Download Tipo de Celulas

Reinos y Dominios
© Lisa Michalek
Los Reinos de la Vida
• Biólogos han organizado a los seres vivos en grandes
grupos llamados reinos.
• Biólogos agrupar organismos en seis reinos basados
en similitudes y la secuenciación de RNA y DNA:
• Tipo de Celulas
• Organismos son procariotas o eucariotas.
– Paredes Celulares
– Tipo de Cuerpo
• Los organismos son unicelulares o multicelulares.
– Nutricion
• Organismos son autótrofos o heterótrofos.
The 6 Kingdoms of Life
Los 3 dominios de la vida
Este árbol filogenético es basado
en secuencias del rRNA que
demuestran la división de todos los
seres vivos en tres dominios
amplia.
Los 3 dominios de la vida
• El dominio probablemente que el más antiguo es las
bacterias, que se compone de los organismos en el
Reino Eubacteria.
• Archaea es el dominio de procariota segundo y
también se compone de único reino
Archaebacteria.
• El terced dominio, Eukarya,
contiene cuatro de los reinos
Eucariotas: Animalia (animals),
Plantae (plantas), hongos (hongos) y
Protista (protistas).
Las Bacterias de Dominio
• Contiene un único reino, eubacterias.
– Algunos científicos llaman a este reino las bacterias.
• Las bacterias son procariotas y no
compartimentos internos.
• Las bacterias se encuentran en prácticamente
todos los ambientes en la tierra.
Caracteristicas de las Bacterias
Las bacterias tienen fuertes muros exteriores de celular hechas de
peptidoglicano, una molécula web complejo de carbohidratos
filamentos reticulados por puentes de péptido corto.
Tipos de Bacterias
• Las bacterias pueden causar enfermedad, mientras que otros son
utilizados por los seres humanos para procesar alimentos.
• Las bacterias se utilizan para controlar plagas agrícolas, para
producir diversos productos químicos y realizar ingeniería
genética.
• Algunas bacterias obtienen energía de compuestos inorgánicos
como el sulfuro de hidrógeno, amoníaco y metano.
• Algunas bacterias son fotosintéticas y se encuentran en el océano y
los ecosistemas de agua dulce.
• Algunas bacterias heterótrofas son capaces de vivir en ausencia de
oxígeno.
• Bacterias heterotróficas son también importantes
descomponedores.
El Dominio de las Arqueas
• Contiene un único reino Archaebacteria.
• Arqueobacterias son procariotas que se han
ido muy temprano de bacterias.
• Ellos están más estrechamente relacionados
con eucariotas que a bacterias.
Caracteristicas de Arqueobacterias
• La pared celular y membrana
• Las paredes celulares de las arqueobacterias no
contienen peptidoglicano, como las paredes
celulares de las bacterias.
– Archaebacterial contienen lípidos muy diferentes a
los de bacterias y eucariotas.
• Estructura génica y traducción
– Las proteínas ribosomales de arqueobacterias son
muy similares a los de eucariotas y diferentes a los
de las bacterias.
Tipos de Arqueobacterias
• Metanogenos
– Estas arqueobacterias obtener energía mediante
la combinación de hidrógeno y dióxido de
carbono a metano forma.
– Metanógenos viven en el fango de los pantanos
y son envenenados por incluso rastros de
oxígeno.
• Extremofilos
– Coloca a un grupo de organismos extremófilos
que llaman Thermophiles vidas en muy
caliente.
– HalÅfilas habitan en lagos muy salados que
pueden ser tres veces tan salados como el
agua de mar.
– Otros extremófilos viven en lugares muy ácidas
o bajo una enorme presión.
• Arqueobacteria no extremos
– Estos crecen en todos los mismos ambientes
que las bacterias.
El Dominio Eukarya
• Eukarya se compone de cuatro reinos:
–
–
–
–
Protista
Hongos
Plantae
Animalia
• Los miembros
de este dominio
son eucariotas.
Caracteristicas de Eukarya
• Interior de la célula altamente organizada
– Todos los eucariotas tienen células
con un núcleo y otros compartimientos
internos.
• Pluricelularidad
– Las actividades de las células individuales se coordinan y
las células se encuentran en contacto, se produce sólo en
eucariotas.
• Reproduccion Sexual
– División celular meiótica forma juegos haploides y dos
gametos se unen para formar una célula diploide en la
fertilización.
– Recombinación genética durante la meiosis y la
fertilización hace que la descendencia de los eucariotas a
variar ampliamente, prever la evolución.
