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UNIT ONE
DIFFERENT USES OF WILL
USOS DEL FUTURO SIMPLE
1. ACCIONES QUE SE VAN A DESARROLLAR CON CERTEZA EN EL FUTURO
My nephew will be six in May. Mi sobrino cumplirá seis años en Mayo.
2. PREDICCIÓN EN EL FUTURO.
It will be sunny next week. Estará soleado la próxima semana.
3. PROMESAS
I will help you as soon as I arrive. Te ayudaré tan pronto como llegue.
4. OFRECIMIENTOS
I will stay with you all night if you need it. Me quedaré contigo toda la noche si lo necesitas.
5. DECISIONES ESPONTÁNEAS
I will have a hot dog, please. Comeré un hot dog por favor. Ese momento lo decide
Time expressions
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
in 2015
next Monday / week / year / month / etc.
ESTRUCTURA GRAMATICAL
subject + will + 1
1
2
3
go
went
gone
Regla gramatical para modo afirmativo, negativo e interrogativo.
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I will go
I won't go
Will I go?
You will go
You won't go
Will you go?
He will go
He won't go
Will he go?
She will go
She won't go
Will she go?
It will go
It won't go
Will it go?
We will go
We won't go
Will we go?
You will go
You won't go
Will you go?
They will go
They won't go
Will they go?
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Affirmative
subject + will + 1
I will travel to Canada
- Viajaré a Canada.
He will travel to Canadá
- El viajará a Canadá.
Negative
subject + won't (will not) + 1
I won't travel to Canada
- No viajaré a Canada.
He won't travel to Canadá - El no viajará a Canadá.
Interrogative
Will + subject + 1?
Will I travel to Canada?
- ¿Viajaré a Canada?
Will he travel to Canadá? - ¿Viajará el a Canadá?
Exercise 1
Complete the following sentences using “will or won’t”
eat
help
do
close fax
call forget
pay stop start
1.
I ___________ a copy as soon as possible if you write down your number.
2.
I ___________you back immediately.
3.
Thank you, that’s very kind of you. I ____________it
4.
I _________you back as soon as I can.
5.
I’m fed up. My car _____________again.
6.
These dogs _____________barking!
7.
The door is broken. It ___________properly now.
8.
No, I’m sorry. I ________ it. Please don’t ask me again.
9.
If you need to study for the quiz, I _________you.
10.
Ariel _________green vegetables. He doesn’t like them.
Exercise 2 revisa las respuesta en este ejercicio capaz la loca soy yo
Mix and match these requests and offers
1. Will you send me a copy as
soon as possible, please?
2. Will you have some more
give you a hand.
3. You cooked so we will
I will take it
4. Will you call me as soon as you
have some news?
5. If you wait a minute, I’ll
open the window?
6. It’s hot in here, will you
you back tomorrow.
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7. My plane arrives late. Will you
wash up
8. Thanks for the cash, I’ll pay
9. The car needs a service. Will you
10. That bag looks heavy
pick me up at the airport?
as soon as possible?
drop it off at the garage?
Exercise 3
Make a question using will. Read carefully each answer.
1. ___________________________________________?
Sure, no problem.
2. ____________________________________________?
Yes, we will.
3. _____________________________________________?
I am really sorry. I won’t be able to do it.
4. _____________________________________________?
There will be sunny days.
5. ______________________________________________?
She will go to Miami in November.
6. ______________________________________________?
They won’t stay all night long.
7. ______________________________________________?
Alejandro will be 5 years old.
8. ______________________________________________?
The concert will be in July.
9. ______________________________________________?
No, we won’t. We will go at the end of the month
10. _______________________________________________?
I will be glad to visit you
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Las oraciones condicionales tienen dos partes:
1. La oración con IF que expresa una condición.
2. La oración principal con WILL que expresa el resultado
(es decir si se cumple o no la condición)
Al hablar de futuro, se piensa en una condición particular en futuro y el resultado de esta
condición. Existe una probabilidad real de que ésta condición suceda.
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Ejemplo
Estoy en mi casa en la mañana, planeo jugar tenis en la tarde, pero el cielo está nublado, ¿qué
pasaría si llueve? ¿Juego o no?
IF
Condition
Present Simple
Result
WILL + base verb
If
it rains this afternoon,
I will stay at home.
En éste ejemplo, se habla de una condición a futuro, el cielo está nublado, y pienso que tal vez
llueva. Se usa el presente simple para hablar de esta posible condición If. Mientras que se
usa el futuro will para hablar sobre el posible resultado.
Lo importante de ésta primera condición es que hay una posibilidad real de que la condición
suceda.
IF
Condition
present simple
Result
will + base verb
If
I see Mary,
I will tell her.
If
Tara is free tomorrow,
he will invite her.
If
they do not pass their exam,
their teacher will be sad.
If
it rains tomorrow,
will you stay at home?
If
it rains tomorrow,
what will you do?
Result
WILL + base verb
IF
condition
present simple
I will tell Mary
if
I see her.
He will invite Tara
if
she is free tomorrow.
Their teacher will be sad
if
they do not pass their exam.
Will you stay at home
if
it rains tomorrow?
What will you do
if
it rains tomorrow?
Como pueden observar la oración se puede empezar con if o a su vez con will (resultado).
Las dos formas son válidas en la estructura gramatical. Recuerde, si se usa “ if “primero, se
debe poner una coma obligatoriamente antes de empezar la segunda oración. Terceras
personas (s) en el verbo y auxiliares se siguen manteniendo.
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Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks using the first conditional
1. If you _________ (not study), you ____________(fail) the test.
2. We ____________(die) if we ___________(not get) help soon!
3. If you __________(look) in the fridge, you_________(find) some cold drinks.
4. If there______(be) no oil in the engine, the car_____________(break) down.
5. I __________(lend) you my umbrella if you___________(need) it.
6. The sea level__________(rise) if the planet ___________(get) hotter.
7. If you ______(eat) your sandwiches now, you _________ (not have) anything for lunch!
8. You __________ (be) safe in an accident if you ________(wear) your seatbelt.
9. If he_________ (save) all his money, he __________(be able to go) on holiday to
Canada.
10. If the weather ________(be) nice tomorrow, we ________ (go) to the swimming pool.
Exercise 5
Complete the sentences using the first conditional
1. If I have enough money, ___________________.
2. You will feel better if ______________________.
3. If it rains, ____________________.
4. If the teacher helps me, ___________________.
5. We will go to the celebration if _______________.
6. I will study the Mastery if ___________________.
7. If he doesn’t get that job, __________________.
8. If we don’t hurry, _____________________.
9. I will get a taxi if _____________________.
10. If I pass the Senescyt exam, ________________.
Exercise 6
Identify the mistake in the following sentences and rewrite them
1. They go on holiday, if they have time.
2. I won’t go if you doesn’t come with me.
3. If it won’t rain, we will practice sport in the playground.
4. The teacher be pleased if we do all the homework.
5. If I’ll go to Ambato, I’ll buy some boots and souvenirs.
6. If you need some cash, I lend you some.
7. I’ll be back at work if I felt better tomorrow.
8. If you wants to study at the University, you will have to work very hard.
9. If I will have enough flour, I will bake a cake this afternoon.
10. I you don’t eat breakfast, you get hungry during class. Please eat a little bit
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UNIT 2
VERB PLUS INFINITIVE AND GERUND
GERUNDS
Un gerundio es la forma continua de un verbo el cual termina en-ing:
play + ing = playing
dance + ing = dancing
work + ing = working
Algunos verbos en particular (ver cuadro) son seguidos por un gerundio. Es importante
aprenderlos.
Ejemplos
He enjoys watching the game.
=
Mary usually avoids talking to him.
=
The teacher didn’t finish explaining that topic.
tópico.
The doctor advised drinking a lot of water.
=
El disfruta ver el partido.
Mary usualmente evita hablar con él.
= La profesora no terminó de explicar ese
El doctor aconsejó beber bastante agua.
LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY
PHRASAL VERBS FOLLOWED BY
GERUNDS
GERUNDS
mind
insist on
enjoy
call off
imagine
check into
avoid
worry about
finish
figure out
quit
+ Verb(ing)
admit to
suggest
keep on
practice
put off
miss
complain about
deny
give up
+ Verb(ing)
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INFINITIVES
Un infinitivo es la forma simple de un verbo con “To”.
to play
to dance
to work
Ejemplos
Many people hope to win the lottery
Muchas personas esperan ganar la lotería.
He wanted to pass the exam but he couldn’t El quiso aprobar el examen pero no pudo.
