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UNIT ONE DIFFERENT USES OF WILL USOS DEL FUTURO SIMPLE 1. ACCIONES QUE SE VAN A DESARROLLAR CON CERTEZA EN EL FUTURO My nephew will be six in May. Mi sobrino cumplirá seis años en Mayo. 2. PREDICCIÓN EN EL FUTURO. It will be sunny next week. Estará soleado la próxima semana. 3. PROMESAS I will help you as soon as I arrive. Te ayudaré tan pronto como llegue. 4. OFRECIMIENTOS I will stay with you all night if you need it. Me quedaré contigo toda la noche si lo necesitas. 5. DECISIONES ESPONTÁNEAS I will have a hot dog, please. Comeré un hot dog por favor. Ese momento lo decide Time expressions tomorrow the day after tomorrow in 2015 next Monday / week / year / month / etc. ESTRUCTURA GRAMATICAL subject + will + 1 1 2 3 go went gone Regla gramatical para modo afirmativo, negativo e interrogativo. Affirmative Negative Interrogative I will go I won't go Will I go? You will go You won't go Will you go? He will go He won't go Will he go? She will go She won't go Will she go? It will go It won't go Will it go? We will go We won't go Will we go? You will go You won't go Will you go? They will go They won't go Will they go? 1 Affirmative subject + will + 1 I will travel to Canada - Viajaré a Canada. He will travel to Canadá - El viajará a Canadá. Negative subject + won't (will not) + 1 I won't travel to Canada - No viajaré a Canada. He won't travel to Canadá - El no viajará a Canadá. Interrogative Will + subject + 1? Will I travel to Canada? - ¿Viajaré a Canada? Will he travel to Canadá? - ¿Viajará el a Canadá? Exercise 1 Complete the following sentences using “will or won’t” eat help do close fax call forget pay stop start 1. I ___________ a copy as soon as possible if you write down your number. 2. I ___________you back immediately. 3. Thank you, that’s very kind of you. I ____________it 4. I _________you back as soon as I can. 5. I’m fed up. My car _____________again. 6. These dogs _____________barking! 7. The door is broken. It ___________properly now. 8. No, I’m sorry. I ________ it. Please don’t ask me again. 9. If you need to study for the quiz, I _________you. 10. Ariel _________green vegetables. He doesn’t like them. Exercise 2 revisa las respuesta en este ejercicio capaz la loca soy yo Mix and match these requests and offers 1. Will you send me a copy as soon as possible, please? 2. Will you have some more give you a hand. 3. You cooked so we will I will take it 4. Will you call me as soon as you have some news? 5. If you wait a minute, I’ll open the window? 6. It’s hot in here, will you you back tomorrow. 2 7. My plane arrives late. Will you wash up 8. Thanks for the cash, I’ll pay 9. The car needs a service. Will you 10. That bag looks heavy pick me up at the airport? as soon as possible? drop it off at the garage? Exercise 3 Make a question using will. Read carefully each answer. 1. ___________________________________________? Sure, no problem. 2. ____________________________________________? Yes, we will. 3. _____________________________________________? I am really sorry. I won’t be able to do it. 4. _____________________________________________? There will be sunny days. 5. ______________________________________________? She will go to Miami in November. 6. ______________________________________________? They won’t stay all night long. 7. ______________________________________________? Alejandro will be 5 years old. 8. ______________________________________________? The concert will be in July. 9. ______________________________________________? No, we won’t. We will go at the end of the month 10. _______________________________________________? I will be glad to visit you FIRST CONDITIONAL Las oraciones condicionales tienen dos partes: 1. La oración con IF que expresa una condición. 2. La oración principal con WILL que expresa el resultado (es decir si se cumple o no la condición) Al hablar de futuro, se piensa en una condición particular en futuro y el resultado de esta condición. Existe una probabilidad real de que ésta condición suceda. 3 Ejemplo Estoy en mi casa en la mañana, planeo jugar tenis en la tarde, pero el cielo está nublado, ¿qué pasaría si llueve? ¿Juego o no? IF Condition Present Simple Result WILL + base verb If it rains this afternoon, I will stay at home. En éste ejemplo, se habla de una condición a futuro, el cielo está nublado, y pienso que tal vez llueva. Se usa el presente simple para hablar de esta posible condición If. Mientras que se usa el futuro will para hablar sobre el posible resultado. Lo importante de ésta primera condición es que hay una posibilidad real de que la condición suceda. IF Condition present simple Result will + base verb If I see Mary, I will tell her. If Tara is free tomorrow, he will invite her. If they do not pass their exam, their teacher will be sad. If it rains tomorrow, will you stay at home? If it rains tomorrow, what will you do? Result WILL + base verb IF condition present simple I will tell Mary if I see her. He will invite Tara if she is free tomorrow. Their teacher will be sad if they do not pass their exam. Will you stay at home if it rains tomorrow? What will you do if it rains tomorrow? Como pueden observar la oración se puede empezar con if o a su vez con will (resultado). Las dos formas son válidas en la estructura gramatical. Recuerde, si se usa “ if “primero, se debe poner una coma obligatoriamente antes de empezar la segunda oración. Terceras personas (s) en el verbo y auxiliares se siguen manteniendo. 4 Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks using the first conditional 1. If you _________ (not study), you ____________(fail) the test. 2. We ____________(die) if we ___________(not get) help soon! 3. If you __________(look) in the fridge, you_________(find) some cold drinks. 4. If there______(be) no oil in the engine, the car_____________(break) down. 5. I __________(lend) you my umbrella if you___________(need) it. 6. The sea level__________(rise) if the planet ___________(get) hotter. 7. If you ______(eat) your sandwiches now, you _________ (not have) anything for lunch! 8. You __________ (be) safe in an accident if you ________(wear) your seatbelt. 9. If he_________ (save) all his money, he __________(be able to go) on holiday to Canada. 10. If the weather ________(be) nice tomorrow, we ________ (go) to the swimming pool. Exercise 5 Complete the sentences using the first conditional 1. If I have enough money, ___________________. 2. You will feel better if ______________________. 3. If it rains, ____________________. 4. If the teacher helps me, ___________________. 5. We will go to the celebration if _______________. 6. I will study the Mastery if ___________________. 7. If he doesn’t get that job, __________________. 8. If we don’t hurry, _____________________. 9. I will get a taxi if _____________________. 10. If I pass the Senescyt exam, ________________. Exercise 6 Identify the mistake in the following sentences and rewrite them 1. They go on holiday, if they have time. 2. I won’t go if you doesn’t come with me. 3. If it won’t rain, we will practice sport in the playground. 4. The teacher be pleased if we do all the homework. 5. If I’ll go to Ambato, I’ll buy some boots and souvenirs. 6. If you need some cash, I lend you some. 7. I’ll be back at work if I felt better tomorrow. 8. If you wants to study at the University, you will have to work very hard. 9. If I will have enough flour, I will bake a cake this afternoon. 10. I you don’t eat breakfast, you get hungry during class. Please eat a little bit 5 UNIT 2 VERB PLUS INFINITIVE AND GERUND GERUNDS Un gerundio es la forma continua de un verbo el cual termina en-ing: play + ing = playing dance + ing = dancing work + ing = working Algunos verbos en particular (ver cuadro) son seguidos por un gerundio. Es importante aprenderlos. Ejemplos He enjoys watching the game. = Mary usually avoids talking to him. = The teacher didn’t finish explaining that topic. tópico. The doctor advised drinking a lot of water. = El disfruta ver el partido. Mary usualmente evita hablar con él. = La profesora no terminó de explicar ese El doctor aconsejó beber bastante agua. LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY PHRASAL VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS GERUNDS mind insist on enjoy call off imagine check into avoid worry about finish figure out quit + Verb(ing) admit to suggest keep on practice put off miss complain about deny give up + Verb(ing) 6 INFINITIVES Un infinitivo es la forma simple de un verbo con “To”. to play to dance to work Ejemplos Many people hope to win the lottery Muchas personas esperan ganar la lotería. He wanted to pass the exam but he couldn’t El quiso aprobar el examen pero no pudo. I began to study at 5:00 this morning Empecé a estudiar a la 5:00 esta mañana. LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE want decide choose expect plan refuse + (to)Verb offer hope promise need Exercise 7 Choose the correct verb to complete the sentences 1. We plan _______________our product range. a. expand b. expands c. to expand d. expanding c. breaking d. breaks 2. He denied ________________into the shop. a. broke b. to break 3. I enjoy_____________ to music. a. listening b. listen c. listened d. to listen c. go d. going 4. Finally, I decided ___________ by myself. a. to go b. goes 5. They didn’t mind____________ a few minutes. a. waits b. wait c. waiting d. to wait 6. I will keep on ___________ another job. 7 a. finding b. find c.to find d. found 7. I promise___________ my best. a. doing b. to do c. does d. did 8. My father is going to give up _____________ a. smokes b. to smoke c. smoke d. smoking 9. He offered her _____________ a promotion. a. gets b. to get c. getting d. got 10. Julia suggested____________ to the Galapagos Islands. a. goes b. went c. going d. to go Exercise 8 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb in gerund. answer - see - eat - take - read - use - watch - help - walk - try 1. He enjoys ______________good books. 