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FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA SHOULD/ SHOULDN'T = Consejo Este modal should expresa consejo (deberías) REGLA GRAMATICAL Subject should verb complement You should eat healthy food. She should rest more. We should take a taxi. He should go home early. Examples: You should study for the exams. / Deberías estudiar para los examenes. You should drink a lot of water. / Deberías beber bastante agua. When you drive you should fasten your seat belt./ Cuando manejas deberías abrocharte el cinturón de seguridad. Este modal should también se lo puede usar en forma de negación añadiendo solo la negación (not). 1 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA REGLA GRAMATICAL Subject should +(not) verb complement shouldn't You shouldn't drive when you drink alcohol. He Shouldn´t go out at night. They Shouldn't cheat in the exams. Examples: Your brother shouldn't eat junk food. / Tu hermano no debería comer comida chatarra. She shouldn´t travel alone tonight. /Ella no debería viajar sola esta noche. We shouldn´t go to the party, we have to study. / No deberíamos ir a la fiesta, tenemos que estudiar. Notar que should / shouldn't se usa igual para todos los pronombres y el verbo no se modifica. OUGHT TO / OUGHT NOT TO = Consejo/Recomendación Este modal ought to expresa deber, obligación, recomendación dependiendo del uso. 2 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA Examples: We ought to attend office regularly. (Deber). Debemos atender la oficina todos los días. We ought to help the needy. (Obligación Moral). Debemos ayudar al necesitado. You ought to take your son to the doctor. (Recomendación). Debes o deberías llevar a tu hijo al médico. REGLA GRAMATICAL Subject ought to verb complement You ought to respect our parents. She ought to help the poor. We ought to take a taxi. He ought to go respect the schedules. Este modal ought to también se lo puede usar en forma de negación añadiendo solo la negación (not) después de ought. REGLA GRAMATICAL Subject verb complement You ought not to ought not to yell at our parents. She ought not to ignore the poor. We ought not to take the bus. He ought not to waste time. Notar que ought to / ought not to se usa igual para todos los pronombres y el verbo no se modifica. 3 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT = Consejo Este modal had better expresa igualmente consejo para tiempo presente o futuro. Examples: You had better tell her everthing. / Deberías decirle todo. We had better meet early. /Deberíamos reunirnos temprano. She had better get back to work. / Ella debería volver al trabajo. REGLA GRAMATICAL Subject verb complement You had better had better Do What I say. She had better go to bed early. We had better go to class. He had better open the office before 8 a.m. Este modal had better también se lo puede usar en forma de negación añadiendo solo la negación (not) después de had better. REGLA GRAMATICAL Subject verb complement You had better not had better not yell at our parents. She had better not ignore the poor. We had better not take the bus. He had better not waste your time. Notar que had better / had better not se usa igual para todos los pronombres y el verbo no se modifica. 4 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA WOULD RATHER / WOULD RATHER NOT = Preferencia Este modal would rather expresa preferencia y significa preferiría. Examples: I would rather stay at home. / Preferiría quedarme en casa. She would rather go to bed early./ Ell preferiría acostarse temprano. We would rather come back before midnight. / Nosotros preferiríamos volver antes de la media noche. REGLA GRAMATICAL Subject verb complement I would rather would rather go by car. She would rather do her homework after lunch. We would rather speak in english. He would rather eat at home. Este modal would rather también se lo puede usar en negativo añadiendo la palabra not (would rather not). REGLA GRAMATICAL Subject verb complement I would rather not would rather not drink coffee. She would rather not wear long dresses. We would rather not spend too much money. He would rather not paint his house this weekend. 5 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA EXERCISES: Exercise No. 1 Choose should or shouldn't. You should /shouldn't be so selfish. I don't think you should /shouldn't smoke so much. You should /shouldn't exercise more. I think you should /shouldn't try to speak to her. You are overweight. You should /shouldn't go on a diet. Where should / shouldn't we park our car? You should / shouldn't speak to your mother like this. The kids should /shouldn't spend so much time in front of the TV. Should / Shouldn't I tell her the truth or should I say nothing? I think we should / shouldn't reserve our holiday in advance. Exercise No. 2 Expressing advice: SHOULD and OUGHT TO. Directions: What do you advice Mary? EXAMPLE: Mary: I'm sleepy. You: You should / ought to drink a cup of tea. 1) I'm hungry. You should ______ something. 