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ZONA ESCOLAR BG 002 FORMATO PARA GUIA DE ESTUDIO DIRIGIDO ESCUELA: Escuela Preparatoria Oficial Anexa a la Normal No. 3 Toluca TURNO: Matutino SEMESTRE: 5º GRUPO: 1 y 2 MATERIA: Inglés V PROFESOR: Liliana Villegas Corrales. UNIDAD 1 I. INTRODUCCIÓN MOTIVACIONAL TALKING ABOUT MYTHS AND LEGENDS Imagina que eres un reportero y en tu trabajo te solicitan un reportaje para la televisión, acerca de los mitos y leyendas de tu comunidad, veamos un ejemplo. Origin of Vampire Although, there have been many superstitions and beliefs about the origin of such theories, the Slavic vampire myths interpenetrate all the others. Such beliefs in Slavic culture stem from practices and beliefs during the pre-Christian era. People have sustained these pagan spiritual beliefs even in the modern times, though no written records are available. One such example of these pagan beliefs is believing in the soul after death. In Slavic culture, some ghosts and spirits were considered beneficent, while some were considered harmful. These demons could appear in any animal or human form. The malevolent activities in which they were said to be involved in, included harming the harvest, or sucking the blood of lives tock and human beings. Because of these activities, the Slavs were often obliged to placate the spirits. Theybelieved that a vampire was a person who abducted a decomposing dead body and sought to feed on the blood for their own survival. Modern Explanations To clear these superstitions and ghost stories, several explanations were made. A major explanation was that vampires suffered from a disease of porphyria, which caused pale skin, sensitivity to light and made the incisors look bigger. However, the theory has been snubbed, as it was said that these symptoms were based on the misunderstandings of the disease. Sometimes, the dead body did not decompose as quickly as expected, and vampire hunters concluded that this was a sign of vampirism. Also, there are theories which suggest that these legends were influenced by the fact that people were buried alive, due to lack of medical knowledge. ¿POR QUÉ ES IMPORTANTE APRENDER INGLES? Hablar el idioma Inglés es invaluable para el desarrollo empresarial y profesional de una persona. Las mejores oportunidades de trabajo, desde un empleo con salario medio hasta los más altos niveles ejecutivos, requieren el dominio del idioma Inglés, porque el personal administrativo, las máquinas, las técnicas que se utilizan, los libros, etc. todos se expresan o están en Inglés. El Inglés es el idioma más utilizado en el mundo entero, tanto en el ámbito del comercio como en el de los negocios y la investigación. El 80% de la información que aparece en Internet está en este idioma y si vive o tiene pensado trabajar en Estados Unidos, el mercado más rico del mundo, entonces es imprescindible dominar el Idioma Inglés. Si usted habla inglés, no sólo se abrirán muchas puertas en el trabajo y los negocios, sino que podrá tener acceso a libros especializados, a la Internet, a películas y videos recién salidos al mercado; a los materiales de enseñanza más actualizados concebidos con una didáctica avanzada, propia sólo de los países desarrollados. El inglés también es una herramienta clave para que sus hijos triunfen en el colegio y una gran ventaja a la hora de emprender una carrera. Por estas y otras razones es que aprender Inglés debe ser la primera inversión que haga todo aquel que tenga sueños e ideales por cumplir. ¡¡ADELANTE SABEMOS QUE PUEDES LOGRARLO!! II. COMPETENCIAS A DESARROLLAR A.- COMPETENCIA GENÉRICA: 1 -Escucha, interpreta y emite mensajes pertinentes en distintos contextos mediante la utilización de medios, códigos y herramientas apropiados. B.