I began to study at 5:00 this morning
Empecé a estudiar a la 5:00 esta mañana.
LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY
INFINITIVE
want
decide
choose
expect
plan
refuse
+ (to)Verb
offer
hope
promise
need
Exercise 7
Choose the correct verb to complete the sentences
1. We plan _______________our product range.
a. expand
b. expands
c. to expand
d. expanding
c. breaking
d. breaks
2. He denied ________________into the shop.
a. broke
b. to break
3. I enjoy_____________ to music.
a. listening
b. listen
c. listened
d. to listen
c. go
d. going
4. Finally, I decided ___________ by myself.
a. to go
b. goes
5. They didn’t mind____________ a few minutes.
a. waits
b. wait
c. waiting
d. to wait
6. I will keep on ___________ another job.
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a. finding
b. find
c.to find
d. found
7. I promise___________ my best.
a. doing
b. to do
c. does
d. did
8. My father is going to give up _____________
a. smokes
b. to smoke
c. smoke
d. smoking
9. He offered her _____________ a promotion.
a. gets
b. to get
c. getting
d. got
10. Julia suggested____________ to the Galapagos Islands.
a. goes
b. went
c. going
d. to go
Exercise 8
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb in gerund.
answer - see - eat - take - read -
use -
watch - help - walk - try
1. He enjoys ______________good books.
2. Do you mind ______________with my homework?
3. Carol suggested _______________ a movie after work
4. The models practiced ______________with a book balanced on their heads.
5. The girl denied _______________ the piece of candy.
6. You have to pass the exam. I suggest ____________ it as soon as possible.
7. Robert avoided ______________ his cell phone when other people were in the room.
8. After he finished _______________the show, he turned off the TV and went to bed.
9. He tried to avoid _______________ my question.
10. Sarah gave up _______________to find a job in this country.
Exercise 9
Put the verb into the correct form “ –ing or – to”
1. The child admitted to _____________ (take) the money from the wallet.
2. The employee refused _____________ (work) overtime last week.
3. I always imagine _______________ (travel) to Europe.
4. She needs a change. She needs _____________(go) away for a while.
5. My mother insisted on________________(give) me more money.
6. Susan doesn’t complain about ______________ (do) the dishes every day.
7. My son graduated last year and he plans ______________(study) other career.
8. I can’t believe it!. He refused_____________(come) with me.
9. We miss ___________ (live) in Manta. The weather is very nice.
10. I don’t mind_____________ (lend) you my laptop.
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UNIT 3
SIMPLE PAST REVIEW
Se usa para describir una acción que ocurrió en un momento determinado del pasado. El
tiempo en que tuvo lugar la acción se indica con una expresión de tiempo pasado.
Affirmative Sentences
Los componentes de una oración afirmativa es el siguiente:
El orden de la estructura afirmativa es:
SUBJECT
VERB IN PAST
COMPLEMENT
They
visited
the city.
Jane
played
the violin last night
My son
had
a new bicycle two weeks ago.
Ejemplos
Uncle Paul arrived yesterday.
= Tío Paul llegó ayer.
John bought a new book last week. = Juan compró un libro nuevo la semana pasada.
Negative Sentences
Para construir la forma negativa del Pasado Simple utilizamos did + not + verbo en forma
simple. Did se usa para todas las personas. Didn’t es la forma corta de did not.
Ejemplos
They did not like the roller coasters in the theme park yesterday.
Oh, I didn’t realize you were here.
El orden de la estructura negativa es:
SUBJECT +
DID + NOT
BASE FORM
COMPLEMENT
They
did not
fly
to Australia
She
didn’t
mend
her bike
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Yes / No Questions
Para formular preguntas cuya respuesta sólo pueda ser Yes / No en Pasado Simple usamos el
verbo auxiliar did para todas las personas, a continuación va el sujeto y después la raíz del
verbo.
Los componentes en una pregunta en pasados simple son:
DID
SUBJECT
BASE FORM
COMPLEMENT/
Time
expressions
Did
you
like
the film yesterday?
Did
he
go
shopping with you?
Frecuentemente la contestación a este tipo de preguntas es una respuesta breve. También
podemos contestarlas con respuestas largas:
Ejemplos
Did you get the job?
No, I didn’t.
/ Yes, I did.
Yes, I got the job. / No, I didn’t get the job.
Wh-subject Questions
Las preguntas sobre el sujeto se forman utilizando who o what (quién o qué) en lugar del
sujeto.
El orden de los elementos de la pregunta es:
WH- WORD
SIMPLE PAST
COMPLEMENT?
Who
ate up
all the chocolates?
What
happened
to you?
Wh-non subject Questions
La estructura de la pregunta es la siguiente:
WH WORD
DID
SUBJECT
BASE
COMPLEMENT?
FORM
Where
did
she
go
In the afternoon?
How
did
he
find out
the truth?
Time
ago, yesterday, in 1998, last night/ week, month, year, etc
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Exercise 10
Complete the paragraph. Use the verbs in the box in the correct past form.
bring
begin
have
win
worry
become
be
do
(not)like
get
I have two brothers. My older brother (1) was a great student. He (2) ____________
home prizes and (3) ____________ awards. My younger brother (4) _____________ school.
He never (5) __________ well. He always (6) __________ bad grades. My parents (7)
_____________ about him. Then in his second year of high school, he (8) ___________ a
great chemistry teacher. He (9) _______________ interested in chemistry. He (10)
___________ to study hard.
Exercise 11
Complete the sentences in past tense. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or
negative.
1. They (collect) _____________ stamps for many years
2. He (not watch) _____________ television last night.
3. My friend (play) _____________ soccer last Sunday.
4. The teacher (test) _____________ our English.
5. Karen (not visit)______________ her grandpa last weekend.
6. He (wash)_______________ the car yesterday evening.
7. You (be) _____________ really hungry.
8. He (not have) ____________ a modern computer.
9. I (buy)______________ some food for dinner.
10. You (not see) _______________ the new movie.
Exercise 12
Answer the following question in a positive or negative way. Use the words in
parenthesis. What did you do yesterday?
Ex: (take an exam) I took an exam yesterday. Or I didn’t take an exam yesterday.
1. (buy a book)
________________________________
2. (go to the movies)
________________________________
3. (get up at 6:00)
________________________________
4. (eat seafood)
________________________________
5. (watch TV)
________________________________
6. (sleep well)
_________________________________
7. (play soccer)
_________________________________
8. (clean the house)
_________________________________
9. (have breakfast)
________________________________
10. (drink juice)
_________________________________
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PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
El presente perfecto se usa en el idioma inglés para narrar hechos que ya han ocurrido en un
momento no específico del pasado, y que pueden o no estar continuando en el presente.
Ejemplos
I have sent the letter.
Paul has painted his room.
Yo he enviado la carta.
Paul ha pintado su cuarto.
Oraciones Afirmativas
Para formar oraciones afirmativas en Presente Perfecto debemos utilizar el auxiliar HAVE o
HAS acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares o
verbos irregulares).
Sujeto + Auxiliar (have o has) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
I have bought a new dress for the party.
Yo he comprado un nuevo vestido para la fiesta.
You have studied the lesson for two hours.
Tú has estudiado la lección por dos horas.
He has eaten pizza many times this month.
Él ha comido pizza muchas veces este mes.
She has lost the keys again.
Ella ha perdido las llaves nuevamente.
Recuerde que las terceras personas del singular (He, she, it) deben conjugarse con el auxiliar
HAS.
For and Since
Usamos for and since para referirse a un período de tiempo
FOR + PERÍODO DE TIEMPO
FOR
SINCE + TIEMPO EXACTO
an hour
1998
three weeks
November 12
four days
Tuesday
a month
th
SINCE
2:30
twenty minutes
I was born
a long time
I was 18
three years, etc.
Last night, etc
Ejemplo
I have had this computer for a year
He tenido esta computadora por un año..
I haven't seen Julia since September
No he visto a Julia desde septiembre.
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Exercise 13
Circle the right auxiliary have/has. Pay attention to the subject
1.
My co-worker have / has achieved some objectives.
2.
The appointment have / has been postponed.
3.
My boss have / has sent my duties through Internet.
4.
The messenger have / has forgotten the parcels on the desk.
5.
My friends have / has called me several times today.
6.
I have / has answered some phone calls in my new job.
7.
The Directors have / has assigned me other tasks.
8.
I have / has performed some different activities.
9.
My secretary have / has written the reports.