2) I'm cold. You ought to _______ a coat. 3) I have a toothache. You should _______ the dentist. 4) I have the hiccups. What should I do? You ought to_______ breathing. 6 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 5) I left my sunglasses at a restaurant yesterday. What should I do? You should ________ immediately. Do you know the number? 6) I'm hot. You ought to______ some fresh air. 7) I have a headache. You should _______ an aspirin. 8) Someone stole my bicycle. What should I do? You ought to________ the police. 9) I bought a pair of pants that don't fit. They're too long. You should ________ them to the tailor to get them shortened. 10) I always make a lot of spelling mistakes when I write. I don't know what to do about it. What do you suggest? You ought to _________ a dictionary. Exercise No. 3 Expressing advice: HAD BETTER. Directions: In the following, the speaker chooses to use had better- What are some possible bad consequences N the speaker might be thinking of? EXAMPLE: The movie starts in ten minutes. We'd better hurry. Possible bad consequences: We'll be late if we don't hurry. 1. You can't wear shorts and a T-shirt to a job interview! You'd better change clothes before you go. Possible bad consequences: ________________________________________________ 2. I can't find my credit card. I have no idea where it is. I guess I'd better call the credit card company. Possible bad consequences:__________________________________________________ 3. A: My ankle really hurts. I think I sprained it. B: You'd better put some ice on it right away. Possible bad consequences: _________________________________________________ 7 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 4. You shouldn't leave your car unlocked in the middle of the city. You'd better lock it before we go into the restaurant. Possible bad consequences: ___________________________ Exercise No. 4 Directions: Spot the mistake then rewrite the sentence correctly. 1. You will better not be late. __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Anna shouldn't wears shorts into the restaurant. Anna shouldn't wear shorts into the restaurant. ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. I should to go to the post office today. ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. I ought paying my bills today. ________________________________________________________________________________ 5. You'd had better to call the doctor today. _______________________________________________________________________________ 6. You don't should stay up too late tonight. ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. You'd to better not leaving your key in the door. _______________________________________________________________________________ 8. Mr. Nguyen has a large family and a small apartment. He ought found a new apartment. ___________________________________________________________________________ 8 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA En esta unidad vamos a aprender sobre los relative clauses y los relative pronouns, para ello se debe primero entender que es un relative clause. “Relative clause” es una oración subordinada que describe o identifica a un nombre. “Relative pronoun” es una palabra que sirve para unir dos oraciones (una de estas oraciones es un relative clause), con el fin de convertir estas dos oraciones en una sola, para que haya fluidez y un mejor nivel de inglés. Ejemplo: "This is a house. It was built by my uncle (---> esta segunda oración es la que convertiremos la "relative clause"). Esta es una casa. Fue construida por mi tío. A continuación, decido unir estas dos oraciones, la primera que es: "This is a house" y la segunda que es: "It was built by my uncle". ¿Cómo lo hago? Muy fácil, utilizando un "relative pronoun", que pueden ser estos: ¡Ojo! hay que saber escoger el "relative pronoun" correcto. -"who" (quien, quienes, el cual, la cual) Sólo se puede utilizar para identificar o describir personas, nunca cosas. - “whom” (a quien, a quienes, quien, quienes...) Es más formal que "who" y sólo se utiliza para identificar o describir personas; nunca para cosas. - "that" (que, el cual, la cual, los cuales) para identificar, o describir, a personas o cosas. 