2. Do you mind ______________with my homework? 3. Carol suggested _______________ a movie after work 4. The models practiced ______________with a book balanced on their heads. 5. The girl denied _______________ the piece of candy. 6. You have to pass the exam. I suggest ____________ it as soon as possible. 7. Robert avoided ______________ his cell phone when other people were in the room. 8. After he finished _______________the show, he turned off the TV and went to bed. 9. He tried to avoid _______________ my question. 10. Sarah gave up _______________to find a job in this country. Exercise 9 Put the verb into the correct form “ –ing or – to” 1. The child admitted to _____________ (take) the money from the wallet. 2. The employee refused _____________ (work) overtime last week. 3. I always imagine _______________ (travel) to Europe. 4. She needs a change. She needs _____________(go) away for a while. 5. My mother insisted on________________(give) me more money. 6. Susan doesn’t complain about ______________ (do) the dishes every day. 7. My son graduated last year and he plans ______________(study) other career. 8. I can’t believe it!. He refused_____________(come) with me. 9. We miss ___________ (live) in Manta. The weather is very nice. 10. I don’t mind_____________ (lend) you my laptop. 8 UNIT 3 SIMPLE PAST REVIEW Se usa para describir una acción que ocurrió en un momento determinado del pasado. El tiempo en que tuvo lugar la acción se indica con una expresión de tiempo pasado. Affirmative Sentences Los componentes de una oración afirmativa es el siguiente: El orden de la estructura afirmativa es: SUBJECT VERB IN PAST COMPLEMENT They visited the city. Jane played the violin last night My son had a new bicycle two weeks ago. Ejemplos Uncle Paul arrived yesterday. = Tío Paul llegó ayer. John bought a new book last week. = Juan compró un libro nuevo la semana pasada. Negative Sentences Para construir la forma negativa del Pasado Simple utilizamos did + not + verbo en forma simple. Did se usa para todas las personas. Didn’t es la forma corta de did not. Ejemplos They did not like the roller coasters in the theme park yesterday. Oh, I didn’t realize you were here. El orden de la estructura negativa es: SUBJECT + DID + NOT BASE FORM COMPLEMENT They did not fly to Australia She didn’t mend her bike 9 Yes / No Questions Para formular preguntas cuya respuesta sólo pueda ser Yes / No en Pasado Simple usamos el verbo auxiliar did para todas las personas, a continuación va el sujeto y después la raíz del verbo. Los componentes en una pregunta en pasados simple son: DID SUBJECT BASE FORM COMPLEMENT/ Time expressions Did you like the film yesterday? Did he go shopping with you? Frecuentemente la contestación a este tipo de preguntas es una respuesta breve. También podemos contestarlas con respuestas largas: Ejemplos Did you get the job? No, I didn’t. / Yes, I did. Yes, I got the job. / No, I didn’t get the job. Wh-subject Questions Las preguntas sobre el sujeto se forman utilizando who o what (quién o qué) en lugar del sujeto. El orden de los elementos de la pregunta es: WH- WORD SIMPLE PAST COMPLEMENT? Who ate up all the chocolates? What happened to you? Wh-non subject Questions La estructura de la pregunta es la siguiente: WH WORD DID SUBJECT BASE COMPLEMENT? FORM Where did she go In the afternoon? How did he find out the truth? Time ago, yesterday, in 1998, last night/ week, month, year, etc 10 Exercise 10 Complete the paragraph. Use the verbs in the box in the correct past form. bring begin have win worry become be do (not)like get I have two brothers. My older brother (1) was a great student. He (2) ____________ home prizes and (3) ____________ awards. My younger brother (4) _____________ school. He never (5) __________ well. He always (6) __________ bad grades. My parents (7) _____________ about him. Then in his second year of high school, he (8) ___________ a great chemistry teacher. He (9) _______________ interested in chemistry. He (10) ___________ to study hard. Exercise 11 Complete the sentences in past tense. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1. They (collect) _____________ stamps for many years 2. He (not watch) _____________ television last night. 3. My friend (play) _____________ soccer last Sunday. 4. The teacher (test) _____________ our English. 5. Karen (not visit)______________ her grandpa last weekend. 6. He (wash)_______________ the car yesterday evening. 7. You (be) _____________ really hungry. 8. He (not have) ____________ a modern computer. 9. I (buy)______________ some food for dinner. 10. You (not see) _______________ the new movie. Exercise 12 Answer the following question in a positive or negative way. Use the words in parenthesis. What did you do yesterday? Ex: (take an exam) I took an exam yesterday. Or I didn’t take an exam yesterday. 1. (buy a book) ________________________________ 2. (go to the movies) ________________________________ 3. (get up at 6:00) ________________________________ 4. (eat seafood) ________________________________ 5. (watch TV) ________________________________ 6. (sleep well) _________________________________ 7. (play soccer) _________________________________ 8. (clean the house) _________________________________ 9. (have breakfast) ________________________________ 10. (drink juice) _________________________________ 11 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE El presente perfecto se usa en el idioma inglés para narrar hechos que ya han ocurrido en un momento no específico del pasado, y que pueden o no estar continuando en el presente. Ejemplos I have sent the letter. Paul has painted his room. Yo he enviado la carta. Paul ha pintado su cuarto. Oraciones Afirmativas Para formar oraciones afirmativas en Presente Perfecto debemos utilizar el auxiliar HAVE o HAS acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares o verbos irregulares). Sujeto + Auxiliar (have o has) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento I have bought a new dress for the party. Yo he comprado un nuevo vestido para la fiesta. You have studied the lesson for two hours. Tú has estudiado la lección por dos horas. He has eaten pizza many times this month. Él ha comido pizza muchas veces este mes. She has lost the keys again. Ella ha perdido las llaves nuevamente. Recuerde que las terceras personas del singular (He, she, it) deben conjugarse con el auxiliar HAS. For and Since Usamos for and since para referirse a un período de tiempo FOR + PERÍODO DE TIEMPO FOR SINCE + TIEMPO EXACTO an hour 1998 three weeks November 12 four days Tuesday a month th SINCE 2:30 twenty minutes I was born a long time I was 18 three years, etc. Last night, etc Ejemplo I have had this computer for a year He tenido esta computadora por un año.. I haven't seen Julia since September No he visto a Julia desde septiembre. 12 Exercise 13 Circle the right auxiliary have/has. Pay attention to the subject 1. My co-worker have / has achieved some objectives. 2. The appointment have / has been postponed. 3. My boss have / has sent my duties through Internet. 4. The messenger have / has forgotten the parcels on the desk. 5. My friends have / has called me several times today. 6. I have / has answered some phone calls in my new job. 7. The Directors have / has assigned me other tasks. 8. I have / has performed some different activities. 9. My secretary have / has written the reports. 10. My customers have / has read my emails but nobody has replied yet. Exercise 14 Complete the sentences with The Present Perfect. Use the verbs in brackets. 1. My mother ____________ a delicious cake. (make) 2. Karen___________ a new bike. (buy) 3. I____________ my little dog yet. (not feed) 4. Chris ______________wood for a raft. (not find) 5. __________Sally and Jenny ____________ a new CD player? (get) 6. The pupils_____________ their homework. (not do) 7. Nick can't play football today. He_____________ an accident with his bike. (have) 8. Liz _______________her homework yet. (not finish) 9. ________Julia ___________to school today? (be) 10. Sandra ___________a lot of things for her birthday party, but she __________the cake yet. (buy / not make) Exercise 15 Use for o since 1. I haven't phoned home _________ Christmas. 2. We've been here _________ nine o'clock. 3. I have worked for International House _________ more than eight years. 4. I haven't visited my home town_________ I left school. 5. I haven't been to the cinema_________ ages. 6. I have studied non-stop_________ 9:15. 7. I have had a driving license_________ I was eighteen. 8. She hasn't had a day off_________1999. 