10. My customers have / has read my emails but nobody has replied yet.
Exercise 14
Complete the sentences with The Present Perfect. Use the verbs in brackets.
1. My mother ____________ a delicious cake. (make)
2. Karen___________ a new bike. (buy)
3. I____________ my little dog yet. (not feed)
4. Chris ______________wood for a raft. (not find)
5. __________Sally and Jenny ____________ a new CD player? (get)
6. The pupils_____________ their homework. (not do)
7. Nick can't play football today. He_____________ an accident with his bike. (have)
8. Liz _______________her homework yet. (not finish)
9. ________Julia ___________to school today? (be)
10. Sandra ___________a lot of things for her birthday party, but she __________the cake yet.
(buy / not make)
Exercise 15
Use for o since
1. I haven't phoned home _________ Christmas.
2. We've been here _________ nine o'clock.
3. I have worked for International House _________ more than eight years.
4. I haven't visited my home town_________ I left school.
5. I haven't been to the cinema_________ ages.
6. I have studied non-stop_________ 9:15.
7. I have had a driving license_________ I was eighteen.
8. She hasn't had a day off_________1999.
9. Johan has been in England_________ more than two weeks now.
10. Peter has been my best friend _________we were nine.
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UNIT FOUR
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Oraciones Negativas
Para construir oraciones negativas en Presente Perfecto, utilizamos la forma negativa del
auxiliar, es decir HAVE NOT o HAS NOT acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado
Participio. Usualmente se utilizan las contracciones:
Have + not = haven’t
o
has + not = hasn’t
Sujeto + Auxiliar (haven’t o hasn’t) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
I haven’t visited my grandparents this year.
Yo no he visitado a mis abuelos este año.
You haven’t finished the homework yet.
Tú no has terminado el deber todavía.
He hasn’t used the computer today.
Él no ha usado la computadora hoy día.
She hasn’t taken a shower yet.
Ella no se ha bañado todavía.
Preguntas Informativas
Para formar una pregunta informativa, colocamos la pregunta informativa de acuerdo al tipo de
información requerida, seguido del auxiliar ( have o has), luego el sujeto y posteriormente el
verbo principal también en pasado participio
Wh + Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
WHAT
WHERE
WHERE … FROM
WHICH
WHY
HOW
HOW LONG
HOW OFTEN
qué
dónde
de dónde
cuál / cuáles
por qué
cómo
por cuánto tiempo
con qué frecuencia
Ejemplos
What have you learnt in your English class?
I have learnt new vocabulary.
Where has your friend bought her books?
She has bought her books in the library.
How long have they studied for the test?
They have studied for the test for two hours.
Who has finished the English homework?
Everybody has finished the English homework.
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Preguntas de Si / No
Para formar una interrogación, colocamos el auxiliar (have o has) al comienzo de la oración,
luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio:
Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
Have you studied for the final exam this
month?
¿Has estudiado para el examen final este
mes?
Have they arrived punctual to the class this
level?
¿Han llegado puntuales a la clase este nivel?
Has he cleaned his room?
¿Ha limpiado su cuarto?
Has she called her daughter today?
¿Ha llamado a su hija hoy día?
Para responder este tipo de preguntas en forma corta, necesitamos usar el sujeto y el auxiliar
ya sea en forma afirmativa o negativa.
Ejemplos
Have you finished the project?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
Has Paula eaten lunch?
Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.
Have they painted their house?
Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
Has the dog slept in the sofa?
Yes, it has.
No, it hasn’t.
Exercise 16
Order the words and make a negative statement.
1. the / accomplished / project / objectives / its / has
_______________________________________________________
2. the / suggestion / have / managers / the / taken
_______________________________________________________
3. ideas / the / has / auditor / new / recommended
_______________________________________________________
4. programs / audience / have / TV / the / increased / the
_______________________________________________________
5. my / has / years / paid / brother / taxes / the / 5 / in / last
_______________________________________________________
6. the /taken / good / leaders / decisions / have
_______________________________________________________
7. degrees / graduate / their / reached / students / have / the
_______________________________________________________
8. trainers / good / have / the / courses / designed
_______________________________________________________
9. recently / has / better / Jennifer / got / a / job
_______________________________________________________
10. my / taken / parents / the / have / Europe / tour / to
_______________________________________________________
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Exercise 17
Answer the following questions.
1. Have you answered the question?
________________________________
2. Has Jenny locked the door?
________________________________
3. Has Patricio called us?
________________________________
4. Have you seen the picture?
________________________________
5. Have your parents got the letter?
________________________________
6. Has it rained a lot?
________________________________
7. Have we sung the song?
________________________________
8. Has Maureen watched the film?
________________________________
9. Has Bob read many books?
________________________________
10. Have you ever been to London?
________________________________
Exercise 18
Order the words and add the auxiliary to complete the statements.
1. (you / a truck / drive)
________________________________________________
2. (perform / in / play / a / Karla)
________________________________________________
3. (my friends / achieve / goals / their)
________________________________________________
4. (taxes / pay / his / Ken)
________________________________________________
5. (Ron and you / race / win / the)
________________________________________________
6. (travel / Colombia / Yadira )
____________________________________________________
7. (eat / sushi / you)
________________________________________________
8. (watch / Titanic / your parents)
____________________________________________________
9. (finish / the homework / your friend)
________________________________________________
10. (call / your mother / you)
________________________________________________
Exercise 19
Choose the right answer
1.
2.
How long has Mary driven her motorcycle?
a. Not bad.
b. For two years.
When have classes started?
a. In September.
b. At the school.
c. Lately.
c. For two hours.
d. In 2006.
d. The teacher.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What has your husband done lately?
a. At home.
b. My parents.
c. In summer.
d. Read a book.
Where have you spent vacation?
a. In August.
b. My family.
c. At the beach.
d. Swimming.
Who has left the books on the desk?
a. Henry.
b. Since 1999.
c. At the office.
d. Dictionaries.
Where have the ladies come from?
a. At 5 pm.
b. In Christmas.
c. July and me.
d. Italy.
Which movie has received the best review?
a. In February.
b. At the university.
c. Les Misérables.
d. From Ecuador.
What time have you started talking on the phone?
a. For one hour.
b. At 8.
c. My mother.
d. At home.
How often has the manager come before 9 am?
a. Twice a month.
b. In winter.
c. Jason.
d. For one year.
Why have you applied for the job?
a. My parents.
b. In October.
c. Twice.
d. Because I have the
qualifications.
Exercise 20
Write the most appropriate Wh question. Look at the bold letters in the answer.
1. I have been in the garden.
_______________________________________________
2. My sister has cooked dinner.
_______________________________________________
3. Sue has read the book twice.
_______________________________________________
4. My friend has crashed his car.
_______________________________________________
5. Jeanneth has been on holiday for eight days.
_______________________________________________
6. Freddy has done his homework.
_______________________________________________
7. Gabriel has stopped at the corner.
_______________________________________________
8. Sarah has bought five books.
_______________________________________________
9. Jason has talked to his teacher.
_______________________________________________
10. Catherine has cleaned the house because she is having a party
tonight______________________________________________
17
.ALREADY
ALREADY
YET
Y YET
YA
TODAVIA NO, AUN
Already se utiliza en oraciones positivas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción ya
ocurrió o que se lleva a cabo. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado o al final de la
oración.
Ejemplos
I have already done my homework
Yo ya he hecho mis deberes.
Mary has visited London already.
Mary ya ha visitado Londres.
Has Ron already written the essay?
Ya ha escrito Ron su ensayo?
Have you made your bed already?
Ya tendiste tu cama?
Yet se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción todavía no
ha concluido.
Yet se coloca al final de la oración.
Ejemplos
I haven't done my homework yet.
Yo todavía no he hecho mis deberes.
Have you studied Unit 3 yet?
¿Ya has estudiado la unidad 3?
JUST Y EVER
JUST
EVER
ACABAR DE
ALGUNA VEZ
Just se utliza para expresar acciones que han sucedido recientemente. Se coloca después del
auxiliar have o has.
Ejemplo
I have just done my homework.
Yo he acabado de hacer mis deberes.
*Ever se utiliza en preguntas. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado.
En oraciones negativas se utiliza ever para expresar ‘nunca’.
Ejemplo
Have you ever been to Spain?
Ha estado alguna vez en España?
I haven’t ever been to China.
Yo nunca he estado en China.
18
Time
just
already
never
ever
Observe el lugar que ocupan estas expresiones en la oración
I have never been to Australia.
Nunca he estado en Australia
Have you ever been to Australia?