9 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA "which" (que) para identificar, o describir cosas. Consejo: Al hablar, si te confundes al utilizar "who", es mejor optar por "that", ya que sirve para referirse a personas y cosas. Entonces quedaría así: This is the house that was built by my uncle." Esta es la casa que fue construida por mi tío. La segunda oración (la que empieza después de "that"---> (relative pronoun) es ahora la "relative clause". EXERCISES: Exercise No. 1 Complete the sentences using relative clauses. Use who and which. 1. A Scot is a person who lives in Scotland 2. Nessie is a monster_______ (live in Lochness) 3. A fridge is a thing)______(keeps things fresh) 4. A DJ is someone (play music in a disco) 5. A bee is an insect (make honey) 6. A lemon is a fruit (be yellow and sour) 7. A watch is a thing (tell the time) 8. A ferry is a ship (carry people across the water) 9. A shop assistant is someone (work in a shop) 10.A key is a thing (can open and lock doors) Exercise No. 2 Complete the sentences with the following relative pronouns who, which, whose when necessary. 1. 2. 3. 4. This is the boy _______ had an accident. Yesterday I saw a car_______ was really old. Jessica is the girl________I met on Friday. I haven´t seen Frank,______ brother is five, for a long time now. 10 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 5. The robber stole the car________ the lady parked in front of the supermarket. 6. This is the man________ house is on fire. 7. Can I talk to the girl________ is sitting on the bench? 8. The book _______ you gave me is great. 9. She likes hamburgers ________ are hot. 10.Bill Clinton, _________ was President of the USA, has only one daughter Exercise No. 3 Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose). 1. This is the bank who which whose was robbed yesterday. 2. A boy who which whose sister is in my class was in the bank at that time. 3. The man who which whose robbed the bank had two pistols. 4. He wore a mask who which whose made him look like Mickey Mouse. 5. He came with a friend who which whose waited outside in the car. 6. The woman who which whose gave him the money was young. 7. The bag who which whose contained the money was yellow. 8. The people who which whose were in the bank were very frightened. 9. A man who which whose mobile was ringing did not know what to do. 10. A woman who which whose daughter was crying tried to calm her. 11.The car who which whose the bank robbers escaped in was orange. 12.The robber who which whose mask was obviously too big didn't drive. 13.The man who which whose drove the car was nervous. 14.He didn't wait at the traffic lights who which whose were red. 15. A police officer who which whose car was parked at the next corner stopped and arrested them. 11 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 1. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significación del verbo es producida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere: Sebastian de Benalcazar founded Quito. / Sebastian de Benalcazar fundó Quito. 2. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significación del verbo es recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere: Quito was founded by Sebastian de Benalcazar /Quito fue fundada por Sebastian de Benalcazar. 3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga. 4. El complemento de la oración activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como en castellano, el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente. 5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de pasiva: a) A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith, Un libro fue enviado a Tom por Mr. Smith. b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idiomática). Esta estructura no es posible en castellano. 12 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA ACTIVE VOICE (PRESENT TENSE) Subject + verb + María teaches object (complement) chemistry. PASIVE VOICE (PRESENT TENSE) Object + verb to be + verb past part + agent by Chemestry is taught + subject by María. ACTIVE VOICE (PAST TENSE) Subject + verb + Mr. Books sold object (complement) 1400 books in 2011 PASIVE VOICE (PAST TENSE) Object + verb to be + verb past part + agent by 1400 books were sold 13 by + subject Mr. Books FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA Notar que el verbo to be va según el tiempo de la oración y se usa singular o plural según el objeto indicado en la oración. Examples: Voz Activa Voz Pasiva Juan plays soccer after classes. Soccer is played by Juan. Anita cleaned the house on Sunday. The house is cleaned by Anita. Tom writes love poems in class. Love poems are written by Tom. The children did the homework. The homework was done by the children. EXERCISES: Exercise No. 1 Decide if the sentences are written in Active or Passive. The verb forms are printed in bold. / Escriba si la oración está en voz pasiva o voz activa. Example: E-mails are answered. 