9. Johan has been in England_________ more than two weeks now. 10. Peter has been my best friend _________we were nine. 13 UNIT FOUR PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Oraciones Negativas Para construir oraciones negativas en Presente Perfecto, utilizamos la forma negativa del auxiliar, es decir HAVE NOT o HAS NOT acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio. Usualmente se utilizan las contracciones: Have + not = haven’t o has + not = hasn’t Sujeto + Auxiliar (haven’t o hasn’t) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento I haven’t visited my grandparents this year. Yo no he visitado a mis abuelos este año. You haven’t finished the homework yet. Tú no has terminado el deber todavía. He hasn’t used the computer today. Él no ha usado la computadora hoy día. She hasn’t taken a shower yet. Ella no se ha bañado todavía. Preguntas Informativas Para formar una pregunta informativa, colocamos la pregunta informativa de acuerdo al tipo de información requerida, seguido del auxiliar ( have o has), luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en pasado participio Wh + Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento WHAT WHERE WHERE … FROM WHICH WHY HOW HOW LONG HOW OFTEN qué dónde de dónde cuál / cuáles por qué cómo por cuánto tiempo con qué frecuencia Ejemplos What have you learnt in your English class? I have learnt new vocabulary. Where has your friend bought her books? She has bought her books in the library. How long have they studied for the test? They have studied for the test for two hours. Who has finished the English homework? Everybody has finished the English homework. 14 Preguntas de Si / No Para formar una interrogación, colocamos el auxiliar (have o has) al comienzo de la oración, luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio: Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento? Have you studied for the final exam this month? ¿Has estudiado para el examen final este mes? Have they arrived punctual to the class this level? ¿Han llegado puntuales a la clase este nivel? Has he cleaned his room? ¿Ha limpiado su cuarto? Has she called her daughter today? ¿Ha llamado a su hija hoy día? Para responder este tipo de preguntas en forma corta, necesitamos usar el sujeto y el auxiliar ya sea en forma afirmativa o negativa. Ejemplos Have you finished the project? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Has Paula eaten lunch? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t. Have they painted their house? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. Has the dog slept in the sofa? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t. Exercise 16 Order the words and make a negative statement. 1. the / accomplished / project / objectives / its / has _______________________________________________________ 2. the / suggestion / have / managers / the / taken _______________________________________________________ 3. ideas / the / has / auditor / new / recommended _______________________________________________________ 4. programs / audience / have / TV / the / increased / the _______________________________________________________ 5. my / has / years / paid / brother / taxes / the / 5 / in / last _______________________________________________________ 6. the /taken / good / leaders / decisions / have _______________________________________________________ 7. degrees / graduate / their / reached / students / have / the _______________________________________________________ 8. trainers / good / have / the / courses / designed _______________________________________________________ 9. recently / has / better / Jennifer / got / a / job _______________________________________________________ 10. my / taken / parents / the / have / Europe / tour / to _______________________________________________________ 15 Exercise 17 Answer the following questions. 1. Have you answered the question? ________________________________ 2. Has Jenny locked the door? ________________________________ 3. Has Patricio called us? ________________________________ 4. Have you seen the picture? ________________________________ 5. Have your parents got the letter? ________________________________ 6. Has it rained a lot? ________________________________ 7. Have we sung the song? ________________________________ 8. Has Maureen watched the film? ________________________________ 9. Has Bob read many books? ________________________________ 10. Have you ever been to London? ________________________________ Exercise 18 Order the words and add the auxiliary to complete the statements. 1. (you / a truck / drive) ________________________________________________ 2. (perform / in / play / a / Karla) ________________________________________________ 3. (my friends / achieve / goals / their) ________________________________________________ 4. (taxes / pay / his / Ken) ________________________________________________ 5. (Ron and you / race / win / the) ________________________________________________ 6. (travel / Colombia / Yadira ) ____________________________________________________ 7. (eat / sushi / you) ________________________________________________ 8. (watch / Titanic / your parents) ____________________________________________________ 9. (finish / the homework / your friend) ________________________________________________ 10. (call / your mother / you) ________________________________________________ Exercise 19 Choose the right answer 1. 2. How long has Mary driven her motorcycle? a. Not bad. b. For two years. When have classes started? a. In September. b. At the school. c. Lately. c. For two hours. d. In 2006. d. The teacher. 16 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What has your husband done lately? a. At home. b. My parents. c. In summer. d. Read a book. Where have you spent vacation? a. In August. b. My family. c. At the beach. d. Swimming. Who has left the books on the desk? a. Henry. b. Since 1999. c. At the office. d. Dictionaries. Where have the ladies come from? a. At 5 pm. b. In Christmas. c. July and me. d. Italy. Which movie has received the best review? a. In February. b. At the university. c. Les Misérables. d. From Ecuador. What time have you started talking on the phone? a. For one hour. b. At 8. c. My mother. d. At home. How often has the manager come before 9 am? a. Twice a month. b. In winter. c. Jason. d. For one year. Why have you applied for the job? a. My parents. b. In October. c. Twice. d. Because I have the qualifications. Exercise 20 Write the most appropriate Wh question. Look at the bold letters in the answer. 1. I have been in the garden. _______________________________________________ 2. My sister has cooked dinner. _______________________________________________ 3. Sue has read the book twice. _______________________________________________ 4. My friend has crashed his car. _______________________________________________ 5. Jeanneth has been on holiday for eight days. _______________________________________________ 6. Freddy has done his homework. _______________________________________________ 7. Gabriel has stopped at the corner. _______________________________________________ 8. Sarah has bought five books. _______________________________________________ 9. Jason has talked to his teacher. _______________________________________________ 10. Catherine has cleaned the house because she is having a party tonight______________________________________________ 17 .ALREADY ALREADY YET Y YET YA TODAVIA NO, AUN Already se utiliza en oraciones positivas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción ya ocurrió o que se lleva a cabo. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado o al final de la oración. Ejemplos I have already done my homework Yo ya he hecho mis deberes. Mary has visited London already. Mary ya ha visitado Londres. Has Ron already written the essay? Ya ha escrito Ron su ensayo? Have you made your bed already? Ya tendiste tu cama? Yet se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción todavía no ha concluido. Yet se coloca al final de la oración. Ejemplos I haven't done my homework yet. Yo todavía no he hecho mis deberes. Have you studied Unit 3 yet? ¿Ya has estudiado la unidad 3? JUST Y EVER JUST EVER ACABAR DE ALGUNA VEZ Just se utliza para expresar acciones que han sucedido recientemente. Se coloca después del auxiliar have o has. Ejemplo I have just done my homework. Yo he acabado de hacer mis deberes. *Ever se utiliza en preguntas. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado. En oraciones negativas se utiliza ever para expresar ‘nunca’. Ejemplo Have you ever been to Spain? Ha estado alguna vez en España? I haven’t ever been to China. Yo nunca he estado en China. 