Download Referencia Gramatical completa

REFERENCIA
GRAMATICAL
4º E.S.O.
curso 2012 – 13
Área: Lengua Extranjera (Inglés)
Profesor: José del Campo
1
PASSIVE VOICE
La voz pasiva es una transformación oracional en la que se enfoca la oración de
una forma diferente. Existen, en inglés, tres tipos de transformación pasiva:
1º tipo
Oraciones con 1 objeto (directo)
Activa:
Sujeto + Verbo + Obj. Directo + Complementos
Pasiva:
Sujeto + Verbo + Complementos + (by- complement)
(paciente)
(en voz pasiva)
(cuando es necesario)
2º tipo
Oraciones con 2 objetos (indirecto + directo)
1ª forma:
Activa:
Sujeto + Verbo + Obj. indirecto + O. Directo + Comp
Pasiva:
Sujeto + Verbo + O. Directo + C. + (by- complement)
(paciente)
(en voz pasiva)
(cuando es necesario)
2ª forma:
Activa:
Sujeto + Verbo + Obj. indirecto + O. Directo + Comp
Pasiva:
Sujeto + Verbo + to O. Ind. + C. + (by- complement)
(paciente)
(en voz pasiva)
(cuando es necesario)
3º Tipo
Oraciones de sujeto indefinido y construcción de infinitivo
1ª forma:
Activa:
Suj. Indef. + verbo de con. o pens. + “That – clause”
Pasiva:
It + verbo en pasiva + “That – clause”
2ª forma:
Activa:
Suj. Indef. + verbo de con. o pens. + “That – clause”
Pasiva:
Sujeto de la “that-clause” + verbo en pasiva + Infinitivo del
verbo de la “that – clause” + complem.
2
Transformación del verbo en voz pasiva
To be + Participio
(en el mismo tiempo que
el verbo de la voz activa)
(del verbo de la voz activa)
Cuadro de verbos
Tiempos verbales
Voz Activa
Voz Pasiva
Pr. Simple
Paints
Is painted
Pr. Continuo
Am / is / are painting
Am / is / are being painted
Pr. Perfecto
Have / has painted
Have / has been painted
Pas. Simple
painted
Was / were painted
Pas. Continuo
Was / were painting
Was / were being painted
Pas. Perfecto
Had painted
Had been painted
Fut. Simple
Will paint
Fut. Inmediato
Am / is / are going to paint
Condicional
Would paint
Will be painted
Am / is / are going to be
painted
Would be painted
Ejemplos:
1º tipo
Activa: Someone switched the light on.
Pasiva: The light was switched on.
Activa: William the conqueror built this castle
Pasiva: This castle was built by William the conqueror
2º tipo
Activa: They gave her a present in the party
Pasiva: She was given a present in the party
Pasiva: A present was given to her in the party
Activa: John will buy me a watch tomorrow.
Pasiva: I will be bought a watch tomorrow by John.
Pasiva: A watch will be bought to me tomorrow by John.
3º tipo
Activa: People say that John lives in Britain
Pasiva: It is said that John lives in Britain
Pasiva: John is said to live in Britain
3
REPORTED SPEECH
El estilo indirecto se utiliza para expresar lo que alguien dijo literalmente de una
forma distinta, con nuestras propias palabras. Es muy utilizado en el lenguaje
coloquial.
En el estilo indirecto se producen una serie de transformaciones dentro de la
oración que pasaremos a detallar seguidamente:
1ª transformación: verbal
Los verbos del estilo directo (que suele ir entre comillas), cambian a un tiempo
“anterior” al transformar la frase:
Estilo Directo
Estilo Indirecto
Pr. Simple
Pas. Simple
Pr. Continuo
Pas. Continuo
Pr. Perfecto
Pas. Perfecto
Pas. Simple
Pas. Perfecto
Pas. Perfecto
Pas. Perfecto
Futuro simple
Condicional
Condicional
Condicional perfecto
(would + infinitivo sin “to”)
(would have + participio)
2ª transformación: pronominal
Tanto los posesivos como los pronombres personales experimentan un cambio
en el estilo indirecto que está relacionado con la persona a la que se dirige la
oración; por tanto, la transformación va a depender del objeto o persona a
quien se dirija la oración.