1) They often listen to music. Answer: Passive. Active Passive 2) She is reading the newspaper now. Active Passive 3) These cars are produced in Japan. Active Passive 4) Alan teaches Geography. Active Passive 5) German is spoken in Austria. Active Passive 6) Lots of houses were destroyed by the earthquake in 1906. 7) Henry Ford invented the assembly line. 8) The bus driver was hurt yesterday. Active Passive Active Passive 14 Active Passive FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 9) You should open your workbooks. 10) Houses have been built. Active Passive Active Passive Exercise No. 2 Write passive sentences in Simple Present. 1. the documents / print. The documents are printed. 2. the window / open ______________________________________________________ 3. the shoes / buy _________________________________________________________ 4. the car / wash __________________________________________________________ 5. the litter / throw away ___________________________________________________ 6. the letter / send ____________________________________________________________ 7. the book / read / not _______________________________________________________ 8. the songs / sing / not _______________________________________________________ 9. the food / eat / not _________________________________________________________ 10. the shop / close / not ______________________________________________________ Exercise No. 3 Write passive sentences in Simple Past. 1. the test / write The test was written. 2. the table / set __________________________________________________________ 3. the cat / feed ______________________________________________________________ 4. the lights / switch on ______________________________________________________ 5. the house / build __________________________________________________________ 6. dinner / serve _____________________________________________________________ 15 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 7. this computer / sell / not __________________________________________________ 8. the car / stop / not ________________________________________________________ 9. the tables / clean / not _____________________________________________________ 10. the children / pick up / not Exercise No. 4 Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). Use Simple Past. 1. They _________________(visit) their granny. 2. We __________________(visit) by our teacher. 3. My friend Paul__________________ (bear) in Dallas. 4. She______________________ (go) to school in Boston. 5. Antony _____________________(grow up) in the country. 6. The new shopping centre__________________ (build) last year. 7. The film _____________________(produce / not) in Hollywood. 8. Barbara _______________________(know) James very well. 9. The jewels_______________________ (hide / not) in the cellar. 10. We__________________________ (spend / not) all day on the beach. 16 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA Para que sirven los tag questions? Una ‘tag question’ es lo que se añade al final de una frase. Una ‘tag question’ a raíz de una declaración afirmativa en general tiene la forma de una pregunta negativa, con el significado: ¿No es eso cierto? No es verdad? En algunos idiomas, tales etiqueta preguntas son invariables. Sin embargo, en inglés, ‘tag question’ varían, en función de los verbos. Las “tag question” pueden ser positivas y negativas, si la oración principal es positiva, la “tag question” será negativa y si la oración principal negativa, la “tag question” será positiva. EXAMPLE / EJEMPLO: You are a student, aren`t you? Oración positiva, “tag question” negativa Mary isn’t a nurse, is she? Oración negativa, “tag question” positiva Como se menciona en la primera parte, las “tag questions” varian en función de los verbos es decir: si tengo el verbo to be, pueden ver que el verbo to be se usa en la “tag question”. 