18 Time just already never ever Observe el lugar que ocupan estas expresiones en la oración I have never been to Australia. Nunca he estado en Australia Have you ever been to Australia? Ha estado alguna vez en Australia?. I have just seen The Lord of the Rings. Yo recién he visto el Señor de los Anillos. I have already seen The Lord of the Rings. Yo ya he visto el señor de los anillos. I haven’t seen The Lord of the Rings yet. Yo no he visto El señor de los anillos todavía. Have you seen the Lord of the Rings yet? Has visto ya el Señor de los anillos? Exercise 21 Use the words given and order them. Use present perfect 1. your wife / the baby / had / yet / has / ? ____________________________________________ 2. no / hasn’t / the baby / she / yet / had ____________________________________________ 3. already / Rita / has / a sonogram / had ____________________________________________ 4. the doctor / hasn’t / the baby’s gender / yet / told them _________________________________________ 5. already / we / bought / some staff / for a girl _________________________________________ 6. the time / I / to choose / haven’t / had / yet / the color __________________________________________ 7. given us / our neighbors / some furniture / have / already __________________________________________ 8. for the baby / have / some names / you /yet thought of / ? __________________________________________ 9. made / I / of names / already / have /a list ___________________________________________ 10. hasn’t / yet / thought of / my wife / any names ____________________________________________ 19 Exercise 22 Use just or ever 1. Have you _____________ ridden a motorcycle? 2. Has David _____________ flown a plane? 3. The employees have _____________ received a bonus. 4. Peter has _____________ bought a new car. 5. My sister hasn’t _____________ been to Manchester. 6. The intern has _____________ finished her classes. 7. Has your daughter _____________ been late for school? 8. Has anybody _____________ lived without air. 9. The President has _____________ won the election again. 10. The students have _____________ paid their loans. Exercise 23 Check the right sentences 1. I don't know his phone number yet. _______ 2. Have you seen Brad Pitt's new film yet? ________ 3. Have you seen Sam? He just has come looking for you_______ 4. I'm expecting him but he hasn't turned up yet. _______ 5. He left his job but he has already found another. ______ 6. He left his job but he already has found another. ______ 7. Have ever you been to Cartagena? _______ 8. Mr. Green has just left his office. _______ 9. My sister never has seen that movie. ________ 10. I have never visited Mindo. ________ End of the First Partial 20 UNIT FIVE TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS Verbos transitivos son aquellos que requieren un complemento directo o indirecto para completar su significado. Verbos intransitivos son aquellos que carecen de estos complementos. Aquí un listado de algunos verbos. Transitive verbs ask buy deliver drive eat feed follow forget like lost make offer pay play read sell send sing stand take tell throw want write Intransitive verbs arrive complain cry die evolve exist get up go happen inherit leave live occur place run sleep take think work Complemento directo es el complemento sobre el que recae directamente la acción del verbo. Ejemplos Jim plays the guitar. ¿qué toca? La guitarra CD I don´t like big cities. ¿qué no me gusta? Las grandes ciudades CD My teacher is reading a new book. ¿qué esta leyendo? Un nuevo libro CD 21 Complemento Indirecto es el complemento referido a la persona que recibe la consecuencia de la acción del verbo. Ejemplos I sent him a present. ¿a quién envié? I will tell the children the news ¿ a quién le dire? A él CI A los niños CI Los verbos transitivos El significado del verbo requiere un complemento, bien directo o indirecto, sin el cual la oración carece de sentido. Ejemplos She wants some help. CD I always like Mr. Perez. CI Los verbos intransitivos Son aquellos cuyo significado no implica una acción que requiera de un complemento directo o indirecto. Pueden ir acompañados de complementos preposicionales o adverbios, lo que conocemos como complementos circunstanciales, y pueden ser de modo, tiempo, lugar. Ejemplos I used to live here / Donald is lying on the bed. (Lugar) He worked as a truck driver. (Modo) Ejemplos The audience laughed. My baby sister cried. The book fell. The horse galloped. The sun set. En todos estos ejemplos el sujeto realiza la acción pero nada ni nadie la recibe. Ahora miremos este ejemplo The tourists went to the old town. El verbo went también es intransitivo preposicional, no un objeto. porque las palabras que le siguen son una frase 22 Ejemplos Harry will not sleep until sunset. (sleep no tiene objeto) You complain too much. (complain no tiene objecto) He died on Saturday. (die no tiene objecto) Exercise 24 Write Transitive or Intransitive in the blank given next to the sentences 1. The mailman delivered the letter next door. ___________ 2. The children played in the morning. ___________ 3. The Marlins lost their last game ___________ 4. My mom usually makes coffee in the morning. ___________ 5. Andres went to the beach last Sunday. ___________ 6. They stood in line for hours. ___________ 7. Maribel inherited one million dollars. ___________ 8. The teacher arrived on time for the class to begin. ___________ 9. Tom forgot his homework at home. ___________ 10. The manager offered his employees a pay raise. __________ Exercise 25 Identify the verbs as Transitive or Intransitive. If the verb is Transitive write the direct object in the space provided. If it is Intransitive, leave the space blank Example: After the meeting, Tom announced his plans for the next week. Answer: announced (transitive) his plans 1. She telephoned her uncle last Saturday. _____________________________________________________ 2. We easily located the path through the woods. ___________________________________________________ 3. Marion has been sitting in the chair for a very long time. ___________________________________________________ 4. The writer finally sent the manuscript to a publisher. ___________________________________________________ 5. Paul eats a great deal of candy. ____________________________________________________ 6. Do you want some coffee? ___________________________________________________ 23 7. James came by his fortune honestly. ___________________________________________________ 8. She asked a question to the teacher. ___________________________________________________ 9. Jack didn’t sleep well last night. ___________________________________________________ 10. A number of experienced hikers will be trekking through the mountain. ___________________________________________________ Exercise 26 Group these verbs under the column of Transitive or Intransitive run live pay happen throw feed exist sell eat work occur die buy follow Transitive Intransitive _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ ______________ evolve take write place think sing cry 24 PASSIVE VOICE FOR PRESENT AND PAST FACTS Passive Voice in Present La voz pasiva se usa cuando se enfoca en la acción. No es importante quien o que realiza la acción. Ejemplo The letter is written. El hecho importante es que la carta fue escrita, y no importa quien lo hizo. Para entender el uso de la (Passive Voice), Voz Pasiva, en presente, es importante entender la voz activa en presente. La Voz Activa se refiere a la acción realizada por un sujeto o un agente, al que se le llama doer (quien realiza la acción). Generalmente la acción realizada por el agente recae sobre un objeto, que puede ser una persona, una cosa, Ejemplo Sujeto + Verbo en presente + objeto (complemento) Ecuador produces bananas. Sujeto + Verbo en presente + objeto (complemento) The teachers do a project. Voz Activa (Singular -es) Voz Activa (Plural) Una vez identificados el sujeto y el objeto que intervienen en una oración en voz activa, podemos cambiar esa oración a Voz Pasiva en Presente, si así lo requerimos, de la siguiente manera: El objeto de la oración se convierte en sujeto y el sujeto en objeto. Al realizar este cambio utilizamos el verbo TO BE en Presente (is, are) como auxiliar de esta oración y el verbo principal va en la forma de participio pasado. El participio pasado de los verbos puede ser en forma regular (-ed ending) o irregular: Ejemplos: Cambiemos los ejemplos de arribe de voz activa a pasiva: Sujeto + Verbo TO BE en presente Bananas are Sujeto + Verbo TO BE en presente +Verbo en pasado participio + produced objeto (complemento) in Ecuador. + Verbo en Pasado Participio + objeto (complemento) v A project is done by the teachers 25 Exercise 27 Change these active voice sentences into Passive Voice 1. The mechanic repairs the car. ____________________________________________________ 2. Some boys throw the stones. ____________________________________________________ 3. Canada borders the USA: ____________________________________________________ 4. Chile exports cooper and steel. ____________________________________________________ 5. The new students take the exam. _____________________________________________________ 6. Babies drink milk. _____________________________________________________ 7. A criminal kidnaps people. _____________________________________________________ 8. Vandals destroy monuments. _____________________________________________________ 9. Murderers kill people. ______________________________________________________ 10. Burglars break windows to steal houses. ______________________________________________________ Exercise 28 Circle the correct answer 1. A lot of tea ______ every day in the UK. a. is drink b. is drank c. is drunk 2. Vegetables _______in the kitchen sink. a. are washed b. are wash c. is washed 3. Is your house