Tipos de Eukarya
• Una amplia variedad de eucariotas son
unicelulares.
– Más unicelulares eucariotas están en el Reino
Protista.
• Protistas contienen organismos unicelulares y
multicelulares, muchos son acuáticos
• Los hongos son heterótrofos que en su mayoría
son multicelulares.
– Muchos hongos viven y descomponen organismos
muertos, otros muchos son parásitos.
• Plantas y animales son todos multicellular.
– Casi todas las plantas son autótrofos y han células
con pared celular compuesta de celulosa.
– Todos los animales son heterótrofos, compuesta por
células que carecen de paredes celulares.
– La mayoría de las plantas y los animales tienen
tejidos y órganos.
Reino y dominio características
Dominio
Bacterias
Arqueas
Eucariotas
Reino
Eubacterias
Arqueobacterias
Protista
Caracteristicas
Tipo de
celulas
Estructura
celular
Tipo de
cuerpo
Nutricion
Ejemplo
Procariota
Pared Celular,
Peptidoglicano
Unicelular
Autotrofos y
Heterotrofos
Enterobacteria
Spirochetes
Procariota
Pared Celular,
No
Peptidoglicano
Unicelular
Autotrofos y
Heterotrofos
Methanogens
Eucariota
Mezclado
Unicelular
Y
Multicelular
Autotrofos y
Heterotrofos
Amoebas
Euglenas
Kelps
Unicelular
Y
Multicelular
Heterotrofos
Yeasts
Mushrooms
Eucariotas
Hongos
Eucariota
Pared Celular,
Quitina
Eucariotas
Plantae
Eucariota
Pared Celular,
Celulosa
Multicelular
Autotrofos
Ferns
Pine trees
Eucariotas
Animalia
Eucariota
Sin Pared Celular
Multicelular
Heterotrofos
Birds
Earthworms
Multicellularity
• Colonies
– A colonial organism is a group of cells that are
permanently associated but do not communicate
with one another.
• Aggregations
– A temporary collection of cells that come together
for a period of time and then separate.
• True Multicellularity
– An organism composed of many cells that are
permanently associated with one another.
– Enables cells to specialize in different functions.
• Complex Multicellularity
– Plants and animals have complex multicellularity.
– The specialized cells of most plants and animals are
organized into structures called tissues and organs.
Kingdom Protista
• Of the six kingdoms of
organisms, Protista is the
most diverse.
• They are eukaryotes that
are not fungi, plants, or
animals.
• Many are unicellular.
• All single celled eukaryotes
(except yeasts) are protists.
• Some protists, such as some
kinds of algae, have cell
specialization.
• Most are microscopic, but
some are as large as trees.
Kinds of Protists
• Protists that use Pseudopodia
– Amoebas are protists that have
flexible surfaces with no cell walls
or flagella.
– They move by using extensions of
cytoplasm called pseudopodia.
– Forams have porous shells through
which long, thin projections of
cytoplasm can be extended.
• Protists that use Flagella
– Many protists move by using
flagella.
Kinds of Protists
• Protists with Double Shells
– Diatoms are photosynthetic protists
with unique double shells made of silica.
• Photosynthetic Algae
– Distinguished by the type of chlorophyll
they contain.
– Many algae are multicellular and reproduce
sexually.
• Fungus-like Protists
– Slime molds and water molds are often
confused with fungi because they aggregate
in times of stress to form spore-producing
bodies.
Kinds of Protists
• Spore-Forming Protists
– Sporozoans are nonmotile unicellular parasites that form spores.
– Responsible for many significant diseases, including malaria,
sporozoans have complex life cycles.
Kingdom Fungi
• Most fungi are multicellular,
yeasts are unicellular.
• The cell walls of all fungal cells
contain chitin.
• The bodies of fungi consist of long strands
of cells that are connected end to end
and that share cytoplasm.
– The slender strands of fungi are called hyphae.
– Often hyphae are packed together to
form complex reproductive structures,
such as mushrooms.
• Fungi reproduce by a variety of
asexual and sexual methods.
Kingdom Fungi
• Fungi do not move from place to place.
• The general appearance of many fungi is similar to that of
plants.
– Fungi lack the green pigment chlorophyll and the ability to conduct
photosynthesis.
• Like animals, fungi are heterotrophs.
– Fungi do not ingest their food.
• Fungi obtain food by secreting
digestive enzymes onto
whatever they grow on.