17 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA Qué pasaría si tengo una oración con un verbo de acción? EXAMPLE / EJEMPLO: The students work hard, do they? Oración positiva, “tag question” negativo My teacher doesn’t speak French, does she? Oración negativa, “tag question” positivo Obviamente en el presente simple con verbos de acción necesitamos un auxiliar acorde con el sujeto: do o does, por esta razón utilizo el auxiliar. Ahora bien es importante recalcar que una “tag question debe llevar siempre pronombres personales es decir the students yo remplacé con they; my teacher remplacé con she. Qué pasaría si tengo una oración en pasado simple? EXAMPLE / EJEMPLO: My friends went home early, didn’t they? Oración positiva, “tag question” negativo My father didn’t travel to Manta, did he? Oración negativa, “tag question” positivo De igual manera como ya sabemos para hacer oraciones negativas o preguntas en pasado, necesitamos un auxiliar en pasado es decir: did, como pueden ver, si tengo oración positiva mi “tag question” es negativa y si tengo oración negativa mi tag question es positiva. 18 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA Qué pasaría si tengo una oración con verbos modales: can, could, should, etc? EXAMPLE / EJEMPLO: My daughter can speak Japanese, can’t she? People shouldn’t smoke, should they? Oración positiva, “tag question” negativo Oración negativa, “tag question” positivo Así mismo en función del verbo uso la “tag question, si tengo can uso can, si tengo should, uso should, si tengo would, uso would y así todos los verbos modales. 19 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA Look at these examples with positive statements: positive statement [+] negative tag [-] notes: subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary not personal pronoun (same as subject) You are coming, are n't you? We have finished, have n't we? You do like coffee, do n't you? like coffee, do n't you? You (do) like... won't = will not You They will help, wo n't they? I can come, can 't I? We must go, must n't we? He should try harder, should n't he? You are English, are n't you? John was there, was n't he? 20 no auxiliary for main verb be present & past FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA Look at these examples with negative statements: Negative statement (-) tag question (+) subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary personal pronoun (same as subject) It is raining, is it? We have never seen that, have we? You don`t like coffee, do you? They will not help, will they? They won`t report us, will they? I can never do it right, can I? We mustn`t tell her, must we? He shouldn`t drive so fast, should he? You aren`t English, are you? John was not there, was he? EXERCISE No. 1 Lea las oraciones y añada una tag question. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Paul is a good Singer, _________________? Beto and Susan are in New York_________________? You love this picture,________________? We know your parents, ______________? Jimmy doesn’t speak Italian, __________________? Beth wasn’t happy yesterday,_________________? The boys are playing football, ___________________? There is enough food here,____________________? The scientists left for Rome yesterday,__________________? 21 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 10. Charles can’t speak Russian,_________________? 11. She won’t arrive late,_________________? 12. We couldn’t go there, _____________________? 13. He wasn’t working here, __________________? 14. Betty loves coffee,___________________? 15. They have never seen her,__________________? 16. She began to cry after hearing the news,____________? 17. Those girls seldom travel abroad,_________? 18. The weather is hot today,__________________? 19. I am not your friend,_______________? 20. The children don’t like the hot dog,_____________? 21. John doesn’t love Mary,__________________? 22. She is a brilliant student, __________________? 23. I didn’t say: I love him,_________________? 24. There were many students yesterday at the university, ___________? 25. Maria hurt herself last Saturday,_____________? 26. The students should study for the tests,__________________? 27. Anita would like a big hamburger,__________________? 28. Juan and Esteban aren’t working together,________________? 29. The famous singer won’t travel to Ibarra,________________? 30. My son isn’t happy now,________________? EXERCISE No. 2 Choose the correct tag to finish the sentence. 1. Teresa is an accountant,___? aren't she? doesn't she? isn't she? She isn't? 2. I am a good worker,___? I am? do I? amn't I? aren't I? 3. Peirre is a grandfather,___? he isn't? isn't he? he is? doesn't he? 4. Kate is a doctor, ___? 