still for sale? No, I __________ it. a. sold b. sell c. is sold 4. Sometimes mistakes __________ . It’s inevitable. a. will make b. make c. are made 5. Every time I travel by plane my flight _____________. a. delays b. is delaying c. is delayed 6. Coffee __________ in Colombia. a. is grown b. grew c. grow 7. English _________all over the world. a. are speak b. is spoken c. was spoken 8. Soccer __________ in a tennis court.. a. isn’t played b. is play c. are played 26 9. A lot of chocolate __________ all over the world. a. is ate b. is eat c. is eaten 10. The song __________by my favorite artist. a. is sung b. is sang c. is sing THE AGENT: BY El agente es la persona o cosa quien hace la acción y es el sujeto de la voz activa. El agente BY va con la voz Pasiva, sin embargo, generalmente no es necesario indicar quien realiza la acción en una voz pasiva. Cuando queremos mencionar quien realiza la acción utilizamos la preposición by. A esta frase completa se la llama by-agent en inglés. Miremos estos ejemplos: Active sentence Mr. Gomez built the house. Passive sentence The house was built by Mr Gomez . Cuando no sabemos quién es el que realiza la acción, utilizamos la palabra someone or somebody en la voz activa. En la voz pasiva estas palabras no se las utiliza, ejemplo: Active sentence Someone stole my bike. Passive sentence My bike was stolen. Exercises 29 Change these Active Voice sentences into Passive ones using the agent BY if needed. 1. A car hits a man. ___________________________________ 2. The firefighters receive an emergency call. ___________________________________ 3. Two criminals kidnap Paul. ___________________________________ 4. Someone asks her questions. ___________________________________ 5. They wash the dog every day. ___________________________________ 6. A vandal paints my wall. ___________________________________ 7. Somebody makes a big mistake. ___________________________________ 8. The manager hires new employees every year. ___________________________________ 9. The applicants fill the form. ___________________________________ 27 10. They build that house. ___________________________________ Exercise 30 Answer these questions in a complete form using Passive Voice, use the words in parenthesis 1. Who hid the ball under the chair? (Tommy) ___________________________________ 2. When was the party held? (last weekend) ___________________________________ 3. What is eaten in this house every day? (bread). ___________________________________ 4. Where is the game taken place? (at Olímpico Stadium) ___________________________________ 5. Who invented the telephone? (Graham Bell) ___________________________________ 6. Who wrote “A la Costa?” (Luis a. Martínez) ___________________________________ 7. Where is shrimp grown? (in the Coast) ___________________________________ 8. What is explained on flights? (safety instructions) ___________________________________ 9. Who help the students? (The teacher) ___________________________________ 10. Where was the laptop left? (on Tina’s desk) ___________________________________ Exercise 31 Choose and circle the correct word 1. A scholarship is won – win by Thomas. 2. That bank is – was robbed every day. 3. The house is – was cleaned everyday by her. 4. The child is founded – found by a volunteer. 5. That bottle is filled – fell with water. 6. The ball is - are thrown by Michael. 7. A bus is caught – catched every week. 8. Some instructions are given - gave to us. 9. Many young people is- are infected by AIDS every year. 10. A bomb is – was build in Irak every year. 28 UNIT SIX MODALS Los verbos modales son verbos auxiliares que no pueden funcionar como un verbo principal, a diferencia de los verbos auxiliares “be”,”do” y “have” que si pueden funcionar como verbo principal. Los verbos modales expresan modalidad. Pueden expresar habilidad, posibilidad, necesidad u otra condición. Should Este verbo modal auxiliares se utilizan para dar consejo, o recomendación en tiempo presente. También pueden significar una obligación sutil y un consejo en contra de hacer algo. Ejemplos 1. ADVICE Sujeto Modal You Verbo en forma base complemento go to bed early to be able to wake up early. should 2. RECOMMENDATION Sujeto Modal Verbo en forma base You should study 3. NEGATIVE Sujeto Modal en negativo You shouldn’t complemento more, your grades are low Verbo en forma base complemento smoke so much Exercises 32 Choose the correct word 1. You _______ worry so much. Either you get the job, or you don’t. If you don't, just apply for another one. a. should b. shouldn’t 2. The book recommends adding fresh soil and using plant food to make your garden flowers grow. It says that you _______ use an organic brand to avoid skin irritations. a. shouldn’t b. should 29 3. You _______ check the air pressure in your tires. You don't want to get a flat tire on your trip. a. should b. shouldn’t 4. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I told my father that he _______ start walking once a day. a. shouldn’t b. should 5. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you _______ at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine. a. should not b. should 6. _______ I ask for help? a. Shouldn’t b. Should 7. My teacher told me that I _______ review my notes every day. I guess it's a good idea to look at them after class. a. ought to b. shouldn’t 8. Do you think Carol _______ save her money or spend it? She is planning to go to Europe this summer. a. should b. shouldn’t 9. I'm going to a party tonight. What _______ I wear: a dress or black pants? a. shouldn’t b. should 10. My doctor says that I _______ exercise more because I'm out of shape and want to lose eight pounds. I think he's right. a. shouldn’t b. should Exercise 33 Match the halves to make an appropriate sentence. 1. If you’re worried about getting fat, a. you should go to Mary’s restaurant. 2. Experts say that to learn English b. shouldn’t watch TV too much. 3. If you have a problem day. c. you shouldn’t eat at McDonald’s every day 4. In the case you have a lot of work, d. they shouldn’t go to the cinema 5. To have a good meal e. you should practice the language regularly. 6. Your teeth will spoil f. what should he wear? A suit or casual clothes? 7. They have an exam tomorrow g. you shouldn’t get angry if he gets a 0. 8. Tom has a party tonight. h. you should ask for help to your secretary. 9. Tom forgot his homework at home. i. you should tell your mom. 10. Psychologists say that children j. If you shouldn’t stop eating candy. 30 Exercise 34 Answer these questions using the information next to them. 1. What should I do about my problem? (calm down and tell your parents) _____________________________________________________________ 2. Where should we have dinner tonight? (at mom’s house) _____________________________________________________________ 3. Why should you believe them? (because they are good people) ______________________________________________________________ 4. When should they call their boss? (early in the morning) ______________________________________________________________ 5. What should you do in an emergency? (call the 911). ______________________________________________________________ 6. Where should we go if we have an accident? (go to a clinic) ______________________________________________________________ 7. What should you do if it’s raining? (take an umbrella) ______________________________________________________________ 8. What should you do if you have a stomachache? (drink hot tea) ______________________________________________________________ 9. When should we come back? (as soon as you can) ______________________________________________________________ 10. Why should you help her? (because she needs help) ______________________________________________________________ MUST El verbo must es un verbo modal que usamos para expresar obligación, prohibición y necesidad. Como los otros verbos modales no tiene infinitivo. Después de must usamos un verbo en forma base. Ejemplos Obligación Sujeto Modal You must Prohibición Sujeto Modal You mustn’t Verbo en forma base complemento study for the exam. Verbo en forma base complemento smoke in the class. 31 Necesidad Sujeto Modal Verbo en forma base complemento You must leave now or you will be late. En lugar de Must en los casos arriba mencionados podemos usar HAVE TO. Ejemplo Obligación Sujeto Modal You Verbo en forma base Complemento study for the exam. have to Necesidad Sujeto Modal Verbo en forma base Complemento You have to leave now or you will be late. Ejemplo You must (have to) read this book. It`s fantastic. You must (have to) brush your teeth three times a day. You mustn’t drink and drive. Ejemplo John must be sick because he never misses class. Exercises 35 Choose the best answer. 1. You _____________ meet my best friend a. must b. mustn’t 2. I ________ get up early. a. must b. mustn’t 3. We ___________sleep, we have to study. a. must b. mustn’t 4. We ________win the lottery, we need money. a. must b. mustn’t 5. She is sick. She_______ go to the doctor. a. must b. mustn’t 6. He is a little overweight. He __________ eat sweets. a. must b. mustn’t 7. There _________be eleven players in a soccer team. a. must b. mustn’t 32 8. They __________smoke inside the building. a. must b. mustn’t 9. You _________be late to work. a. must b. mustn’t 10.We ________pass the level. a. must b. mustn’t Exercise 36 Use the blank space provided to change the sentences in exercise 35 using have to. Wherever it is possible. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 37 Make sentences using MUST or MUSN’T and create a set of rules for your room. 1. In my room you ______________ listen to bad music 2. In my room you ______________ be nice to me. 3. In my room you ______________ shout at me. 4. In my room you ______________ play with me. 5. In my room you ______________ help me with my homework. 6. In my room you ______________ share everything with me. 7. In my room you ______________ use my computer. 8. In my room you ______________ tell the truth only. 9. In my room you ______________ break my stuff. 10. In my room you ______________ smoke. 33 UNIT 7 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS Los pronombres relativos son: Who que, quién, el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para personas) Whom a quien, al cual, a la cual, a los cuales, a las cuales (para personas) Whose de que, de quien, del cual, de la cual, de los cuales, de las cuales, cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas (para personas) Which que, lo que, el cual, lo cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para cosas) that que, el que, la que, los que, las que (para personas y cosas) what lo que Who y whom se refieren a personas solamente. Which se refiere a cosas cualidades e ideas nunca a personas Whose es para posesión y that se refieren a personas cosas cualidades e ideas. Un pronombre relativo es aquel que introduce una clausula relativa. Se llama pronombre relativo porque se relaciona con la palabra que modifica. Ejemplo The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. En el ejemplo anterior who se relaciona con la persona que modifica. Introduce la clausula relativa “who phoned me last night.” Who tiene las funciones de sujeto y su antecedente (el sujeto al que refiere) debe ser una persona, aunque puede ocasionalmente referir un animal personificado, como por ejemplo en cuentos. The man who called is my husband. El hombre que llamo es mi esposo. The doctor who helped you is my father. El doctor que te ayudo es mi padre. Whose expresa posesión y pertenencia y se refiere únicamente a personas, (también excepcionalmente a animales y a nombres colectivos). The family whose house we stayed in was very friendly. La familia en cuya casa estuvimos era muy amigable. 34 Which se emplea como sujeto y como complemento y se refiere solamente a cosas o animales The car which is in the garage is mine. El carro que está en el garaje es mío. This is the car which I go to work in. Éste es el carro con el cual voy a trabaja That se emplea como sujeto o complemento directo y puede referirse a personas, cosas o animales: The letter that came yesterday is from my mother. La carta que llegó ayer es de mi madre The man that came to our house is my teacher. El hombre que vino a nuestra casa es mi profesor. What generalmente hace referencia a acciones o situaciones. I know what you're thinking. Sé lo que estás Nobody knows what will happen tomorrow. Nadie sabe qué pasará mañana pensando Diferencia entre who y that Generalmente, es indiferente usar 'who' y 'that'. Sin embargo, existen diferencias entre ambos que hacen más apropiado el uso de uno u otro pronombre dependiendo de si se está identificando o no al sujeto. Ejemplo Where is the girl (who / that) sells the ice cream? ¿Dónde está la chica que vende el helado? (los dos pronombres están correctos: 'who' y 'that') This is Carol, who sells the ice cream. Esta es Carol, la cual vende el helado. This is Carol, that sells the ice cream (uso inadecuado de 'that') 'That' normalmente no puede ir precedido de una preposición Después de superlativos y pronombres indefinidos debemos emplear 'that' en lugar de 'who' It's the best film that I've ever seen. It's something that makes him cry. Es la mejor película que he visto nunca Es algo que le hace llorar. 35 CLÁUSULAS RELATIVAS DEFINIDAS Este tipo de clausulas nos dice de que clase de persona o de cosa el hablante menciona. Es decir se refiere a las preguntas “Which person or thing?”( ¿Cuál persona o cosa?) “What kind of Estas clausulas relativas se unen a una clausula principal usando los pronombre relativos que aprendimos arriba. Ejemplos The waiter was nice. He served us last night. The waiter who served us last night was nice. Show me the photos. You took these photos in Kenya. Show me the photos that you took in Kenya. RECUERDE La claúsula relativa es necesaria para identificar la persona o cosa de quien se habla. En los ejemplos anteriores si omitimos lo subrayado no nos podríamos dar cuenta de que mesero o de que fotos estamos hablando. Estas claúsulas son muy importantes y están atadas a la clausula principal, y nunca se separan con comas. Los pronombres relativos que se usan en estas clausulas son: Refiriéndose a personas Sujeto Objeto directo Posesiòn who o that (who) (whom) o (that) whose Refiriéndose a animales y cosas which o that (which) o (that) whose Un pronombre relativo puede funcionar como un sujeto, un objeto directo, o un objeto indirecto (si está acompañado de una preposición), y puede expresar posesión. Cuando un pronombre es el sujeto de una clausula relativa, tiene que estar expresado. Ejemplos Simon is the boy who lives next door. The cheetah is the animal which runs fastest. Cuando un pronombre funciona como un objeto directo, este normalmente esta implícito, como lo indican los paréntesis en el cuadro de arriba. Ejemplos The man who/that you met at my house is my uncle. The man you met at my house is my uncle. The car which/that we bought last month is a hybrid car. 36 The car we bought we bought last month is a hybrid car. Un pronombre relativo puede también ser omitido cuando funciona como objeto indirecto, pero la preposición se mueve al final de la clausula relativa. Ejemplos The book for which you’re looking is on the table. The book you are looking for is on the table Para expresar posesión en una clausula relativa usamos whose, que no puede omitirse. Ejemplo That`s the lady whose son works with my husband. Exercise 38 Complete the sentences using which or who. 1.My friend has a computer game which can take days to finish. 2.They are meeting places in the internet __________ are called chat rooms. 3.This is the lady __________ gave me her old laptop. 4.I’ll call that friend of mine __________can fix most computer problems. 5.I bought some software __________ is the most recent on the market. 6.Paul is the programmer __________ designed my website. 7.Mary ______ is wearing a white sweater is my friend 8.The dog is the animal _________ is my best friend. 9.Sara is the girl __________ lives next door. 10.The man __________ hit my car is my boss. Exercise 39 Rewrite the sentences by placing the preposition at the end of the relative clauses and omitting the relative pronoun. 1. The holiday to which he is looking forward was cancelled. The holiday he was looking forward to was cancelled. 2. The text with which I was working suddenly vanished from the screen. The text ____________________________suddenly vanished from the screen. 3. The book about which we were talking got an important award. The book ________________________ got an important award. 4. Who are the people for whom you are waiting? 37 Who are the people ____________________________? 5. The boat in which he rowed across the Atlantic has been preserved. The boat _________________________has been preserved. 6. The women with whom he went to the party soon left. The women _____________________________soon left. 7. The house in which he lived as a boy was burnt to the ground. The house _____________________________was burnt to the ground. 8. Is that the book in which he falls in love? Is that the book _____________________? 9. The car in which he travel has been painted. The car _________________________has been painted. 10. The man with whom she went to the beach is my brother. The man _____________________________is my brother. Exercise 40 Join the two sentences with whose. 1. That is the boy. His father was on TV. That is the boy whose father was on TV. 2. She is the girl. Her mother is a famous painter. _________________________ 3. We are the students. Our bags were stolen. ___________________________ 4. I am the man. My music was played on the wedding. _____________________ 5. They are the people. Their house caught fire. __________________________ 6. You are the one. Your essay was brilliant. _____________________________ 7. He is the student. His grades are excellent. _____________________________ 8. I am the woman. My mother is ill.______________________________________ 9. This is the university. The teachers got a master degree. ___________________ 10. This is the dog. It’s owner died yesterday. _______________________________ Exercise 41 Tick the sentences that you can omit the relative pronoun from. 1. _____The language that they speak must be Chinese. 2. _____I’ve never met the boy who is going out with Julia these days. 3. _____It’s the kind of film which I don’t really like. 4. _____He’s the man whom you saw at the theater last night. 5. _____He’s an artist whose work has been greatly praised. 