3ª transformación: adverbial
Los adverbios de lugar y tiempo en el estilo indirecto cambian del siguiente
modo:
ESTILO DIRECTO
ESTILO INDIRECTO
Here
There
This
That
Now
Then
Today
That day
Tomorrow
The following day
Yesterday
The previous day
Next day
The following day
Last day
The previous day
4
Statements (Oraciones Enunciativas)
Sujeto + said / told + that + oración en est. indirecto
Ejemplo:
Est. Directo:
Est. Indirecto:
“I am going home”
She said that she was going home
Est. Directo:
Est. Indirecto:
My brother said “I will see you tomorrow”
My brother said that he would see me the following day.
Questions (oraciones interrogativas)
Sujeto + asked / wondered + if / wh- question + oración en est. indirecto
En estas oraciones hay que distinguir entre las que llamamos “interrogativas
polares” (“yes/no questions”, aquellas en las que la respuesta es sí o no) e
“interrogativas informativas” (“wh- questions”, las que el que pregunta solicita
información concreta. Éstas van introducidas por un pronombre o determinante
interrogativo, “wh” word).
En las “polares”, el verbo que introduce la oración de estilo indirecto será ask,
wonder, principalmente; tras el verbo introductorio, colocamos un if para
presentar la oración indirecta. En las “informativas”, no se pone if sino que
introduce la frase el mismo pronombre interrogativo (wh- element) del estilo
directo.
Además de los cambios que ya hemos visto (pronominal, verbal, adverbial…),
en las questions se produce un cambio de orden en la frase: del orden
interrogativo de la oración de estilo directo pasamos a un orden enunciativo en
el estilo indirecto.
Ejemplos:
Est. Directo:
Est. Indirecto:
John said “do you want a drink?”
John asked if I wanted a drink.
Est. Directo:
Est. Indirecto:
The policeman said “what are you doing?”
The policeman asked what they were doing.
Command & Request (oraciones imperativas)
Sujeto + verbo de orden y petición + objeto indirecto + infinitivo + compl.
Pasamos en el estilo directo de una oración imperativa a una construcción de
infinitivo en el estilo indirecto; si la D.S. fuera negativa (don’t + base form),
negaremos la construcción de infinitivo con not.
Utilizamos como verbos de orden y petición para introducir la RS los siguientes:
Ordered, commanded, asked, invited, warned, advised, begged, suggested, recommended
(ordenar)
(mandar)
(pedir) (invitar)
(advertir) (avisar)
5
(suplicar) (sugerir)
(recomendar)
Ejemplos:
Est. Directo:
Est. Indirecto:
Est. Directo:
Est. Indirecto:
“Would you like to drink a coke, Peter?”
John invited Peter to drink a coke.
The policeman said, “Get out of the car!”
The policeman ordered me to get out of the car.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
IF – CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
UNIVERSAL STATEMENT
Present
1ST TYPE
Present
2ND TYPE
Past
3RD TYPE
Past Perfect
Present
Will + infinitive
Can + infinitive
Imperative
Conditional
(would + infinitive)
Perfect conditional
(would have + participle)
6
PASSIVE VOICE
1. They are going to say that you haven’t been here.
2. Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six months but it was
cancelled by a loss of seventeen million pounds.
3. Why did you buy so horrible jeans?
4. Somebody has given me many presents.
5. The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to land.
6. This rumour must have been started by our opponents.
7. Government is being said to spend too little money on roads.
8. I was invited to go to the party.
9. The rocket is said to have landed on the sea.
10. They showed her the easiest way to do it.
11. Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank.
12. That boy is believed to have thrown the stones.
13. They told her the most important thing to do.
14. The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle’s will.
15. We will not admit children under sixteen.
16. Football can bring a lot of benefits here.
17. We will be given the things we need.
18. Nothing is known about the missing car.
19. They were rescued at 9.40 by a man in a fishing boat.
20. Someone is thought to have started the fire deliberately.
21. Nobody knows anything about Brenda’s family.
22. Most of the guests had left the hotel by midday.
23. Nobody had been sent an invitation when I realised.
24. They haven’t decided the exact time of the match yet.
25. Chris is said to have been in the army.
26. You were shown the different messages.
27. She will be given the most important present.
28. People say that the council will improve our town.
29. They are going to repair all the damage.
30. They sent Mr Smith eighty pounds in order to pay the fine.
7
RELATIVE CLAUSES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
The person ________ fingerprints are on the gun was the person ________ killed Dr. Martin.
My bike, ________ I had left at the gate, had disappeared.
The shoes ________ I finally bought were the ones _______ I tried on first.
The bag in _______ the robbers put the money was found outside the bank.
The medicine ______ the doctor gave me had no effect at all.
Peter, ______ couldn’t see the screen, decided to change his seat.