- COMPETENCIAS DISCIPLINARES BÁSICAS: -Identifica e interpreta la idea general y posible desarrollo de un mensaje oral o escrito en una segunda lengua, recurriendo a conocimientos previos, elementos no verbales y contexto cultural. -Se comunica en una lengua extranjera mediante un discurso lógico, oral o escrito, congruente con la situación comunicativa. III. QUE ESTUDIAR Vamos a estudiar lo siguiente: UNIDAD I 1. Enigmas and Misteries 1.1. Dreams and misticism 1.1.1Verbs in past participle 1.1.2 Present Perfect 1.1.2.1 Affirmative Form 1.1.2.2 Negative Form 1.1.2.3 Interrogative Form 1.1.2.4 Short Answers 1.1.2.5 Use of “ever” 1.1.2.6. Use of “for” and“ since” 1.1.2.7 Use of “already” “yet” “just” 1.1.2.8 Questions with “How long?” UNIDAD II 2. Reafirmemos ideas. 2.1 Hard to believe… isn’t it? 2.1.1 Tag questions 2.1.1.1 To be 2.1.1.2 Present simple. 2.1.1.3 Present continuous 2.1.1.4 Past simple 2.1.1.5 Past continuous 2.1.1.6 Future UNIDAD III 3. The Time machine 2 3.1 Discoveries Inventions and contemporary problems 3.1.1 . Passive voice 3.1.2. Present tense 3.1.3. Past tense IV. COMO ESTUDIAR UNIDAD 1: VERBOS EN PASADO PARTICIPIO El pasado participio de los verbos, en español, es el que le da la terminación a los verbos de: ado, ido, to, so, cho. Se utiliza para estructurar los tiempo perfectos y la voz pasiva. En esta unidad veremos el tiempo Presente Perfecto. Ejemplos de presente perfecto en español: Yo he trabajado Ella ha comido Ellos han escrito Ustedes han hecho Existen verbos regulares, estos verbos en tiempo pasado y en tiempo pasado participio tienen la terminación –ed. Ejemplo: Presente paint jump close borrow print hate Pasado Participio painted jumped closed borrowed printed hated Existen verbos irregulares, éstos verbos cambian en tiepo pasado y en tiempo pasado participio. No siguen una regla y por lo tanto no queda otra que memorizarlos. Ejemplo: Presente Wake up think eat sleep ring fly Pasado Participio Woken up thought eaten slept rung flown *NOTA: Al final de esta guía se encuentra un listado de los verbos más usados, con su conjugación en presente, pasado y pasado participio, verbos regulares e irregulares. Podemos decir que el "participio pasado" es una "forma del verbo" que va acompañada de otro verbo (un verbo auxiliar) para formar un "tiempo verbal compuesto". Si te fijas bien, en estos ejemplos aparece un verbo auxiliar. En español esos verbos auxiliares son "ser/estar" o "haber". En inglés esos verbos auxiliares son el verbo "to be" (ser/estar) y el verbo "have" (haber). 3 Presente Perfecto Usamos el Presente Perfecto para decir que una acción pasó en un tiempo no específico antes de ahora. El tiempo exacto no es importante. No se puede usar el presente perfecto con una expresión de tiempo definida, tales como, ayer, hace un año, la semana pasada, cuando era niño, cuando vivía en Japón, en ese momento, ese día, un día, etc. Podemos usar el presente perfecto con expresiones no específicas tales como: alguna vez, nunca, una vez, muchas veces, en varias ocaciones, antes, hace tanto, aun, etc. We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. FORM [has/have + past participle] Examples: You have seen that movie many times. Have you seen that movie many times? You have not seen that movie many times. Examples: I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California. People have traveled to the Moon. People have not traveled to Mars. Have you read the book yet? Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States. Other Examples: Affirmative sentences: I have cleaned my room. I've cleaned my room. You have cleaned your room. You've cleaned your room. Negative sentences: I have not cleaned my room. I've not cleaned my room. I haven't cleaned my room. You have not cleaned your room. You've not cleaned your room. You haven't cleaned your room. Questions: In the Present Perfect we put the auxiliary (have or has) before the subject (Auxiliary - Subject - Verb - Rest). see: Example: Have you cleaned the room? Has she cleaned the room? 4 Revisa las siguientes ligas donde encontrarás varios ejercicios: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple/exercises?03 