Download El Capital Social, CS

EL CAPITAL SOCIAL
(Esquema del Curso dado en el Doctorado de Teoría y Análisis de Redes Sociales
2005-.2006)
Carlos Lozares
1. Interés por (e historia) del CS.
2. El CS y otras formas de capital
2.1. Los diferentes capitales
El Capital Fisico/Material, CF/CM
El Capital Económico,CE
El Capital Humano,CH
El Capital Cognitivo/Intelectual, CC/ CI
El Capital Cultural, CCu
El Capital Social, CS
2.2. Diferencia e igualdad entre los diferentes
capitales
3. Algunas definiciones/ concepciones básicas
del CS.
Conceptos Definición /Identidad
Propósito
/Objetivo
Autores
Bourdieu Recursos que proporcionan Asegura CE
Unidad Análisis/
Referencia
Coleman Aspecto de la estructura social Asegura CH
Individuos en familia
y/o comunidad
Putnam
Regiones
en
contextos nacionales
acceso a bienes del grupo/clase
que los actores pueden usar
como recurso para llevar a cabo
sus propios intereses
Confianza, normas y redes que Asegura
facilitan la cooperación para un democracia,
beneficio mutuo
economía
Individuos en clases
en competición
Ian Winter
1
Cuatro perspectivas respecto del capital social.
Pespectiva
Woolcock * Deepa Narayan
Actores
Grupos comunitarios. Organizaciones
Asociaciones locales
Del voluntariado
Empresarios
Visión de redes
Lazos comunitarios “que Cámaras comercio e
vinculan” y que tienden industria. Mediadopuentes”
res de información
Visión institucional Sectores públicos y
Instituciones políticas y privados
Visión comunitaria
legales
Visión sinérgica
Redes comunitarias
relaciones
estado
sociedad.
Objetivos
Reconocer los activos sociales de la
comunidad
Descentralizar
Crear zonas empresariales
Tender puentes entre sectores sociales
Otorgar libertades civiles y políticas
Instaurar
transparencia
y
responsabilidad de Instituciones ante
la sociedad civil
Grupos
Coproducir, complementar
y comunitarios, socie- Fomentar la participación, forjar
y dad civil, empresas, uniones
estados
Ampliar la capacidad y escala de las
organizaciones locales
4. Dificultades y/o problemas ligados al CS
4.1. Un problema teórico que pasa a ser
metodológico.
4.2. Dificultades referentes a la medición.
4.3. El CS colectivo no es idéntico al CS individual.
4.4. Las consecuencias no positivas del CS.
4.5. Las dualidades inherentes
5. Dualidades, polaridades y controversias.
5.1. Desde su estructuración interna.
2
5.1.1. Distinción entre contenido del CS (naturaleza
sustantiva o recurso) y su objetivo o finalidad.
Variables
estructurales
Base
Relaciones
Redes
Cualificaciones
Atribuciones
Confianza
Reciprocidad
Normas
Cristalizaciones
Beneficio
Instituciones
Asociaciones
Organizaciones
5.1.2. Origen en otras variables o condiciones
externas de su producción y, por tanto, el CS
es un sistema explicado o a explicar (visión
externalista) o no se tienen en cuenta las
condiciones de producción.
5.1.3. La naturaleza individual o colectiva del CS:
es un recurso en tanto que entidad o unidad
individualizada (o con soporte individual) a
partir de sus redes y otras características o es
una realidad colectiva, formada por la
composición
o
emergencia
de
las
interacciones entre unidades: una nueva
entidad entretejida
de individuos y/o
sujetos/actores sociales.
5.1.4. Sujeto de la apropiación y de la puesta en
acción del recurso en vistas a un beneficio.
5.1.5. Orientación de las acciones/ relaciones/
interacciones una vez definida la frontera o
naturaleza del nivel del CS o unidad de
análisis(naturaleza individual o colectiva del
CS).
Esta distinción se refiere o establece a partir
de la orientación de la acción o roles:
3
orientación hacia dentro o por relaciones
internas (bonding) o hacia fuera o por
relaciones externas (bridging).
De la conjugación de 3 y 5 surge la
tipología de Burgatti.
5.1.3.Naturaleza o
nivel del recurso (o
unidad de análisis)
5.1.5.El punto de mira o enfoque en la
dirección de la acción y/o relación: con
relación a la unidad elegida como referencia
(sea como realidad individual sea como
realidad colectiva) puede orientarse dicha
relación.
Hacia dentro (bonding)
Hacia fuera (bridging)
Como nivel o soporte
Individual
Vacío en una visión reticular
Individualista. Ego network
CS como bien privado
Densidad de grado
Medidas de centralidad
individual. Holes. Brokers
Como nivel o soporte
colectivo
Relaciones intra/dentro del
grupos: grupista. Densidad.
Centralidad global.
Cohesión. Homofilia.
Bonding
Relaciones extra/inter
grupos
Estudio contextual del grupo
Comparación de
centralidades Brigding
Borgatti
5.2. Desde sus contenidos.
5.2.1. Enfoque más reticular y/o de estructuras de
redes o relaciones.
5.2.2. Enfoques más atributivos que se refieren a
algunas características o contenido, sustancia
de las relaciones (se supone que el capital es
un conjunto de relaciones)
Normas, confianza, reciprocidad
Centrado en creencias generalizadas
Recursos asociativos y/o comunitarios: Relaciones
sociales internalizadas dentro grupo.
5.2.3. Institucional.
4
5.2.4. Sinérgica.
Integración
de
redes
e
instituciones.
5.2.5. Enfoque valorativo. Dualidad con las
externalidades positivas y negativas.
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