6. _____have you ever been to the house which the Rodriguez bought in Manta last year? 7. _____The music that they play must be new. 8. ______I talked to the girl whose car broke down. 9. _____Mr. Richard, who is taxi driver, live on the corner. 10. _____Thank you very much for your email which was very interesting. 38 Exercise 42 Join the two sentences with a suitable relative pronoun. Omit it where possible. 1. This is the man. He stole my bag. This is the man who stole my bag. 2. The dog was found in the park. It is Mr. Ross’ dog. _______________________________________________________________ 3. This is the girl. I gave the flowers to her. _______________________________________________________________ 4. The phone call arrived too late. I was waiting for it. _______________________________________________________________ 5. This is the new car. I’m going to buy it. _______________________________________________________________ 6. That’s the teacher. He gives us lots of homework. _______________________________________________________________ 7. The man forgot his umbrella. His father is a professor. ____________________________________________________________________ 8. We often visit our aunt in Ibarra. Ibarra is in Imbabura. ____________________________________________________________________ 9. This is the girl, she comes from Spain. ____________________________________________________________________ 10. The children shouted in the street. They aren`t from our school. ____________________________________________________________________ 39 UNIT 8 TAG QUESTIONS Son pequeñas frases o preguntas que van al final de una oración y que tienen como objeto confirmar o negar el contenido de una frase. El equivalente a ¿Verdad? en español o al ¿No es eso cierto? Es importante recordar que para formular tag questions siempre se utilizan los verbos auxiliares. Existen dos formas de usar un tag question: 1. Si la oración principal es AFIRMATIVA, el tag question será NEGATIVO. You are a student, aren`t you? 2. Si la oración principal es NEGATIVA, el tag question será AFIRMATIVO. You aren’t a student, are you? A continuación un cuadro de ejemplos usando diferentes tiempos gramaticales. TENSE Oración Principal TAG QUESTION Verb To-Be present He is your student, isn't he? Verb To-Be past Your parents weren't in Quito, were they? Simple Present Paola works in Guayaquil, doesn't she? Simple Past The students didn't go to the museum, did they? Simple Future The airplane won't arrive on time, will it? Be going to We are going to stay in a nice hotel, aren't we? Present Continuous Luis is traveling to Cuenca next week, isn't he? Past continuous Your teacher wasn't using the laptop, was she? Present Perfect The dog hasn't eaten yet, has it? Past Perfect Alexandra had finished the test by that time, hadn't she? can - can't You can speak English, can't you? could - couldn't Paul couldn't walk after the accident, could he? must - mustn't Students mustn't deliver their homework late, must they? should shouldn't You should study for your evaluations, shouldn't you? 40 Recuerde que las tag questions van separadas de la oración principal con una coma (,). Exercise 43 Read the sentence and write a tag question. 1. Paul is a good Singer, _________________? 2. Beto and Susan are in New York_________________? 3. You love this picture, ________________? 4. We know your parents, ______________? 5. Jimmy doesn’t speak Italian, __________________? 6. Beth wasn’t happy yesterday, _________________? 7. The boys are playing football, ___________________? 8. There is enough food here, ____________________? 9. The scientists left for Rome yesterday, __________________? 10. Charles can’t speak Russian, _________________? 11. She won’t arrive late, _________________? 12. We couldn’t go there, _____________________? 13. He wasn’t working here, __________________? 14. Betty loves coffee, ___________________? 15. They have never seen her, __________________? 16. She began to cry after hearing the news, ____________? 17. Those girls seldom travel abroad, _________? 18. The weather is hot today, __________________? 19. I am not your friend, _______________? 20. The children don t like the hot dog, _____________? 21. John doesn’t love Mary, __________________? 22. She is a brilliant student, __________________? 23. I didn’t say: I love him, _________________? 24. There were many students yesterday at the university, ___________? 25. Maria hurt herself last Saturday, _____________? 26. The students should study for the tests, __________________? 27. Anita would like a big hamburger, __________________? 28. Juan and Esteban aren’t working together, ________________? 29. The famous singer won’t travel to Ibarra, ________________? 30. My son isn’t happy now, ________________? 41 Exercise 44 Choose the correct tag question 1. You're coming to the party, ___? a. aren't you b. isn't you c. shouldn't you 2. It wasn't very difficult, ___? a. wasn't it b. isn't it c. was it 3. Tom is getting something for Sue, ___? a. wasn't he b. isn't he c. was he 4. It won't be anything expensive, ___? a. won't it b. isn't it c. will it 5. There's some milk in the refrigerator, ___? a. isn't there b. isn't it c. wasn't it 6. We don't need to go to the store today, ___? a. don't we b. do I c. do we 7. Susan can bring some food, ___? a. won't she b. will she c. can't she 8. The party starts at eight o'clock, ___? a. isn't it b. doesn't it c. does it 9. The movie was very long, ___? a. isn't it b. wasn't it c. was it 10. There's a dictionary on the shelf, ___? a. isn't it b. isn't there c. aren't there 11. There's a lot of noise outside, ___? a. aren't there b. isn't there c. is there 12. Mrs. Smith is sick, ___? a. isn't she b. is she c. wasn't she 13. The dishes are dirty, ___? a. weren't they b. isn't they c. aren't they 14. Steven won't be at the party, ___? a. won't he b. isn't he c. will he 15. The math test was very difficult, ___? a. wasn't it b. isn't it c. weren't they 16. We can go tomorrow, ___? a. won't we b. can we c. can't we 17. I'm early, ___? a. isn't I c. are I b. aren't I 42 18. This shirt is too big for me, ___? a. isn't it b. doesn't it c. does it 19. Emily plays the piano well, ___? a. isn't it b. does she c. doesn't she 20. Your neighbors went on vacation, ___? a. isn't they b. didn't they c. aren't they ANSWER KEY / RESPUESTAS Unit 1 FUTURE Exercise 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. will fax will pay will do will call won’t start 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. won’t stop will close will forget will help won’t eat Exercise 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Will you send me a copy as soon as possible, please? Will you have some more coffee? You cooked so we will wash up. Will you call me as soon as you have some news? If you wait a minute I will give you a hand. It is hot in here, will you open the window? My plane arrives late. Will you pick me up at the airport? Thanks for the cash, I will pay you back tomorrow. The car needs a service. Will you drop it off at the garage? That bag looks heavy, I will take it. Exercise 3 There are several options. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Will you bring the machines, please? Will you take the exam this month? Will you print the files? Will the weather be warm these days? When will she go to Miami? Will they stay over? How old will Alejandro be? When will the concert be? Will they go to the trip at the end of the week? Will you have time for the meeting? 43 FIRST CONDITIONAL Exercise 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. don’t study / will will die / don’t get look / will find is / will break will lend / need 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. will rise / gets eat / won’t have will be / wear saves / will be able to go is / will go Exercise 5 Possible answers, the answers are personal 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I will buy a car you rest I won’t visit you I will pass the level she invites us 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. the university pays me he will feel bad we will be late I am late I will study abroad Exercise 6 Incorrecto Correcto 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. will go don’t doesn’t will be need gets won’t have wear will be able to go will go Go Doesn’t Won’t Be Will Will rise Eat Will be Saves Is Unit 2 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES Exercise 7 Exercise 8 Exercise 9 1.c 2.c 3.a 4.a 5.c 6.a 7.b 8.d 9.b 10.d 1. reading 2. helping 3. seeing 4. walking 5.eating 6. taking 7. using 8. Watching 9.answering 10. trying 1.taking 2.to work 3.traveling 4.to go 5.giving 6.doing 7.to study 8.to come 9.living 10.lending 44 Unit 3 SIMPLE PAST REVIEW Exercise 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. was brought won didn’t like did got worried had became began Exercise 11 1. collected 2. didn’t watch 3. played 4. tested 5. didn’t visit 6. washed 7. were 8. didn’t have 9. bought 10. didn’t see Exercise 12 1. I bought a book. I didn’t buy a book. 2. I went to the movies. I didn’t go to the movies. 3. I got up at 6:00. I didn’t get up at six. 4. I ate seafood. I didn’t eat seafood 5. I watched TV. I didn’t watch TV. 6. I slept well. I didn’t sleep well. 7. I played soccer. I didn’t play soccer. 