http://s.mound.free.fr/skyblues67/presentperfect/presperfect1.htm http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/presentperfect/exercise2.swf http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple/exercises En la siguiente página encontrarás 26 ejercicios sobre presente perfecto, además si cometes errores en los ejercicios se te notifican tus errores así como en qué estas equivocado. http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/present_perfect-exercises.html *Se adjunta lista de verbos en tiempo presente, pasado y pasado participio. Unidad 2 TAG QUESTIONS Use /Uso frequently used in spoken English when you want s.o. to agree or disagree Form /Forma o estructura gramatical Si la oración principal está en positivo (afirmativo) , la tag question estará en el mismo tiempo gramatical pero negativo. Si la oración principal está en negativo, la tag question estará en el mismo tiempo gramatical pero en forma positive (afirmativa) positive statement ->question tag negative - You are Tom, aren't you? negative statement->question tag positive - He isn't Joe, is he? Examples with auxiliaries You've got a car, haven't you? (oración en presente perfecto) without auxiliaries (use: don't, doesn't, didn't) They play football on Sundays, don't they? She plays football on Sundays, doesn't she? They played football on Sundays, didn't they? We will play football on Sunday, won´t we? (oración (oración (oración (oración en en en en presente simple) presente simple) pasado simple) future ) Questions tags are used to keep a conversation going. You can agree or refuse to a sentence with a question tag. Las tag questions se usan para mantener una conversación. Se puede aceptar o rechazar la pregunta. You go to school, don't you? You agree. You refuse. Yes, I do. No, I don't. You aren't from Germany, are you? 5 You agree. You refuse. No, I'm not. Yes, I am. En la siguiente liga encontrarás explicada nuevamente la gramática del presente simple. http://www.grammar.cl/Intermediate/Question_Tags.htm En la siguiente liga encontrarás más de 50 ejercicios sobre el presente simple y si te equivocas se te indicarán tus errores. http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/questions_tag-exercises.html Una liga más con ejercicios de tag question en línea. http://www.adelescorner.org/grammar/qtags/qtags_positive.html UNIDAD 3: VOZ PASIVA Use of Passive / Uso de la voz pasiva Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. La voz pasiva se usa cuando nos enfocamos más en la acción. No es importante o no se conoce quién o qué hace la acción. Example: My bike was stolen. Mi bici fue robada. In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. // En el ejemplo anterior nos enfocamos en que la bici fue robada. Sin embargo no sabemos quién lo hizo. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows. Algunas veces la voz pasiva suena mas amable que la voz active. Example: A mistake was made. Un error fué hecho. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.). // En este caso nos centramos en que un error fué cometido pero no se culpa a nadie. (ejem. Tu hiciste un error) Form of Passive / Forma del Pasivo Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: A letter was written. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: // Cuando reescribimos un enunciado de voz active a voz pasiva, note lo siguiente: 6 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped) El objeto directo de la voz active, es el sujeto de la voz pasiva. El tiempo gramatical es aplicado al verbo to be (verbo ser o estar + participio pasado) El sujeto de la voz activa se convierte en el objeto directo de la voz pasiva. Examples of Passive Tense Simple Present Subject Active: Passive: Simple Past Active: Passive: Present Perfect Active: Passive: Future I Active: Passive: Hilfsverben Active: Passive: Verb Object writes a letter. is written by Rita. wrote a letter. A letter was written by Rita. Rita has written a letter. has been written by Rita. will write a letter. will be written by Rita. can write a letter. can be written by Rita. Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Examples of Passive Tense Present Progressive Subject Active: Passive: Past Progressive Active: Passive: Past Perfect Active: Passive: Future II Active: Passive: Conditional I Active: Verb Object is writing a letter. is being written by Rita. was writing a letter. was being written by Rita. had written a letter. A letter had been written by Rita. Rita will have written a letter. will have been written by Rita. would write a letter. Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita 7 A letter Passive: Conditional II Rita Active: A letter Passive: would be written by Rita. would have written a letter. would have been written by Rita. Passive Sentences with Two Objects Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on. // El objeto directo de la voz active se convierte en el sujeto de la voz pasiva, observa los ejemplos. Subject Active: Rita Verb Object 1 Object 2 wrote a letter to me. Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita. Passive: I was written a letter by Rita. . En la siguiente liga encontrarás explicada la gramática de la voz pasiva. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/passive.htm Revisa esta otra liga con más de 30 ejercicios sobre la voz pasiva. http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/passive-exercises.html *Se adjunta lista de verbos en tiempo presente, pasado y pasado participio. V. DÓNDE ESTUDIAR Bibliografía y cibergrafía: English with style 1 – 6. Llanas, Williams. Ed. Mc Millan. Trends 1- 6. Llanas, Williams. Ed. Mc Millan. Oxygen 1 y 2. Llanas, Williams. Ed. Mc Millan. Apuntes del cuaderno de Inglés V, juego de copias de inglés V obtenidos de English with style 6 y Trends 4. Ligas: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple/exercises?03 http://s.mound.free.fr/skyblues67/presentperfect/presperfect1.htm http://www.english-grammar-lessons.com/presentperfect/exercise2.swf http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple/exercises http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/present_perfect-exercises.html http://www.grammar.cl/Intermediate/Question_Tags.htm 8 http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/questions_tag-exercises.html http://www.adelescorner.org/grammar/qtags/qtags_positive.html http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/passive.htm http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/passive-exercises.html Para mejorar tu inglés, regístrate en Duolingo, una página en la que desarrollarás mejor tus ahbilidades para hablar y entender el inglés: http://duolingo.com/es *Se adjunta lista de verbos en tiempo presente, pasado y pasado participio. VI. EVALUACIÓN Contesta a las siguientes preguntas para que evalúes tu grado de conocimientos en los principales temas de la materia de Inglés VI. I. Examen para la unidad 1. Presente Perfecto. Write have or has in the line: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. During the five years, John _______ had fifteen different jobs. He ________ worked in banking sector. Teddy ________ been a teacher since 2004. I ________ been on holiday for six days. I and Kate __________ started our own company this year. ________ your mother learned how to drive? They ___________ never been to Madrid. _________ ever met anyone famous? We ___________ been married for two years. Jude __________ not seen my new dress. II. Examen para la unidad 2. Tag Questions. Complete with tag questions. 1. He hasn't got any dogs, he? 2. Marc is good at maths, he? 3. Sue is a beautiful girl, 4. They are smart, she? they? 5. Harry and Sally are in love, 6. Charles plays tennis, they? he? 7. She will come to the party, she? 8. We haven't seen this film, 9. She likes thrillers, 10. You are going to London, we? she? you? 9 III. Examen para la unidad 3. Tag Questions. Complete with tag questions. That door (paint) yesterday. 