expect
Happen
hesitate
hope
learn
manage
offer
order
promise
prove
refuse
seem
swear
teach
tell
want
would like
wish
used to
can/could
may/might
must
will/would
shall/should
need (ser necesario)
B) INFINITIVO SIN TO
Had better/sooner
Would rather
Help
Hear
See
VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE GERUNDIO
Avoid
Can´t/couldn´t help
Can´t/couldn´t stand
Can´t bear
Consider
Deny
Detest
dislike
enjoy
forgive
keep (continue)
look forward to
give up
mind
miss
pardon
resist
suggest
understand
get used to
be used to
En general, -ing va detrás de verbos que indican gustos o preferencias o lo
contrario: like, love, prefer, hate, dislike. Cuando estos verbos van en condicional
van seguidos de TO+ infinitivo.
I like going for walks on Saturday mornings.
I would like to travel to Jamaica when I have money.
11
4.3. VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE TO+ INFINITIVO O –ING
Begin
Cease
Continue
Finish
Forget
Go on
hate
like
love
mean
plan
prefer
regret
remember
star
stop
try
Hay que tener en cuenta que alguno de estos verbos cambian de significado según vayan
seguidos de infinitivo o –ing:
1. Remember + TO+ INFINITIVO ------------------------- acordarse de
GERUNDIO
------------------------- recordar haber hecho algo
2. Forget + TO + INFINITIVO ----------------------------- olvidar hacer algo
GERUNDIO
----------------------------- olvidar haber hecho algo
3. Try + TO + INFINITIVO
GERUNDIO
----------------------------- intentar
---------------------------- probar
4. Stop + TO + INFINITIVO ----------------------------- parar para hacer algo
GERUNDIO
----------------------------- dejar de
5. Mean + TO + INFINITIVO ----------------------------- tener la intención de
GERUNDIO
-----------------------------querer decir o significar
Esta distinción no será exigible cuando sea simplemente de matiz ( I like to work at
home/ I like working at home).
12
4.4. Estructuras no verbales que requieren INFINITIVO con TO.
1. Detrás de los pronombres indefinidos: something/ somewhere/ anything, etc.
Something to do.
2. Detrás de ciertos adjetivos como sad, easy, difficult, etc.
Difficult to understand
3. En las interrogativas indirectas: where, how,etc.
Tell me how to do that
4.5 Estructuras no verbales que requieren –ING.
1. Detrás de cualquier preposicion que no sea TO.
After going to the cinema, we went home.
2. Detrás de las expresiones be worth y be no use.
It´s worth getting up early.
It´s no use waiting for so long.
4.6. VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE OBJECTO + TO + INFINITIVO
Advise
Allow/ permi/ enable
Ask
Expect
Invite
Tell
force/ oblige
want
would like / prefer/ love/ hate
4.7 VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE OBJETO + TO + INFINITIVO SIN TO
Make
let
13
VERBOS SEGUIDOS DE INFINITIVO/GERUNDIO ___________ PRÁCTICA
1. Complete with the infinitivo ( with or without to) or gerund of the verbs in
brackets.
1.
2.
3.
4.
He made me (do) _____________________ it all over again.
She can (sing) ____________________ very well.
You needn´t (say) _______________ anything.
I want (see) ___________________ the house where our president was
born.
5. He made her (repeat) _________________ the message.
6. Would you like (go) _____________________ now or shall we (wait)
________________ till the end?
7. He wouldn´t let my baby (play) ______________________.
8. They refused ( accept) _____________________ it.
9. Could you (tell) _________________ me the time, please?
10.Where would you like (have) _____________________ lunch?
11.We don´t want anybody ( know) ________________ that strange
language.
12.I´d like him (go) _________________ to a university but I can´t make
him (go) __________________.
13.He tried (make) _________________ me (believe) _______________
that he was Peter.
14.He told me (try) ________________ (come) ________________ early.
15.I advised him (ask) ________________ the bus conductor about it.
(remember : conductor is revisor).
16.Did you remember (give) __________________ him the money?
No, I didn´t. I still have it in my pocket.
17.You may as well (tell) __________________ us the truth.
18.You can´t (make) _____________________ an omelette without (break)
_____________________ eggs.
19.I suggest (telephone) ____________________ the hospitals before (ask)
_______________ the police (look) _________________ for him.
20.It´s no use (wait)__________________ for them.
21.Would you mind (show) ______________________ me how to do it?
22. Some people seem (have) __________________ a passion for writing.
23.Do stop (talk)__________________. I´m trying to finish a letter.
24.I´m looking forward to (see) _____________________ you.
14
25.People used (make) _____________ fire by (rub) ________________
two sticks together.
26.He decided (put) ________________ broken glass on his wall.
27. He kept (ring) _______________ up and (ask) ________________ for
an explanation.
28. I´m not used to (drive) ____________________ on the left.
29. She told me (look) _________________ through her correspondence.
30. I didn´t mean (offend) _______________ anyone but somehow I
succeeded in (annoy) ________________ them all.
15
VOCABULARY
NOUN + PREPOSITION
1. A cheque FOR
2. A demand /a need FOR
3. A reason FOR
4. A rise /an increase / a fall/ a decrease IN
5. An advantage/ a disadvantage OF/ IN
The advantage OF living alone is that you can do what you want
There are a lot of advantages IN living alone.
6.A cause OF
7. A photograph/ a picture OF
8. Damage TO
9. An invitation TO
10. A reaction TO
11. A solution TO a problem/ an answer TO a question/ a reply TO a
letter/ a key TO a door.
12. An attitude TO/ TOWARDS someone.
13. A relationship/a connection/ contact WITH
A relationship/a connection/ contact/ a difference BETWEEN
16
NOUN+PREPOSITION ________________ Practice
1. Complete with the right preposition.
1. We are trying to find a solution ____________ the problem.
2. I´ve never met Lisa but I have seen a photograph __________her.
3. The advantage ________________ having a car is that you don´t
have to rely on public transport.
4. When I opened the envelope I was delighted to find a cheque
________________ two hundred pounds.
5. I´ve just received an invitation _________________ a wedding next
week.
6. The cause ________________ the fire is still unknown.
7. Money isn´t the solution ______________ every problem.
8. The company has rejected the worker´s demands ___________ an
increase _____________ salary.
9. The two companies are independent. There is no connection
______________ them
10.Have you seen the picture ________ the town as it looked 100 years
ago?
11. Sorry I haven´t written to you for so long. The reason ___________
this is that I have been ill recently.
12. When he left home, his attitude ______________ his parents seemed
to change.
13. It wasn´t a serious accident. The damage ____________ the other
car was only slight.
14. Tom´s reaction ________________ my suggestion was not very
enthusiastic.
15. There are many advantages _______________ being able to speak a
foreign language.
16. There has been a rise _____________ the cost of living in the past
few years.
17. The front door is closed. Have you got the key ____________ the
door?
18. There has been a fall ______________ the number of people without
jobs.
19. The fact that he got a job in the company has no connection
______________ the fact that his father is the managing director.
20. I don´t think there is any need ______________ a new road.
17