• Many fungi are saprophytes
that live on dead organisms
• Many other fungi are parasites
that live on living organisms
and cause disease that affect
plants and animals.
Kinds of Fungi
• Zygomycetes
– Form structures for sexual
reproduction called zygosporangia.
– Includes species such as
Rhizopus stolonifer, bread mold.
• Basidiomycetes
– Includes fungi that make mushrooms.
– Mushrooms are the sexual reproductive
structures produced by basidiomycetes.
• Ascomycetes
– Form sexual spores in special saclike
structures called asci.
– The sexual reproductive structures
formed often resemble a cuplike
structure called an ascocarp.
Kingdom Plantae
• Plants are complex multicellular autotrophs.
• Plants have specialized cells and tissues.
• Most plants have several different types of cells that are
organized into many specialized tissues.
• Plants cannot move from one place to another.
• Portable reproductive structures, such as spores and seeds,
enable the dispersal of plants.
• As autotrophs, plants are the primary
producers in most terrestrial food webs.
• Plants also release oxygen gas to
the atmosphere.
• Plants are very important in the cycling
of phosphorus, water, nitrogen, and carbon.
• Plants are a source of food, medicines,
dyes, cloth, paper and many other products.
Kinds of Plants
• Nonvascular Plants
– Plants without a well-developed
system of vascular tissue.
– These plants are relatively small.
– They lack tissue to transport water
and dissolved nutrients.
– They also lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
– Mosses are the most familiar example.
• Seedless Vascular Plants
– They have roots, stems, and leaves
and their surfaces are coated with a
waxy covering that reduces water loss.
– They reproduce with spores that
are resistant to drying.
– Both haploid and diploid phases occupy
significant parts of the life cycle.
– Ferns are the most common and
familiar example.
Kinds of Plants
• Nonflowering Seed Plants
– Gymnosperms are vascular plants
that reproduce using seeds but do
not produce flowers.
– Gymnosperms include plants that produce
seeds in cones, such as pines and spruces.
• Flowering Seed Plants
– Most plants that produce seeds also
produce flowers.
– Flowering plants are called angiosperms.
– Angiosperms, such as roses, grasses, and
oaks, produce seeds in fruits.
• Fruits are structures that enable the
dispersal of seeds.
• Seeds enable plants to scatter offspring
and to survive long periods of harsh
environmental conditions, such as
drought and extreme temperatures.
Kingdom Animalia
• Animals are complex
multicellular heterotrophs.
• Their cells are mostly diploid,
lack a cell wall, and are
organized as tissues.
• Animals are able to move rapidly
in complex ways.
– Movement enables animals to avoid
predators and to look for food and mates.
• Most animals reproduce sexually.
• Almost all animals (99%) are
invertebrates; they lack a backbone.
• Of more than 1 million living species, only about 42,500
have a backbone; they are referred to as vertebrates.
• The animal kingdom includes about 35 phyla, most of which
live in the sea.
Kinds of Animals
• Sponges
– The only animals that do not have tissues,
but they do have specialized cells.
• Cnidarians
– Mostly marine animals; they include
jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.
• Flatworms
– Have flat, ribbon-like bodies.
– Some are parasitic and live inside the
bodies of animals.
– Others are free-living and may live in
soil or water.
• Roundworms
– Nematodes are small worms that have long,
very slender bodies.
– Some are free-living in soil or water, while
others are parasites of animals and plants.
Kinds of Animals
• Segmented Worms
– Annelids live in both water and soil
and include the familiar earthworm.
– Bristled marine worms are segmented
worms, as are leeches, which can be
blood-sucking parasites.
• Mollusks
– Have a saclike cavity called a coelom that
encloses internal organs.
– Are very diverse aquatic and terrestrial animals.
– They include snails, oysters, clams, octopuses,
and squids.
– Most have a hard external skeleton (a shell).
• Arthropods
– The most diverse of all animals.
– They have an external skeleton, jointed
appendages with antennae and jaws.
Kinds of Animals
• Echinoderms
– Includes sea stars, sea urchins,
and sand dollars.
– Many are able to regenerate a lost limb.
• Invertebrate Chordates
– Aquatic animals that have much in
common with vertebrates,
though they do not have a backbone.
– Some are swimmers that resemble
fish, while others live attached to
a rock or other object.
• Vertebrates
– Have an internal skeleton made of bone, a
vertebral column (backbone) that surrounds and
protects the spinal cord, and a head with a brain
contained in a body skull.
– Includes mammals, fish, birds, reptiles,
and amphibians.