22 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA she is? is she? doesn't she? isn't she? 5. Jacques and Alicia are students, ___? aren't they? are they? isn't he? isn't they? 6. Mario is at work right now, ___? aren't they? isn't he? is he? isn't she? 7. I'm here, ___? am I not? am not I? amn't I? aren't you? 8. You and I are busy right now, ___? aren't I? aren't we? we aren't? aren't you? 9. It's windy today, ___? am I? aren't they? isn't it? isn't he? 10. I am ready for the next exercise, ___? isn't it? don't I? aren't you? aren't I? EXERCISE No. 3 Choose the correct tag question 1. You're coming to the party, ___? a. aren't you b. isn't you c. shouldn't you 2. It wasn't very difficult, ___? a. wasn't it b. isn't it c. was it 3. Tom is getting something for Sue, ___? a. wasn't he b. isn't he c. was he 23 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 4. It won't be anything expensive, ___? a. won't it b. isn't it c. will it 5. There's some milk in the refrigerator, ___? a. isn't there b. isn't it c. wasn't it 6. We don't need to go to the store today, ___? a. don't we b. do I c. do we 7. Susan can bring some food, ___? a. won't she b. will she c. can't she 8. The party starts at eight o'clock, ___? a. isn't it b. doesn't it c. does it 9. The movie was very long, ___? a. isn't it b. wasn't it c. was it 10. There's a dictionary on the shelf, ___? a. isn't it b. isn't there c. aren't there 11. There's a lot of noise outside, ___? a. aren't there b. isn't there c. is there 12. Mrs. Smith is sick, ___? a. isn't she b. is she c. wasn't she 13. The dishes are dirty, ___? a. weren't they b. isn't they c. aren't they 14. Steven won't be at the party, ___? 24 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA a. won't he b. isn't he c. will he 15. The math test was very difficult, ___? a. wasn't it b. isn't it c. weren't they 16. We can go tomorrow, ___? a. won't we b. can we c. can't we 17. I'm early, ___? a. isn't I b. aren't I c. are I 18. This shirt is too big for me, ___? a. isn't it b. doesn't it c. does it 19. Emily plays the piano well, ___? a. isn't it b. does she c. doesn't she 20. Your neighbors went on vacation, ___? a. isn't they b. didn't they c. aren't they 25 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA PAST PROGRESIVE Se usa el pasado progresivo (continuo) para describir una acción en progreso en un tiempo determinado del pasado. Subject Positive Negative Question I / he / she / it I was speaking. I was not speaking. Was I speaking? you / we / they You were speaking. You were not speaking. Were you speaking? EXAMPLE / EJEMPLO: My wife and I were eating at 6:00 / Mi esposa y yo estabamos comiendo a las 6:00 Juan was not playing basketball. / Juan no estaba jugando basquetbol. Were you watching Tv at 7:00? / Estaban ustedes mirando Tv a las 7:00? 26 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA Preguntas con wh-word questions Wh-word question Verb to be Subject Main verb + ing + complement What Were You doing last night Where Was Your father going after lunch EXAMPLE / EJEMPLO: What were you eating this morning? / Que estabas comiendo esta mañana? Why were you crying last night?/ Por qué estabas llorando anoche? SIMPLE PAST Se usa el pasado simple para describir una acción que se realizó en el pasado y se termino en el pasado. Subject I, you, he she, it, we, you, they Positive I spoke to my boss yesterday. Negative She did not come to classes last Friday. 27 Question Did you prepare the presentation for the meeting? FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA EXAMPLE / EJEMPLO: The students traveled to Baños last summer. / Los estudiantes viajaron a Baños el verano pasado. The teacher didn't come to clases yesterday. / El profesor no vino a clases ayer. Did the children have a party last weekend? Tuvieron los niños una fiesta la semana pasasa? Preguntas con wh-word questions Auxiliar Wh-word question Subject Main verb + complement did What did you do yesterday? Where did your parents travel last vacation? EXAMPLE / EJEMPLO: What did the doctors do last month?. Qué hicieron los doctores el mes pasado? When did the medicine congress start? Cuando empezó el congreso de medicina? Past progressive and simple past together Pasado progresivo y pasado simple juntos Estos dos tiempos se usan para hablar sobre una acción en progreso que fue interrumpida por otra acción. La acción interrumpida se la escribe en pasado simple: 28 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA PAST PROGRESSIVE (when) SIMPLE PAST Subject + be + main verb (ing) + comp (when) sub + verb past tense + comp. I + was + doing + my homework + when + my husband + called + me. EXAMPLE / EJEMPLO: I was taking a shower when the phone rang. My children were watching TV when it started to rain. Other ways to use simple past and past progressive Otras formas de usar el pasado simple y pasado progresivo. 