Ha estado alguna vez en Australia?.
I have just seen The Lord of the Rings.
Yo recién he visto el Señor de los Anillos.
I have already seen The Lord of the Rings. Yo ya he visto el señor de los anillos.
I haven’t seen The Lord of the Rings yet.
Yo no he visto El señor de los anillos todavía.
Have you seen the Lord of the Rings yet?
Has visto ya el Señor de los anillos?
Exercise 21
Use the words given and order them. Use present perfect
1.
your wife / the baby / had / yet / has / ?
____________________________________________
2.
no / hasn’t / the baby / she / yet / had
____________________________________________
3.
already / Rita / has / a sonogram / had
____________________________________________
4.
the doctor / hasn’t / the baby’s gender / yet / told them
_________________________________________
5.
already / we / bought / some staff / for a girl
_________________________________________
6.
the time / I / to choose / haven’t / had / yet / the color
__________________________________________
7.
given us / our neighbors / some furniture / have / already
__________________________________________
8.
for the baby / have / some names / you /yet thought of / ?
__________________________________________
9.
made / I / of names / already / have /a list
___________________________________________
10. hasn’t / yet / thought of / my wife / any names
____________________________________________
19
Exercise 22
Use just or ever
1. Have you _____________ ridden a motorcycle?
2. Has David _____________ flown a plane?
3. The employees have _____________ received a bonus.
4. Peter has _____________ bought a new car.
5. My sister hasn’t _____________ been to Manchester.
6. The intern has _____________ finished her classes.
7. Has your daughter _____________ been late for school?
8. Has anybody _____________ lived without air.
9. The President has _____________ won the election again.
10. The students have _____________ paid their loans.
Exercise 23
Check the right sentences
1. I don't know his phone number yet. _______
2. Have you seen Brad Pitt's new film yet? ________
3. Have you seen Sam? He just has come looking for you_______
4. I'm expecting him but he hasn't turned up yet. _______
5. He left his job but he has already found another. ______
6. He left his job but he already has found another. ______
7. Have ever you been to Cartagena? _______
8. Mr. Green has just left his office. _______
9. My sister never has seen that movie. ________
10. I have never visited Mindo. ________
End of the First Partial
20
UNIT FIVE
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Verbos transitivos son aquellos que requieren un complemento directo o indirecto para
completar su significado.
Verbos intransitivos son aquellos que carecen de estos complementos.
Aquí un listado de algunos verbos.
Transitive verbs
ask
buy
deliver
drive
eat
feed
follow
forget
like
lost
make
offer
pay
play
read
sell
send
sing
stand
take
tell
throw
want
write
Intransitive verbs
arrive
complain
cry
die
evolve
exist
get up
go
happen
inherit
leave
live
occur
place
run
sleep
take
think
work
Complemento directo es el complemento sobre el que recae directamente la acción del verbo.
Ejemplos
Jim plays the guitar.
¿qué toca?
La guitarra CD
I don´t like big cities.
¿qué no me gusta?
Las grandes ciudades CD
My teacher is reading a new book. ¿qué esta leyendo?
Un nuevo libro CD
21
Complemento Indirecto es el complemento referido a la persona que recibe la consecuencia
de la acción del verbo.
Ejemplos
I sent him a present.
¿a quién envié?
I will tell the children the news ¿ a quién le dire?
A él CI
A los niños CI
Los verbos transitivos
El significado del verbo requiere un complemento, bien directo o indirecto, sin el cual la oración
carece de sentido.
Ejemplos
She wants some help. CD
I always like Mr. Perez. CI
Los verbos intransitivos
Son aquellos cuyo significado no implica una acción que requiera de un complemento directo o
indirecto.
Pueden ir acompañados de complementos preposicionales o adverbios, lo que conocemos
como complementos circunstanciales, y pueden ser de modo, tiempo, lugar.
Ejemplos
I used to live here / Donald is lying on the bed. (Lugar)
He worked as a truck driver.
(Modo)
Ejemplos
The audience laughed.
My baby sister cried.
The book fell.
The horse galloped.
The sun set.
En todos estos ejemplos el sujeto realiza la acción pero nada ni nadie la recibe. Ahora miremos
este ejemplo
The tourists went to the old town.
El verbo went también es intransitivo
preposicional, no un objeto.
porque las palabras que le siguen son una frase
22
Ejemplos
Harry will not sleep until sunset. (sleep no tiene objeto)
You complain too much. (complain no tiene objecto)
He died on Saturday. (die no tiene objecto)
Exercise 24
Write Transitive or Intransitive in the blank given next to the sentences
1. The mailman delivered the letter next door.
___________
2. The children played in the morning.
___________
3. The Marlins lost their last game
___________
4. My mom usually makes coffee in the morning.
___________
5. Andres went to the beach last Sunday.
___________
6. They stood in line for hours.
___________
7. Maribel inherited one million dollars.
___________
8. The teacher arrived on time for the class to begin.
___________
9. Tom forgot his homework at home.
___________
10. The manager offered his employees a pay raise.
__________
Exercise 25
Identify the verbs as Transitive or Intransitive. If the verb is Transitive write the direct
object in the space provided. If it is Intransitive, leave the space blank
Example: After the meeting, Tom announced his plans for the next week.
Answer: announced (transitive) his plans
1. She telephoned her uncle last Saturday.
_____________________________________________________
2. We easily located the path through the woods.
___________________________________________________
3. Marion has been sitting in the chair for a very long time.
___________________________________________________
4. The writer finally sent the manuscript to a publisher.
___________________________________________________
5. Paul eats a great deal of candy.
____________________________________________________
6. Do you want some coffee?
___________________________________________________
23
7. James came by his fortune honestly.
___________________________________________________
8. She asked a question to the teacher.
___________________________________________________
9. Jack didn’t sleep well last night.
___________________________________________________
10. A number of experienced hikers will be trekking through the mountain.
___________________________________________________
Exercise 26
Group these verbs under the column of Transitive or Intransitive
run
live
pay happen
throw
feed
exist
sell
eat
work
occur
die
buy
follow
Transitive
Intransitive
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
______________
evolve
take
write
place
think
sing
cry
24
PASSIVE VOICE FOR PRESENT AND PAST
FACTS
Passive Voice in Present
La voz pasiva se usa cuando se enfoca en la acción. No es importante quien o que realiza la
acción.
Ejemplo
The letter is written.
El hecho importante es que la carta fue escrita, y no importa quien lo hizo.
Para entender el uso de la (Passive Voice), Voz Pasiva, en presente, es importante entender la
voz activa en presente. La Voz Activa se refiere a la acción realizada por un sujeto o un
agente, al que se le llama doer (quien realiza la acción). Generalmente la acción realizada por
el agente recae sobre un objeto, que puede ser una persona, una cosa,
Ejemplo
Sujeto + Verbo en presente + objeto (complemento)
Ecuador produces
bananas.
Sujeto + Verbo en presente + objeto (complemento)
The teachers
do
a project.
Voz Activa (Singular -es)
Voz Activa (Plural)
Una vez identificados el sujeto y el objeto que intervienen en una oración en voz activa,
podemos cambiar esa oración a Voz Pasiva en Presente, si así lo requerimos, de la siguiente
manera:
El objeto de la oración se convierte en sujeto y el sujeto en objeto. Al realizar este cambio
utilizamos el verbo TO BE en Presente (is, are) como auxiliar de esta oración y el verbo
principal va en la forma de participio pasado. El participio pasado de los verbos puede ser en
forma regular (-ed ending) o irregular:
Ejemplos:
Cambiemos los ejemplos de arribe de voz activa a pasiva:
Sujeto + Verbo TO BE en presente
Bananas
are
Sujeto + Verbo TO BE en presente
+Verbo en pasado participio +
produced
objeto (complemento)
in Ecuador.