The present ______ you gave me yesterday was the one ________ I gave you last year!
I really liked that tea _______ you made me this morning.
What was the name of your friend _______ tent we borrowed?
The flight _______ Joe was leaving on was cancelled.
This is a photo of someone______________I met while I was on holiday.
Are you the person_____________called me late last night?
I’d like to talk to someone____________has visited China.
Nobody knows__________left this parcel here this morning.
John is the only person in this office____________I can trust.
When I find out___________did this, there will be trouble.
She is the person____________owns that black dog.
The police officer__________I spoke to before isn’t on duty today.
The job _______ he got wasn´t very interesting.
A woman _______ my sister knows has bought our house.
I’m sorry for people _______ haven’t got a sense of humour.
I saw a girl _______ beauty took my breath away.
Actually, there is a problem _______ worries me.
This is Peter Taylor, _______ works with my sister.
What do you think of the wine _______ we drank last night?
I’ve got a friend _______ collect stamps.
A good builder is one _______ houses don’t fall down.
This is the switch _______ isn’t working.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Rachel would have passed the exam if she ________________ (study)
I would buy a Ferrari if I ______________ (have) money.
If he had seen the bank robbery he __________________ (advise) the police.
If we didn’t invite Mick, he ________________ (feel) very bad.
Peter will not help you if you _________________ (not ask) him.
If I see him I (give) ___________________ him a surprise.
If we (have) _____________________ a map we would have been all right.
If I (know) ____________________ his address I would give it to you.
If he (work) ____________________ more slowly, he wouldn’t make so many mistakes.
We’ll go out later if it (stop) _________________ raining
If I (have) __________________ more money, I would buy a new car.
Do you want to watch TV? I (switch) _________________ it on if you do.
If I (take) ____________________ my umbrella with me, I wouldn’t have got wet.
If I hadn’t gone out, I (not catch) ____________________ a cold.
I (need) ____________________ some money if we go out tonight.
If I (have) ____________________ the keys, I (show) ______________ you the cellar.
If I (not practise) ____________________, I won’t pass my exam.
If we had gone earlier, we (have) ____________________ better weather.
If Matthew (phone) ____________________ her, Emma wouldn’t have been so annoyed.
If Andrew (not work) ____________________ all the time, he wouldn’t be so boring.
If you press this switch, the compute (come) ____________________ on.
I’d get fat If I (eat) ____________________ cake.
If the children go near Nick’s dog, it (bite) ____________________ them.
The team would have won if Jones ___________________ (play) better.
If Bell hadn’t invented the telephone, somebody else ___________________ (do) it.
If she ___________________ (come) later again she’ll lose her job.
If we won the lottery, we ___________________ (give) you half the money.
Oil ___________________(float), if you pour it on water.
If you eat less you ___________________ (not get) fat.
If Jane practised more she___________________ (be) the best in the school.
If the storm becomes worse we ___________________ (have to go) home.
8
REPORTED SPEECH
Statements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The journalist told , “A man threw a bomb at the Prime Minister yesterday”
Sarah told me, “I won’t pass my exam tomorrow”
I said, “He hasn’t got much sense of humour”
“I went to New York last summer”
“I’m looking for a better job”
“My sister doesn’t live in England”
“I’ll come with you tomorrow”, she replied.
“We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work”, they said.
“I don’t like classical music”
“I will phone you later”
“I’ll see you in the morning, Helen”
”I can resist everything except temptation” (Oscar Wilde)
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
I told the clerk, “Can I pay by cheque?”
Peter said to the collector, “When does the last train leave?”
The teacher told, “How many books does he want?”
My girlfriend said to me, “Do they like me?”
“Where do you work?”
“Are you on holiday in England?”
“When did you arrive here?”
“Do you like English food?”
“Will you have time to play regularly?”, he went on.
“How long have you lived in London?”
“Did you have a good journey?”
“Does this car belong to you?”
“Who did you go to the cinema with?”
“Are you doing anything this weekend?”
My parents asked me, “What time did you get home last night?”
Helen asked me, “Did you see the film yesterday?”
Questions
Commands & Requests
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
She said, “Peter, close the door, please”
She said, “Would you like to drink a coke, John?”
He told me, “You should show the doctor that knee”
“I could post this letter for you”
“Don’t switch off the TV”
“You should take more exercise”
“Please fill up this form”
“I won’t drive too fast”
“Stop your car immediately”
“Don’t go with this bad-looking boy from England!”
“Don’t forget to post my letter, Sue, please”
“Peter, you mustn’t open that letter because it is not yours”.
9