1. WHEN + SIMPLE PAST + PAST PROGRESSIVE When you arrived I was eating. When the light went off I was preparing some material for classes. 2. WHILE + PAST PROGRESSIVE + SIMPLE PAST While they were skiing, the storm started. While we were travelling to Riobamba, it started to rain. 3. PAST PROGRESSIVE + WHILE + SIMPLE PAST My cousin was preparing some tuna sandwiches while my uncle was packing some sodas. I was talking on the phone while my husband was watching TV. 29 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA EXERCISE No. 1 Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive). 1. When I phoned my friends, they were playing (play) monopoly. 2. Yesterday at six I ____________________(prepare) dinner. 3. The kids__________________ (play) in the garden when it suddenly began to rain. 4. I __________________(practice) the guitar when he came home. 5. We___________________________ (not / cycle) all day. 6. While Aaron____________________ (work) in his room, his friends_____________________ (swim) in the pool. 7. I _____________________tried to tell them the truth but they __________________ (listen / not). 8. What___________________________ (you / do) yesterday? 9. Most of the time we ________________________(sit) in the park. EXERCISE No. 2 Use the verbs in the box to complete the statements below. Decide live remember like X2 ( two times) eat rain love visit want 1. Pepe _______________ Hernandez in Cuenca from 1992 to 1995. 2. Mari Sarmiento _______________to learn how to fly. 3. It _____________ all day yesterday, 4. Miguelín ________________to buy a new stereo. 5. Sofia didn't________________ anything for breakfast. 30 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 6. Angela and Ramón __________________ each other very much. 7. Simon didn't ___________________ Benidorm because there were too many students. 8. Did you_________________ to turn everything off? 9. When Eleonora and Paola went to Granada, they_________________ the Alhambra Palace. 10. Fiona __________________ everything about Wales except the weather. EXERCISE No. 3 Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Progressive). 1. While Tom _______________(read) , Amely _____________(watch) a documentary on TV. 2. Marvin___________ (come) home,__________ (switch) on the computer and ________ (check) his emails. 3. The thief __________(sneak) into the house,____________ (steal) the jewels and ___________(leave) without a trace. 4. Nobody ___________(listen) while the teacher___________ (explain) the tenses. 5. While we______________(do) a sight-seeing tour, our friends________________ (lie) on the beach. 6. He ____________(wake) up and ________________(look) at his watch. EXERCISE No. 4 1. When I saw Dave, he __________. is working worked was working 2. You had a good time at the party, __________ you? hadn't didn't weren't 31 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 3. __________ when the telephone rang? Were you sleeping Did you sleep Were sleeping 4. Dave, when __________ the ESL Cafe on the Web? were you begin began did you begin 5. You __________ me, did you? understood weren't understanding didn't understand 6. When __________ yesterday morning? you got up did you get up were you getting up 7. While I __________ to work, I saw an accident. drove was driving did drive 8. __________ well on this quiz? Did you Were you Did you do 32 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA ANSWERS / RESPUESTAS EXERCISES UNIT 1 Exercise No. 1 1. shouldn´t 2. should 3. should 4. should 5. should 6. shouldn´t 7. shouldn´t 8. shouldn´t 9. should 10. should Exercise No. 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. eat put on /wear visit keep go take call take have Exercise No. 3 1. 2. 3. 4. You won't get the job. Someone will use your credit card. Your ankle will get worse. Someone will steal your car. Exercise No. 4 1. You had better not be late. 2. Ana shouldn´t wear shorts... 33 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I should go to... I ought to pay my bills... You'd better call the doctor today... You shouldn´t stay up too late... You'd better not leave ... He ought to find a new... EXERCISES UNIT 7 Exercise No. 1 2. which lives in Loch Ness 3.which keeps food cool 4. who plays music in a disco 5. which makes honey 6.which is yellow and sour 7.which tells the time 8.which carries people across the water 9.who works in a shop 10. which can open and lock things Exercise # 2 1. who 2. which 3. no necessary 4. whose 5. no necessary 6. whose 7. who 8. no necessary 9. which 10.who Exercise # 3 1. which 2. whose 3. who 34 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 4. which 5. who 6. who 7. which 8. who 9. whose 10.whose 11.which 12.whose 13.who 14.which 15.whose EXERCISES UNIT 8 Exercise No. 1 1. active 2. active 3. passive 4. active 5. passive 6. passive 7. active 8. passive 9. active 10.passive Exercise No. 