+ Verbo en Pasado Participio + objeto (complemento)
v
A project
is
done
by the teachers
25
Exercise 27
Change these active voice sentences into Passive Voice
1. The mechanic repairs the car.
____________________________________________________
2. Some boys throw the stones.
____________________________________________________
3. Canada borders the USA:
____________________________________________________
4. Chile exports cooper and steel.
____________________________________________________
5. The new students take the exam.
_____________________________________________________
6. Babies drink milk.
_____________________________________________________
7. A criminal kidnaps people.
_____________________________________________________
8. Vandals destroy monuments.
_____________________________________________________
9. Murderers kill people.
______________________________________________________
10. Burglars break windows to steal houses.
______________________________________________________
Exercise 28
Circle the correct answer
1. A lot of tea ______ every day in the UK.
a. is drink
b. is drank
c. is drunk
2. Vegetables _______in the kitchen sink.
a. are washed
b. are wash
c. is washed
3. Is your house still for sale? No, I __________ it.
a. sold
b. sell
c. is sold
4. Sometimes mistakes __________ . It’s inevitable.
a. will make
b. make
c. are made
5. Every time I travel by plane my flight _____________.
a. delays
b. is delaying
c. is delayed
6. Coffee __________ in Colombia.
a. is grown
b. grew
c. grow
7. English _________all over the world.
a. are speak
b. is spoken
c. was spoken
8. Soccer __________ in a tennis court..
a. isn’t played
b. is play
c. are played
26
9. A lot of chocolate __________ all over the world.
a. is ate
b. is eat
c. is eaten
10. The song __________by my favorite artist.
a. is sung
b. is sang
c. is sing
THE AGENT: BY
El agente es la persona o cosa quien hace la acción y es el sujeto de la voz activa. El agente
BY va con la voz Pasiva, sin embargo, generalmente no es necesario indicar quien realiza la
acción en una voz pasiva. Cuando queremos mencionar quien realiza la acción utilizamos la
preposición by. A esta frase completa se la llama by-agent en inglés. Miremos estos ejemplos:
Active sentence
Mr. Gomez built the house.
Passive sentence
The house was built by Mr Gomez
.
Cuando no sabemos quién es el que realiza la acción, utilizamos la palabra someone or
somebody en la voz activa. En la voz pasiva estas palabras no se las utiliza, ejemplo:
Active sentence
Someone stole my bike.
Passive sentence
My bike was stolen.
Exercises 29
Change these Active Voice sentences into Passive ones using the agent BY if needed.
1. A car hits a man.
___________________________________
2. The firefighters receive an emergency call.
___________________________________
3. Two criminals kidnap Paul.
___________________________________
4. Someone asks her questions.
___________________________________
5. They wash the dog every day.
___________________________________
6. A vandal paints my wall.
___________________________________
7. Somebody makes a big mistake.
___________________________________
8. The manager hires new employees every year.
___________________________________
9. The applicants fill the form.
___________________________________
27
10. They build that house.
___________________________________
Exercise 30
Answer these questions in a complete form using Passive Voice, use the words in
parenthesis
1. Who hid the ball under the chair? (Tommy)
___________________________________
2. When was the party held? (last weekend)
___________________________________
3. What is eaten in this house every day? (bread).
___________________________________
4. Where is the game taken place? (at Olímpico Stadium)
___________________________________
5. Who invented the telephone? (Graham Bell)
___________________________________
6. Who wrote “A la Costa?” (Luis a. Martínez)
___________________________________
7. Where is shrimp grown? (in the Coast)
___________________________________
8. What is explained on flights? (safety instructions)
___________________________________
9. Who help the students? (The teacher)
___________________________________
10. Where was the laptop left? (on Tina’s desk)
___________________________________
Exercise 31
Choose and circle the correct word
1. A scholarship is won – win by Thomas.
2. That bank is – was robbed every day.
3. The house is – was cleaned everyday by her.
4. The child is founded – found by a volunteer.
5. That bottle is filled – fell with water.
6. The ball is - are thrown by Michael.
7. A bus is caught – catched every week.
8. Some instructions are given - gave to us.
9. Many young people is- are infected by AIDS every year.
10. A bomb is – was build in Irak every year.
28
UNIT SIX
MODALS
Los verbos modales son verbos auxiliares que no pueden funcionar como un verbo principal, a
diferencia de los verbos auxiliares “be”,”do” y “have” que si pueden funcionar como verbo
principal.
Los verbos modales expresan modalidad. Pueden expresar habilidad, posibilidad, necesidad u
otra condición.
Should
Este verbo modal auxiliares se utilizan para dar consejo, o recomendación en tiempo presente.
También pueden significar una obligación sutil y un consejo en contra de hacer algo.
Ejemplos
1. ADVICE
Sujeto
Modal
You
Verbo en forma base
complemento
go
to bed early to be able to wake up early.
should
2. RECOMMENDATION
Sujeto
Modal Verbo en forma base
You
should
study
3. NEGATIVE
Sujeto
Modal en negativo
You
shouldn’t
complemento
more, your grades are low
Verbo en forma base
complemento
smoke
so much
Exercises 32
Choose the correct word
1. You _______ worry so much. Either you get the job, or you don’t. If you don't, just apply for
another one.
a. should
b. shouldn’t
2. The book recommends adding fresh soil and using plant food to make your garden flowers
grow. It says that you _______ use an organic brand to avoid skin irritations.
a. shouldn’t
b. should
29
3. You _______ check the air pressure in your tires. You don't want to get a flat tire on your trip.
a. should
b. shouldn’t
4. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as
cancer. That's why I told my father that he _______ start walking once a day.
a. shouldn’t
b. should
5. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you _______
at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine.
a. should not
b. should
6. _______ I ask for help?
a. Shouldn’t
b. Should
7. My teacher told me that I _______ review my notes every day. I guess it's a good idea to look
at them after class.
a. ought to
b. shouldn’t
8. Do you think Carol _______ save her money or spend it? She is planning to go to Europe this
summer.
a. should
b. shouldn’t
9. I'm going to a party tonight. What _______ I wear: a dress or black pants?
a. shouldn’t
b. should
10. My doctor says that I _______ exercise more because I'm out of shape and want to lose
eight pounds. I think he's right.
a. shouldn’t
b. should
Exercise 33
Match the halves to make an appropriate sentence.
1. If you’re worried about getting fat,
a. you should go to Mary’s restaurant.
2. Experts say that to learn English
b. shouldn’t watch TV too much.
3. If you have a problem day.
c. you shouldn’t eat at McDonald’s every day
4. In the case you have a lot of work,
d. they shouldn’t go to the cinema
5. To have a good meal
e. you should practice the language regularly.
6. Your teeth will spoil
f. what should he wear? A suit or casual clothes?
7. They have an exam tomorrow
g. you shouldn’t get angry if he gets a 0.
8. Tom has a party tonight.
h. you should ask for help to your secretary.
9. Tom forgot his homework at home.
i. you should tell your mom.
10. Psychologists say that children
j. If you shouldn’t stop eating candy.
30
Exercise 34
Answer these questions using the information next to them.
1. What should I do about my problem?
(calm down and tell your parents)
_____________________________________________________________
2. Where should we have dinner tonight?
(at mom’s house)
_____________________________________________________________
3. Why should you believe them?
(because they are good people)
______________________________________________________________
4. When should they call their boss?
(early in the morning)
______________________________________________________________
5. What should you do in an emergency?
(call the 911).
______________________________________________________________
6. Where should we go if we have an accident? (go to a clinic)
______________________________________________________________
7. What should you do if it’s raining?
(take an umbrella)
______________________________________________________________
8. What should you do if you have a stomachache? (drink hot tea)
______________________________________________________________
9. When should we come back?
(as soon as you can)
______________________________________________________________
10. Why should you help her?
(because she needs help)
______________________________________________________________
MUST
El verbo must es un verbo modal que usamos para expresar obligación, prohibición y
necesidad. Como los otros verbos modales no tiene infinitivo. Después de must usamos un
verbo en forma base.
Ejemplos
Obligación
Sujeto
Modal
You
must
Prohibición
Sujeto
Modal
You
mustn’t
Verbo en forma base
complemento
study
for the exam.
Verbo en forma base
complemento
smoke
in the class.
31
Necesidad
Sujeto
Modal
Verbo en forma base
complemento
You
must
leave
now or you will be late.
En lugar de Must en los casos arriba mencionados podemos usar HAVE TO.
Ejemplo
Obligación
Sujeto
Modal
You
Verbo en forma base
Complemento
study
for the exam.
have to
Necesidad
Sujeto
Modal
Verbo en forma base
Complemento
You
have to
leave
now or you will be late.
Ejemplo
You must (have to) read this book. It`s fantastic.
You must (have to) brush your teeth three times a day.
You mustn’t drink and drive.
Ejemplo
John must be sick because he never misses class.
Exercises 35
Choose the best answer.