2. Michelangelo (paint) the Sistine Chapel. 3. Michael Schumacher (drive) for Ferrari in 2003. 4. In the UK, everyone (drive) on the left. 5. Inter-city trains (usually/drive) by men. 6. The 'La Stampa' newspaper 7. My car (read) by two million people in Italy. (steal)! Call the police!!!! 8. The thieves (steal) the gold last week. 9. The Queen (open) the bridge tomorrow. 10. The bridge (destroy) by the storm last night. 11. I (learn) Japanese when I was in Tokyo. 12. I (teach) by an old Japanese man. 13. This letter 14. The new secretary (should/type), not handwritten! (type) at 100 wpm. * Se adjunta lista de verbos con los verbos en presente, pasado y pasado participio. El pasado participio se usa para el Presente Perfecto (Unidad 2) y Voz Pasiva (Unidad 3) 10 VERBS LIST LEVEL 3 Profra. Liliana Villegas Corrales Student _______________________________________________________________________ SPANISH PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE 1. DESPERTARSE WAKE UP WOKE UP WOKEN UP 2. LEVANTARSE GET UP GOT UP GOTTEN / GOT UP 3. VESTIRSE GET DRESSED GOT DRESSED GOTTEN / GOT DRESSED 4. LAVARSE LOS WASH YOUR WASHED WASHED DIENTES TEETH COMBED YOUR HAIR 5. PEINARSE COMB YOUR COMBED HAIR YOUR HAIR 6. DESAYUNAR EAT ATE EATEN BREAKFAST BREAKFAST BREAKFAST 7. COMER EAT SUPPER ATE SUPPER EATEN SUPPER 8. CENAR EAT DINNER ATE DINNER EATEN DINNER 9. VER LA WATCH TV WATCHED TV WATCHED TV TELEVISIÓN DONE HOMEWORK 10. HACER LA DO DID TAREA HOMEWORK HOMEWORK 11. JUGAR PLAY PLAYED PLAYED 12. TRABAJAR WORK WORKED WORKED 13. BEBER DRINK DRANK DRUNK 14. VER SEE SAW SEEN 15. LLEVAR /TOMAR TAKE TOOK TAKEN 16. TRAER BRING BROUGHT BROUGHT 17. COMPRAR BUY BOUGHT BOUGHT 18. REGALAR GIVE GAVE GIVEN 19. AYUDAR HELP HELPED HELPED 20. MANEJAR DRIVE DROVE DRIVEN 21. ROMPER BREAK BROKE BROKEN 22. IR GO WENT GONE 23. VENIR COME CAME COME 24. VOLAR FLY FLEW FLOWN 25. SENTIR FEEL FELT FELT 26. USAR (ROPA) WEAR WORE WORN 27. DORMIR SLEEP SLEPT SLEPT 28. PLATICAR TALK TALKED TALKED 29. DECIR / CONTAR TELL TOLD TOLD 30. ENTENDER UNDERSTAND UNDERSTOOD UNDERSTOOD 31. PENSAR EN THINK (OF / THOUGHT THOUGHT ABOUT) 32. SABER / KNOW KNEW KNOWN CONOCER 33. BRINCAR JUMP JUMPED JUMPED 34. PROBAR TRY TRIED TRIED /TRATAR 35. HACER MAKE MADE MADE (MANUAL) 36. PRESTAR LEND LENT LENT 37. COMPARTIR SHARE SHARED SHARED 38. COCINAR COOK COOKED COOKED 39. DISCULPARSE APOLOGIZE APOLOGIZED APOLOGIZED 40. SER /ESTAR BE WAS / WERE BEEN 41. HACER DO DID DONE (MENTAL) 11 42. TENER HAVE MEET HAD MET HAD MET 44. USAR / UTILIZAR 45. CORTAR 46. CORRER 47. NADAR 48. SENTARSE 49. LEVANTARSE 50. ANDAR EN BICI 51. PONER / METER 52. CAMINAR 53. ENSEÑAR 54. PERDER 55. APLAUDIR 56. ESCUCHAR A 57. CONTESTAR 58. COLOREAR 59. PEGAR (RESISTOL) 60. CERRAR USE CUT RUN SWIM SIT DOWN STAND UP DRIVE A BIKE PUT WALK TEACH LOSE CLAP LISTEN TO ANSWER COLOR PASTE USED CUT RAN SWAM SAT DOWN STOOD UP DROVE PUT WALKED TAUGHT LOST CLAPPED LISTENED TO ANSWERED COLORED PASTED USED CUT RUN SWUM SAT DOWN STOOD UP DRIVEN PUT WALKED TAUGHT LOST CLAPPED LISTENED TO ANSWERED COLORED PASTED CLOSE / SHUT CLOSED/SHUTED 61. ABRIR 62. SEÑALAR (A) 63. BAILAR 64. MIRAR (A) 65. OIR 66. OLER 67. PROBAR (COMIDA) 68. PROBAR / TRATAR 69. TOCAR 70. PINTAR 71. DIBUJAR 72. EMPUJAR 73. JALAR 74. PRESTAR 75. PEDIR PRESTADO 76. EMPEZAR 77. TERMINAR 78. FUMAR 79. PREGUNTAR 80. VIVIR 81. BORRAR 82. AMAR 83. ODIAR 84. ESTUDIAR 85. GANAR OPEN POINT TO DANCE LOOK AT HEAR SMELL TASTE CLOSED /SHUTED OPENED POINTED TO DANCED LOOKED AT HEARD SMELT TASTED TRY TRIED TRIED TOUCH PAINT DRAW PUSH PULL LEND BORROW START FINISH SMOKE ASK LIVE ERASE LOVE HATE STUDY WIN TOUCHED PAINTED DREW PUSHED PULLED LENT BORROWED STARTED FINISHED SMOKED ASKED LIVED ERASED LOVED HATED STUDIED WON TOUCHED PAINTED DRAWN PUSHED PULLED LENT BORROWED STARTED FINISHED SMOKED ASKED LIVED ERASED LOVED HATED STIDIED WON 43. REUNIRSE / CONOCER (GENTE) OPENED POINTED TO DANCED LOOKED AT HEARD SMELT TASTED 12