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The The The The The The The The The window is opened. shoes are bought. car is washed. litter is thrown away. letter is sent. book isn't read. songs aren't sung. food isn´t served. store isn't closed. 35 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA Exercise No. 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The table wasn't set. The cat wasn't fed. The lights weren't switched off. The house wasn't built. Dinner wasn't served. This computer wasn't sold. The car wasn't stopped. The tables weren't cleaned. The children weren't picked up. Exercise No. 4 1. visited 2. were visited 3. born 4. went 5. grew up 6. was built 7. wasnt' produced 8. knew 9. weren't hidden 10. didn't spend EXERCISES UNIT 9 Exercise No. 1 1. Isn’t, he 2. Aren’t they 3. Don’t you 4. Don’t we 5. Does he 6. Was she 7. Are they 8. Isn’t there 9. Didn’t they 10. Can he 11. Will she 12. Could we 13. Was he 36 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 14. Doesn’t she 15. Have they 16. Didn’t she 17. Don’t they 18. Isn’t it 19. Am I / are I 20. Do they 21. Does he 22. Isn’t she 23. Did I 24. Weren’t there 25. Didn’t she 26. Shouldn’t they 27. Wouldn’t she 28. Are they 29. Will he/she 30. Is he Exercise No. 2 1. isn't she 2. aren't I 3. isn't he 4. isn't she 5. aren't they 6. isn't he 7. am not I 8. aren't we 9. isn't it 10. aren't I Exercise No. 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. aren't you was it isn't he will it isn't there do we 37 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 7. can't she 8. doesn't it 9. wasn't it 10. isn't there 11. isn't there 12. isn'the 13. aren't they 14. will he 15. wasn't it 16. can't we 17. aren't I 18. isnt' it 19. doesn't she 20. didn't they EXERCISES UNIT 10 Exercise No. 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. was preparing were playing was practicing weren't cycling was working / were swimming was trying / didn't listen were you going were sitting Exercise No. 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. lived wanted rained decided eat loved like remember visited liked Exercise No. 3 38 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. was reading / was watching came / switched / checked sneaked / stole / left was listening / was explaining were driving / was lying woke / looked Exercise No. 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. was writing didn't were you sleeping did you begin didn't you get up was driving did you do 39 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA BIBLIOGRAFIA RECOMENDADA http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns2.htm http://www.aprende-gratis.com/ingles/curso.php?lec=presente-simple http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omverbs/simplepresent.htm Azar, B. (2009). Understanding and Using English Grammar. USA: Longman Fuchs, Bonner, Westheimer. ( 2000). Focus on Grammar. An intermediate course for reference and practice. USA LOTT, H. (2005) Real English Grammar. Marshall Cavendish Ltd. Werner, P. (1998). A Communicative Grammar. Third Edition. USA: Editorial McGraw-Hill Werner, P. (1996) Mosaic One. A Content-Based Grammar Book, Mexico 40 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA ANEXOS INFORMACION EXTRA Relative Pronouns relative pronoun use example who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the woman who lives next door. which subject or object pronoun for animals and things Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t read which surprised me. whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who) I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference. that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible) I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen. 41 FOLLETO GRAMATICAL TERCER NIVEL DISTANCIA UNIDADES 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ms. MONICA DAVILA Relative Adverbs Un relative adverb puede ser usado en vez de un relative pronoun más una preposicion. Esto hace que la oración se entienda con más facilidad This is the shop in which I bought my bike. → This is the shop where I bought my bike. relative meaning adverb use refers to a time expression example when in/on which where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met him why for which the reason why we met him refers to a reason 42 the day when we met him