1. You _____________ meet my best friend
a. must
b. mustn’t
2. I ________ get up early.
a. must
b. mustn’t
3. We ___________sleep, we have to study.
a. must
b. mustn’t
4. We ________win the lottery, we need money.
a. must
b. mustn’t
5. She is sick. She_______ go to the doctor.
a. must
b. mustn’t
6. He is a little overweight. He __________ eat sweets.
a. must
b. mustn’t
7. There _________be eleven players in a soccer team.
a. must
b. mustn’t
32
8. They __________smoke inside the building.
a. must
b. mustn’t
9. You _________be late to work.
a. must
b. mustn’t
10.We ________pass the level.
a. must
b. mustn’t
Exercise 36
Use the blank space provided to change the sentences in exercise 35 using have to.
Wherever it is possible.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 37
Make sentences using MUST or MUSN’T and create a set of rules for your room.
1. In my room you ______________ listen to bad music
2. In my room you ______________ be nice to me.
3. In my room you ______________ shout at me.
4. In my room you ______________ play with me.
5. In my room you ______________ help me with my homework.
6. In my room you ______________ share everything with me.
7. In my room you ______________ use my computer.
8. In my room you ______________ tell the truth only.
9. In my room you ______________ break my stuff.
10. In my room you ______________ smoke.
33
UNIT 7
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE
CLAUSES
PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
Los pronombres relativos son:
Who
que, quién, el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para personas)
Whom
a quien, al cual, a la cual, a los cuales, a las cuales (para personas)
Whose
de que, de quien, del cual, de la cual, de los cuales, de las cuales, cuyo, cuya,
cuyos, cuyas (para personas)
Which
que, lo que, el cual, lo cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para cosas)
that
que, el que, la que, los que, las que (para personas y cosas)
what
lo que
Who y whom se refieren a personas solamente.
Which se refiere a cosas cualidades e ideas nunca a personas
Whose es para posesión y that se refieren a personas cosas cualidades e ideas.
Un pronombre relativo es aquel que introduce una clausula relativa. Se llama pronombre
relativo porque se relaciona con la palabra que modifica.
Ejemplo
The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
En el ejemplo anterior who
 se relaciona con la persona que modifica.
 Introduce la clausula relativa “who phoned me last night.”
Who tiene las funciones de sujeto y su antecedente (el sujeto al que refiere) debe ser una
persona, aunque puede ocasionalmente referir un animal personificado, como por ejemplo en
cuentos.
The man who called is my husband.
El hombre que llamo es mi esposo.
The doctor who helped you is my father.
El doctor que te ayudo es mi padre.
Whose expresa posesión y pertenencia y se refiere únicamente a personas, (también
excepcionalmente a animales y a nombres colectivos).
The family whose house we stayed in was very friendly.
La familia en cuya casa estuvimos era muy amigable.
34
Which se emplea como sujeto y como complemento y se refiere solamente a cosas o
animales
The car which is in the garage is mine.
El carro que está en el garaje es mío.
This is the car which I go to work in.
Éste es el carro con el cual voy a trabaja
That se emplea como sujeto o complemento directo y puede referirse a personas, cosas o
animales:
The letter that came yesterday is from my
mother.
La carta que llegó ayer es de mi madre
The man that came to our house is my
teacher.
El hombre que vino a nuestra casa es mi
profesor.
What generalmente hace referencia a acciones o situaciones.
I know what you're thinking.
Sé
lo
que
estás
Nobody knows what will happen tomorrow.
Nadie sabe qué pasará mañana
pensando
Diferencia entre who y that
Generalmente, es indiferente usar 'who' y 'that'. Sin embargo, existen diferencias entre ambos
que hacen más apropiado el uso de uno u otro pronombre dependiendo de si se está
identificando o no al sujeto.
Ejemplo
Where is the girl (who / that) sells the ice
cream?
¿Dónde está la chica que vende el helado?
(los dos pronombres están correctos: 'who' y 'that')
This is Carol, who sells the ice cream.
Esta es Carol, la cual vende el helado.
This is Carol, that sells the ice cream (uso inadecuado de 'that')
'That' normalmente no puede ir precedido de una preposición
Después de superlativos y pronombres indefinidos debemos emplear 'that' en lugar de 'who'
It's the best film that I've ever seen.
It's something that makes him cry.
Es la mejor película que he visto nunca
Es algo que le hace llorar.
35
CLÁUSULAS RELATIVAS DEFINIDAS
Este tipo de clausulas nos dice de que clase de persona o de cosa el hablante menciona. Es decir
se refiere a las preguntas “Which person or thing?”( ¿Cuál persona o cosa?) “What kind of
Estas clausulas relativas se unen a una clausula principal usando los pronombre relativos que
aprendimos arriba.
Ejemplos
The waiter was nice.
He served us last night.
The waiter who served us last night was nice.
Show me the photos.
You took these photos in Kenya.
Show me the photos that you took in Kenya.
RECUERDE
La claúsula relativa es necesaria para identificar la persona o cosa de quien se habla. En los
ejemplos anteriores si omitimos lo subrayado no nos podríamos dar cuenta de que mesero o de
que fotos estamos hablando.
Estas claúsulas son muy importantes y están atadas a la clausula principal, y nunca se separan
con comas.
Los pronombres relativos que se usan en estas clausulas son:
Refiriéndose a personas
Sujeto
Objeto directo
Posesiòn
who o that
(who) (whom) o (that)
whose
Refiriéndose a animales y cosas
which o that
(which) o (that)
whose
Un pronombre relativo puede funcionar como un sujeto, un objeto directo, o un objeto indirecto (si
está acompañado de una preposición), y puede expresar posesión.
Cuando un pronombre es el sujeto de una clausula relativa, tiene que estar expresado.
Ejemplos
Simon is the boy who lives next door.
The cheetah is the animal which runs fastest.
Cuando un pronombre funciona como un objeto directo, este normalmente esta implícito, como lo
indican los paréntesis en el cuadro de arriba.
Ejemplos
The man who/that you met at my house is my uncle.
The man you met at my house is my uncle.
The car which/that we bought last month is a hybrid car.
36
The car we bought we bought last month is a hybrid car.
Un pronombre relativo puede también ser omitido cuando funciona como objeto indirecto, pero la
preposición se mueve al final de la clausula relativa.
Ejemplos
The book for which you’re looking is on the table.
The book you are looking for is on the table
Para expresar posesión en una clausula relativa usamos whose, que no puede omitirse.
Ejemplo
That`s the lady whose son works with my husband.
Exercise 38
Complete the sentences using which or who.
1.My friend has a computer game which can take days to finish.
2.They are meeting places in the internet __________ are called chat rooms.
3.This is the lady __________ gave me her old laptop.
4.I’ll call that friend of mine __________can fix most computer problems.
5.I bought some software __________ is the most recent on the market.
6.Paul is the programmer __________ designed my website.
7.Mary ______ is wearing a white sweater is my friend
8.The dog is the animal _________ is my best friend.
9.Sara is the girl __________ lives next door.
10.The man __________ hit my car is my boss.
Exercise 39
Rewrite the sentences by placing the preposition at the end of the relative clauses and
omitting the relative pronoun.
1. The holiday to which he is looking forward was cancelled.
The holiday he was looking forward to was cancelled.
2. The text with which I was working suddenly vanished from the screen.
The text ____________________________suddenly vanished from the screen.
3. The book about which we were talking got an important award.
The book ________________________ got an important award.
4. Who are the people for whom you are waiting?
37
Who are the people ____________________________?
5. The boat in which he rowed across the Atlantic has been preserved.
The boat _________________________has been preserved.
6. The women with whom he went to the party soon left.
The women _____________________________soon left.
7. The house in which he lived as a boy was burnt to the ground.
The house _____________________________was burnt to the ground.
8. Is that the book in which he falls in love?
Is that the book _____________________?
9. The car in which he travel has been painted.
The car _________________________has been painted.
10. The man with whom she went to the beach is my brother.
The man _____________________________is my brother.
Exercise 40
Join the two sentences with whose.
1.
That is the boy. His father was on TV.
That is the boy whose father was on TV.
2.
She is the girl. Her mother is a famous painter. _________________________
3.
We are the students. Our bags were stolen. ___________________________
4.
I am the man. My music was played on the wedding. _____________________
5.
They are the people. Their house caught fire. __________________________
6.
You are the one. Your essay was brilliant. _____________________________
7.
He is the student. His grades are excellent. _____________________________
8.
I am the woman. My mother is ill.______________________________________
9.
This is the university. The teachers got a master degree. ___________________
10. This is the dog. It’s owner died yesterday. _______________________________
Exercise 41
Tick the sentences that you can omit the relative pronoun from.
1. _____The language that they speak must be Chinese.
2.
_____I’ve never met the boy who is going out with Julia these days.
3.
_____It’s the kind of film which I don’t really like.
4.