8. I cleaned the house. I didn’t clean the house. 9. I had breakfast. I didn’t have breakfast 10. I drank juice. I didn’t drink juice PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Exercise 13 Exercise 14 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. has made has bought haven’t fed have found have / gotten haven’t done has had hasn’t finished has / gone has bought / hasn’t made since since for for for since since since for since 45 Exercise 15 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I don’t know his phone number yet . Have you seen Brad Pitt’s new film yet? Have you seen Sam? He just has come looking for you. I’m expecting him but he hasn’t turned up yet. He left his job but he has already found another. He left his job but he already has found another. Have you ever been to Cartagena? Mr. Green has just left his office. My sister never has been seen that movie. I have never visited Mindo. Right Right Wrong Right Right Wrong Right Right Wrong Right UNIT 4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Exercise 16 1. The Project hasn’t accomplished its objectives 2. The managers haven’t taken the suggestion. 3. The auditor hasn’t recommended new ideas. 4. The TV programs haven’t increased the audience. 5. My brother hasn’t paid taxes in the last 5 years. 6. The leaders haven’t taken good decisions. 7. The graduate students haven’t reached their degrees. 8. The trainers haven’t designed good courses. 9. Jennifer hasn’t got a better job recently. 10. My parents haven’t taken the tour to Europe. Exercise 17 Exercise 18 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. Have you driven a truck? 2. Has Karla performed in a play? 3. Have your friends achieved their goals? 4. Has Ken paid his taxes? 5. Have Ron and you won the race? 6. Has Yadira traveled to Colombia? 7. Have you eaten sushi? 8. Have your parents watched Titanic? 9. Has your friend finished the homework? 10. Has your mother called? Yes. I have. / No, I haven´t. Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t . Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Yes, they have. / No, I haven’t. Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t Yes, he hasn’t. / No, he hasn’t. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Exercise 19 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b a d c a 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. d c b a d 46 Exercise 20 Exercise 21 1. Where have you been? 2. Who has cooked dinner? 3. How many times has Sue read the book? 4. Who has crashed his car? 5. How long has Jeanneth been on holiday? 6. What has Freddy done? 7. Where has Gabriel stopped? 8. How many books has Sarah bought? 9. Who has talked to his teacher? 10. Why has Catherine cleaned the house? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. since since for since for since since since for since Exercise 22 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Has your wife had the baby already? No, she hasn’t had the baby yet. Rita has already had a sonogram. The doctor hasn’t told them the baby’s gender yet. We have already bought some staff for a girl. Have you finished the painting already? I haven’t had the time to choose the color yet. Have you thought of some names for the baby yet? I have already made a list names. My wife hasn’t thought of any names yet. Exercise 23 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ever ever just just ever 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. just ever ever just just UNIT 5 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE Exercise 24 1. Transitive 2. Transitive 3. Transitive 4. Transitive 5. Intransitive 6. Transitive 7. Intransitive 8. Intransitive 9. Transitive 10. Transitive Exercise 25 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. telephoned, transitive, her uncle ____ ____ sent, transitive, the manuscript. eats, transitive, candy. 6. want, transitive, coffee 7. ____ 8. asked, transitive, a question 9. ____ 10._____ 47 Exercise 26 TRANSITIVES: throw, sell, eat, buy, write, pay, feed, follow, sing INTRANSITIVES: run, live, die, evolve, think, happen, exist, work, occur, take place, cry Exercise 27 PASSIVE VOICE 1. The car is repaired by the mechanic. 2. The stones are thrown by some boys. 3. The USA is bordered by Canada 4. Cooper and steel is exported by Chile 5. The exam was taken by the new students. 6. Milk is drunk by babies. 7. People are kidnapped by a criminal. 8. That monument is destroyed by vandals. 9. People are killed by murderers. 10. Windows are broken by burglars to steal houses. Exercise 28 1. is drunk 2. are washed 3. sold 4. are made 5. is delayed 6. is grown 7. is spoken 8. isn’t played 9. is eaten 10. is sung Exercise 29 THE AGENT BY 1. A man is hit by the car. 2. An emergency call is received by the firefighters. 3. Paul is kidnapped by two criminals 4. Questions are asked 5. The dog is washed everyday by them. 6. My wall is painted by a vandal 7. A big mistake is made. 8. New employees are hired by the manager. 9. The form is filled by the applicants. 10. The house is built by them. Exercise 30 1. The ball was hidden by Tommy. 2. The party was held last weekend. 3. Bread is eaten in this house every day. 4. The games are taken place at Olímpico Stadium 5. The telephone was invented by Graham Bell. 6. “A la Costa” was written by Luis a. Martínez 7. Shrimp is grown in the Coast. 8. Safety instructions are explained on flights. 9. The students are helped by the teacher. 10. The laptop was left on Tina’s desk. Exercise 31 1. won 2. is 3. her. 4. found. 5. filled. 6. is. 7. caught 8. given. 9. are 10.is 48 UNIT 6 MODALS Exercise 32 SHOULD 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. shouldn’t should should should should should should should should should Exercise 33 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. C E I H A J D F G B Exercise 34 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. You should calm down and tell your parents. We should have dinner at mom’s house You should believe them because they are good people. They should call their boss early in the morning. You should call 911. We should go to the to a clinic. You should take an umbrella. You should drink a hot tea. You should come as soon as you can. You should help her because she needs help. Exercise 35 MUST 1. 2. 3. 4. must must mustn’t must 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. must mustn’t must mustn’t mustn’t must Exercise 36 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. You have to meet my best friend. I have to get up early. We have to win the lottery, we need money. She is sick. She have to go to the doctor. There have to be eleven players in a soccer team. We have to pass the level. Exercise 37 1. 2. 3. 4. Mustn’t Must Mustn’t Must 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Must Must Mustn’t Must Mustn’t Mustn’t 49 Exercise 38 RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Which Which Who Who Which 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Who Who Which Who Who Exercise 39 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. He was looking forward to I was working with We were talking about You are waiting for He rowed in 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. He went with He lived in He falls in He travels in She went with Exercise 40 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. That is the boy whose father was on TV. She is the girl whose mother is a famous painter. We are the students whose bags were stolen. I am the man whose music was played on the wedding. They are the people whose house caught fire. You are the one whose essay was brilliant. He is the student whose grades are excellent. I am the woman whose mother is ill. This is the university whose teachers got a master degree. This is the dog whose owner died yesterday. Exercise 41 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Checked Not checked Checked Checked Not checked 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Not checked Checked Checked Not checked Not checked. Exercise 42 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. This is the man who stole my bag The dog that was found in the park is Mr. Ross’ dog. This is the girl who I gave the flower to. The phone call I was waiting for arrived too late. This is the new car which I am going to buy. That’s the teacher who gave us lots of homework. Thank you very much for your email which was very interesting. The man, whose father is a professor, forgot his umbrella We often visit our aunt in Ibarra which is in Imbabura. This is the girl who comes from Spain. 50 UNIT 8 TAG QUESTIONS Exercise 43 1. Isn’ t, he 2. Aren’ t they 3. Don t you 4. Don t we 5. Does he 6. Was she 7. Are they 8. Isn t there 9. Didn t they 10. Can he 11. Will she 12. Could we 13. Was he 14. Doesn t she 15. Have they 16. Didn t she 17. Don t they 18. Isn t it 19. Am I / are I 20. Do they 21. Does he 22. Isn t she 23. Did I 24. Weren t there 25. Didn t she 26. Shouldn t they 27. Wouldn t she 28. Are they 29. Will he/she 30. Is he Exercise 44 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. c 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. b 11. b 12. a 13. c 14. c 15. a 16. c. 17. b 18. a 19. c 20. b. 51