_____He’s the man whom you saw at the theater last night.
5.
_____He’s an artist whose work has been greatly praised.
6.
_____have you ever been to the house which the Rodriguez bought in Manta last year?
7.
_____The music that they play must be new.
8.
______I talked to the girl whose car broke down.
9.
_____Mr. Richard, who is taxi driver, live on the corner.
10. _____Thank you very much for your email which was very interesting.
38
Exercise 42
Join the two sentences with a suitable relative pronoun. Omit it where possible.
1. This is the man. He stole my bag.
This is the man who stole my bag.
2. The dog was found in the park. It is Mr. Ross’ dog.
_______________________________________________________________
3. This is the girl. I gave the flowers to her.
_______________________________________________________________
4. The phone call arrived too late. I was waiting for it.
_______________________________________________________________
5. This is the new car. I’m going to buy it.
_______________________________________________________________
6. That’s the teacher. He gives us lots of homework.
_______________________________________________________________
7. The man forgot his umbrella. His father is a professor.
____________________________________________________________________
8. We often visit our aunt in Ibarra. Ibarra is in Imbabura.
____________________________________________________________________
9. This is the girl, she comes from Spain.
____________________________________________________________________
10. The children shouted in the street. They aren`t from our school.
____________________________________________________________________
39
UNIT 8
TAG QUESTIONS
Son pequeñas frases o preguntas que van al final de una oración y que tienen como objeto
confirmar o negar el contenido de una frase. El equivalente a ¿Verdad? en español o al ¿No es
eso cierto? Es importante recordar que para formular tag questions siempre se utilizan los
verbos auxiliares.
Existen dos formas de usar un tag question:
1. Si la oración principal es AFIRMATIVA, el tag question será NEGATIVO.
You are a student, aren`t you?
2. Si la oración principal es NEGATIVA, el tag question será AFIRMATIVO.
You aren’t a student, are you?
A continuación un cuadro de ejemplos usando diferentes tiempos gramaticales.
TENSE
Oración Principal
TAG
QUESTION
Verb To-Be present He is your student,
isn't he?
Verb To-Be past
Your parents weren't in Quito,
were they?
Simple Present
Paola works in Guayaquil,
doesn't she?
Simple Past
The students didn't go to the museum,
did they?
Simple Future
The airplane won't arrive on time,
will it?
Be going to
We are going to stay in a nice hotel,
aren't we?
Present Continuous Luis is traveling to Cuenca next week,
isn't he?
Past continuous
Your teacher wasn't using the laptop,
was she?
Present Perfect
The dog hasn't eaten yet,
has it?
Past Perfect
Alexandra had finished the test by that time,
hadn't she?
can - can't
You can speak English,
can't you?
could - couldn't
Paul couldn't walk after the accident,
could he?
must - mustn't
Students mustn't deliver their homework late,
must they?
should shouldn't
You should study for your evaluations,
shouldn't you?
40
Recuerde que las tag questions van separadas de la oración principal con una coma (,).
Exercise 43
Read the sentence and write a tag question.
1.
Paul is a good Singer, _________________?
2.
Beto and Susan are in New York_________________?
3.
You love this picture, ________________?
4.
We know your parents, ______________?
5.
Jimmy doesn’t speak Italian, __________________?
6.
Beth wasn’t happy yesterday, _________________?
7.
The boys are playing football, ___________________?
8.
There is enough food here, ____________________?
9.
The scientists left for Rome yesterday, __________________?
10. Charles can’t speak Russian, _________________?
11. She won’t arrive late, _________________?
12. We couldn’t go there, _____________________?
13. He wasn’t working here, __________________?
14. Betty loves coffee, ___________________?
15. They have never seen her, __________________?
16. She began to cry after hearing the news, ____________?
17. Those girls seldom travel abroad, _________?
18. The weather is hot today, __________________?
19. I am not your friend, _______________?
20. The children don t like the hot dog, _____________?
21. John doesn’t love Mary, __________________?
22. She is a brilliant student, __________________?
23. I didn’t say: I love him, _________________?
24. There were many students yesterday at the university, ___________?
25. Maria hurt herself last Saturday, _____________?
26. The students should study for the tests, __________________?
27. Anita would like a big hamburger, __________________?
28. Juan and Esteban aren’t working together, ________________?
29. The famous singer won’t travel to Ibarra, ________________?
30. My son isn’t happy now, ________________?
41
Exercise 44
Choose the correct tag question
1. You're coming to the party, ___?
a. aren't you
b. isn't you
c. shouldn't you
2. It wasn't very difficult, ___?
a. wasn't it
b. isn't it
c. was it
3. Tom is getting something for Sue, ___?
a. wasn't he
b. isn't he
c. was he
4. It won't be anything expensive, ___?
a. won't it
b. isn't it
c. will it
5. There's some milk in the refrigerator, ___?
a. isn't there
b. isn't it
c. wasn't it
6. We don't need to go to the store today, ___?
a. don't we
b. do I
c. do we
7. Susan can bring some food, ___?
a. won't she
b. will she
c. can't she
8. The party starts at eight o'clock, ___?
a. isn't it
b. doesn't it
c. does it
9. The movie was very long, ___?
a. isn't it
b. wasn't it
c. was it
10. There's a dictionary on the shelf, ___?
a. isn't it
b. isn't there
c. aren't there
11. There's a lot of noise outside, ___?
a. aren't there
b. isn't there
c. is there
12. Mrs. Smith is sick, ___?
a. isn't she
b. is she
c. wasn't she
13. The dishes are dirty, ___?
a. weren't they
b. isn't they
c. aren't they
14. Steven won't be at the party, ___?
a. won't he
b. isn't he
c. will he
15. The math test was very difficult, ___?
a. wasn't it
b. isn't it
c. weren't they
16. We can go tomorrow, ___?
a. won't we
b. can we
c. can't we
17. I'm early, ___?
a. isn't I
c. are I
b. aren't I
42
18. This shirt is too big for me, ___?
a. isn't it
b. doesn't it
c. does it
19. Emily plays the piano well, ___?
a. isn't it
b. does she
c. doesn't she
20. Your neighbors went on vacation, ___?
a. isn't they
b. didn't they
c. aren't they
ANSWER KEY / RESPUESTAS
Unit 1 FUTURE
Exercise 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
will fax
will pay
will do
will call
won’t start
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
won’t stop
will close
will forget
will help
won’t eat
Exercise 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Will you send me a copy as soon as possible, please?
Will you have some more coffee?
You cooked so we will wash up.
Will you call me as soon as you have some news?
If you wait a minute I will give you a hand.
It is hot in here, will you open the window?
My plane arrives late. Will you pick me up at the airport?
Thanks for the cash, I will pay you back tomorrow.
The car needs a service. Will you drop it off at the garage?
That bag looks heavy, I will take it.
Exercise 3 There are several options.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Will you bring the machines, please?
Will you take the exam this month?
Will you print the files?
Will the weather be warm these days?
When will she go to Miami?
Will they stay over?
How old will Alejandro be?
When will the concert be?
Will they go to the trip at the end of the week?
Will you have time for the meeting?
43
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Exercise 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
don’t study / will
will die / don’t get
look / will find
is / will break
will lend / need
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
will rise / gets
eat / won’t have
will be / wear
saves / will be able to go
is / will go
Exercise 5
Possible answers, the answers are personal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I will buy a car
you rest
I won’t visit you
I will pass the level
she invites us
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
the university pays me
he will feel bad
we will be late
I am late
I will study abroad
Exercise 6
Incorrecto
Correcto
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
will go
don’t
doesn’t
will be
need
gets
won’t have
wear
will be able to go
will go
Go
Doesn’t
Won’t
Be
Will
Will rise
Eat
Will be
Saves
Is
Unit 2 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
1.c
2.c
3.a
4.a
5.c
6.a
7.b
8.d
9.b
10.d
1. reading
2. helping
3. seeing
4. walking
5.eating
6. taking
7. using
8. Watching
9.answering
10. trying
1.taking
2.to work
3.traveling
4.to go
5.giving
6.doing
7.to study
8.to come
9.living
10.lending
44
Unit 3 SIMPLE PAST REVIEW
Exercise 10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
was
brought
won
didn’t like
did
got
worried
had
became
began
Exercise 11
1. collected
2. didn’t watch
3. played
4. tested
5. didn’t visit
6. washed
7. were
8. didn’t have
9. bought
10. didn’t see
Exercise 12
1. I bought a book.
I didn’t buy a book.
2. I went to the movies.
I didn’t go to the movies.
3. I got up at 6:00.
I didn’t get up at six.
4. I ate seafood.
I didn’t eat seafood
5. I watched TV.
I didn’t watch TV.
6. I slept well.
I didn’t sleep well.
7. I played soccer.
I didn’t play soccer.
8. I cleaned the house.
I didn’t clean the house.
9. I had breakfast.
I didn’t have breakfast
10. I drank juice.
I didn’t drink juice
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Exercise 13
Exercise 14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
has made
has bought
haven’t fed
have found
have / gotten
haven’t done
has had
hasn’t finished
has / gone
has bought / hasn’t made
since
since
for
for
for
since
since
since
for
since
45
Exercise 15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I don’t know his phone number yet .
Have you seen Brad Pitt’s new film yet?
Have you seen Sam? He just has come looking for you.
I’m expecting him but he hasn’t turned up yet.
He left his job but he has already found another.
He left his job but he already has found another.
Have you ever been to Cartagena?
Mr. Green has just left his office.
My sister never has been seen that movie.
I have never visited Mindo.
Right
Right
Wrong
Right
Right
Wrong
Right
Right
Wrong
Right
UNIT 4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Exercise 16
1. The Project hasn’t accomplished its objectives
2. The managers haven’t taken the suggestion.
3. The auditor hasn’t recommended new ideas.
4. The TV programs haven’t increased the audience.
5. My brother hasn’t paid taxes in the last 5 years.
6. The leaders haven’t taken good decisions.
7. The graduate students haven’t reached their degrees.
8. The trainers haven’t designed good courses.
9. Jennifer hasn’t got a better job recently.
10. My parents haven’t taken the tour to Europe.
Exercise 17
Exercise 18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1. Have you driven a truck?
2. Has Karla performed in a play?
3. Have your friends achieved their goals?
4. Has Ken paid his taxes?
5. Have Ron and you won the race?
6. Has Yadira traveled to Colombia?
7. Have you eaten sushi?
8. Have your parents watched Titanic?
9. Has your friend finished the homework?
10. Has your mother called?
Yes. I have. / No, I haven´t.
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t .
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
Yes, they have. / No, I haven’t.
Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t
Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t
Yes, he hasn’t. / No, he hasn’t.
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
Exercise 19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b
a
d
c
a
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d
c
b
a
d
46
Exercise 20
Exercise 21
1. Where have you been?
2. Who has cooked dinner?
3. How many times has Sue read the book?
4. Who has crashed his car?
5. How long has Jeanneth been on holiday?
6. What has Freddy done?
7. Where has Gabriel stopped?
8. How many books has Sarah bought?
9. Who has talked to his teacher?
10. Why has Catherine cleaned the house?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
since
since
for
since
for
since
since
since
for
since
Exercise 22
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Has your wife had the baby already?
No, she hasn’t had the baby yet.
Rita has already had a sonogram.
The doctor hasn’t told them the baby’s gender yet.
We have already bought some staff for a girl.
Have you finished the painting already?
I haven’t had the time to choose the color yet.
Have you thought of some names for the baby yet?
I have already made a list names.
My wife hasn’t thought of any names yet.
Exercise 23
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ever
ever
just
just
ever
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
just
ever
ever
just
just
UNIT 5 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE
Exercise 24
1. Transitive
2. Transitive
3. Transitive
4. Transitive
5. Intransitive
6. Transitive
7. Intransitive
8. Intransitive
9. Transitive
10. Transitive
Exercise 25
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
telephoned, transitive, her uncle
____
____
sent, transitive, the manuscript.
eats, transitive, candy.
6. want, transitive, coffee
7. ____
8. asked, transitive, a question
9. ____
10._____
47
Exercise 26
TRANSITIVES: throw, sell, eat, buy, write, pay, feed, follow, sing
INTRANSITIVES: run, live, die, evolve, think, happen, exist,
work, occur, take place, cry
Exercise 27 PASSIVE VOICE
1. The car is repaired by the mechanic.
2. The stones are thrown by some boys.
3. The USA is bordered by Canada
4. Cooper and steel is exported by Chile
5. The exam was taken by the new
students.
6. Milk is drunk by babies.
7. People are kidnapped by a criminal.
8. That monument is destroyed by vandals.
9. People are killed by murderers.
10. Windows are broken by burglars to
steal houses.
Exercise 28
1. is drunk
2. are washed
3. sold
4. are made
5. is delayed
6. is grown
7. is spoken
8. isn’t played
9. is eaten
10. is sung
Exercise 29 THE AGENT BY
1. A man is hit by the car.
2. An emergency call is received by
the firefighters.
3. Paul is kidnapped by two criminals
4. Questions are asked
5. The dog is washed everyday by
them.
6. My wall is painted by a vandal
7. A big mistake is made.
8. New employees are hired by the
manager.
9. The form is filled by the applicants.
10. The house is built by them.
Exercise 30
1. The ball was hidden by Tommy.
2. The party was held last weekend.
3. Bread is eaten in this house every
day.
4. The games are taken place at
Olímpico Stadium
5. The telephone was invented by
Graham Bell.
6. “A la Costa” was written by Luis a.
Martínez
7. Shrimp is grown in the Coast.
8. Safety instructions are explained on
flights.
9. The students are helped by the
teacher.
10. The laptop was left on Tina’s desk.
Exercise 31
1. won
2. is
3. her.
4. found.
5. filled.
6. is.
7. caught
8. given.
9. are
10.is
48
UNIT 6 MODALS
Exercise 32 SHOULD
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
shouldn’t
should
should
should
should
should
should
should
should
should
Exercise 33
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
C
E
I
H
A
J
D
F
G
B
Exercise 34
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
You should calm down and tell your parents.
We should have dinner at mom’s house
You should believe them because they are good people.
They should call their boss early in the morning.
You should call 911.
We should go to the to a clinic.
You should take an umbrella.
You should drink a hot tea.
You should come as soon as you can.
You should help her because she needs help.
Exercise 35 MUST
1.
2.
3.
4.
must
must
mustn’t
must
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
must
mustn’t
must
mustn’t
mustn’t
must
Exercise 36
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
You have to meet my best friend.
I have to get up early.
We have to win the lottery, we need money.
She is sick. She have to go to the doctor.
There have to be eleven players in a soccer team.
We have to pass the level.
Exercise 37
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mustn’t
Must
Mustn’t
Must
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Must
Must
Mustn’t
Must
Mustn’t
Mustn’t
49
Exercise 38 RELATIVE PRONOUNS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Which
Which
Who
Who
Which
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Who
Who
Which
Who
Who
Exercise 39
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He was looking forward to
I was working with
We were talking about
You are waiting for
He rowed in
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
He went with
He lived in
He falls in
He travels in
She went with
Exercise 40
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
That is the boy whose father was on TV.
She is the girl whose mother is a famous painter.
We are the students whose bags were stolen.
I am the man whose music was played on the wedding.
They are the people whose house caught fire.
You are the one whose essay was brilliant.
He is the student whose grades are excellent.
I am the woman whose mother is ill.
This is the university whose teachers got a master degree.
This is the dog whose owner died yesterday.
Exercise 41
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Checked
Not checked
Checked
Checked
Not checked
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Not checked
Checked
Checked
Not checked
Not checked.
Exercise 42
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
This is the man who stole my bag
The dog that was found in the park is Mr. Ross’ dog.
This is the girl who I gave the flower to.
The phone call I was waiting for arrived too late.
This is the new car which I am going to buy.
That’s the teacher who gave us lots of homework.
Thank you very much for your email which was very interesting.
The man, whose father is a professor, forgot his umbrella
We often visit our aunt in Ibarra which is in Imbabura.
This is the girl who comes from Spain.
50
UNIT 8 TAG QUESTIONS
Exercise 43
1. Isn’ t, he
2. Aren’ t they
3. Don t you
4. Don t we
5. Does he
6. Was she
7. Are they
8. Isn t there
9. Didn t they
10. Can he
11. Will she
12. Could we
13. Was he
14. Doesn t she
15. Have they
16. Didn t she
17. Don t they
18. Isn t it
19. Am I / are I
20. Do they
21. Does he
22. Isn t she
23. Did I
24. Weren t there
25. Didn t she
26. Shouldn t they
27. Wouldn t she
28. Are they
29. Will he/she
30. Is he
Exercise 44
1. a
2. c
3. b
4. c
5. a
6. c
7. c
8. c
9. b
10. b
11. b
12. a
13. c
14. c
15. a
16. c.
17. b
18. a
19. c
20. b.
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