Download RESUMEN UNIDAD 8

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INGLÉS
Unidad 8. Resumen
RESUMEN UNIDAD 8
1. Relative clauses (oraciones subordinadas adjetivas o de relativo)
1.1. Definición
• Son oraciones subordinadas que se usan para añadir información sobre
alguien o algo.
• La persona o cosa sobre la que se añade información es el “antecedente”.
• La palabra que hace de enlace entre el antecedente y la oración de relativo es
el pronombre de relativo.
antecedente pronombre de relativo
Mr Smith is the man
who won the prize.
oración de relativo
1.2. Pronombres de relativo:
PRONOMBRE
DE
RELATIVO
WHO
ANTECEDENTE
persona
WHOM
persona
WHICH
animal,
cosa o
idea
persona
THAT
animal,
cosa o
idea
persona
FUNCIÓN
TRADUCCIÓN
EJEMPLO
S de la or.
de relativo
quien
Mr Smith is the man who won
the prize.
O de la or.
de relativo
O de la or.
de relativo
a quien
a quien
The man who they gave the
prize was Mr Smith.
The woman whom we saw
last week is Canadian.
S de la or. de
relativo
que
This is the ring which cost me
a lot of money.
O de la or.
de relativo
que
The ring which I bought cost
me a lot of money.
S de la or.
de relativo
O de la or.
de relativo
S de la or.
de relativo
O de la or.
de relativo
que
que
que
que
Mr Smith is the man that won
the prize.
Robert is the boy that she
loves.
This is the ring that cost me a
lot of money.
The meat that they ate was
bad.
Brenda is a girl whose father
is very rich.
That's the dog whose owner
you knew yesterday
posesión o
pertenencia
relativa al
antecedente
cuyo/os;
cuya/as
WHERE
palabra
que
indica
lugar
ampliar la
información
sobre el
antecedente
donde
That's the house where he
lived.
WHEN
palabra
que
indica
tiempo
ampliar la
información
sobre el
antecedente
cuando
I remember the day when I
met you.
WHOSE
animal,
cosa o
idea
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INGLÉS
Unidad 8. Resumen
1.3. Defining relative clauses (oraciones de relativo especificativas)
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
( ORACIONES DE RELATIVO ESPECIFICATIVAS )
antecedente
Charles is
pron. relat.
the man who / that
phoned yesterday.
EJEMPLO
oración principal
USO
FORMA
oración de relativo
•
•
Definen y especifican al antecedente.
Dan información imprescindible (si se suprimen, no se entiende de qué o quién
estamos hablando).
•
•
•
Van detrás del antecedente.
No llevan comas que separen la oración de relativo de la oración principal.
That puede sustituir a who y a which.
antecente
pron. relat.
The man who / whom I met yesterday said hello to me.
CD
S
oración de relativo
OMISIÓN DEL
PRON. DE
RELAT.
oración principal
The man I met yesterday said hello to me.
That's the person
about whom you were talking yesterday.
prep.
O
S
oración de relativo
That’s the person you were talking about yesterday.
USO DE LAS
PREPOSICIONES
The knife with which we cut the onions was mine.
prep. O
S
oración de relativo
The knife we cut the onions with was mine.
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INGLÉS
Unidad 8. Resumen
1.4. Non-defining relative clauses (oraciones de relativo explicativas)
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
( ORACIONES DE RELATIVO EXPLICATIVAS )
antecedente pron. relat.
Sam ,
who is sixty, has started to study Chinese.
EJEMPLO
oración de relativo
oración principal
USO
•
•
Se utilizan para dar información adicional,
Sin la oración de relativo sí se entiende el resto de la oración.
•
•
Van detrás del antecedente.
Van entre comas que separan la oración de relativo de la oración principal o
entre una coma y un punto.
That no puede sustituir a who, whom, which.
Who, whom, which no pueden omitirse.
FORMA
•
•
anteced. de persona pron. relat.
Eric, with whom I've never worked , is an expert on computers.
oración de relativo
anteced. de persona pron. relat.
Eric , who I've never worked with , is an expert on computers.
oración de relativo
USO DE LAS
PREPOSICONES
anteced. de cosa
That church
pron. relat.
,
about which I told you
, is very beautiful.
oración de relativo
anteced. de cosa
pron. relat
That church , which I told you about , is very beautiful
oración de relativo
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Unidad 8. Resumen
1.5. Review of relative clauses (resumen de las oarciones de relative)
DEFINING RELATIVE
CAUSES
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE
CLAUSES
Función del pron. Relat.
Función del pron. Relat.
S
O
POS.
S
WHO
WHO
WHOM
THAT
WHOSE
WHO
Antecedente
THAT
Personal
O
POS.
WHO
WHOSE
WHOM
∅
WHICH
Antecedente
THAT
No personal
WHICH
THAT
WHOSE
WHICH
WHICH
WHOSE
∅
1.6. Palabras que hacen la función de pronombres de relativo:
DEFINING RELATIVE
CAUSES
NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
Función de la palabra
Función de la palabra
Indicar
lugar
Indicar
tiempo
Indicar razón
Sustituir a
something
Indicar
lugar
Oración
completa
WHERE
WHEN
WHY
WHAT
WHERE
WHEN
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INGLÉS
Unidad 8. Resumen
2. Uso del infinitivo y del gerundio
2.1. Uso del infinitivo
EJEMPLOS
SE USA INFINITIVO DETRÁS DE:
1. Algunos nombres
2. Adjetivos o de adverbios
I made an attempt to win the match.
He had the ability to get the job.
He's too tired to play tennis.
She ran too slowly to win the race.
3. Adjetivo + for + object.
It's not easy for me to understand you.
4. It's time + to infinitive
It's time to go home.
It's time for + object + to +infinitive
It's time for them to get married.
5. It is/was + adj. + of +sust./pron.
It was very kind of him to help me.
6. Pronombres interrogativos (excepto
why)
I don't know what to say.
7. Ciertos verbos
I can't afford to go on holidays
We didn't manage to talk to him.
Nota: Infinitivo negativo: not + to + v: They agreed not to buy it.
2.2. Uso del gerundio
SE USA GERUNDIO:
EJEMPLOS
1. Como sujeto de la oración
Swimming is very difficult for me.
2. Detrás de una preposición
I'm tired of running in the park
3. Detrás de verbos de gusto o
aversión
I like swimming in rivers.
I hate working on Sunday.
They started running.
4. Detrás de verbos que indican
comienzo o final
Paul finished cooking lunch.
I gave up smoking two months ago.
5. Detrás de algunos verbos que
indican procesos mentales:
•
Admit / deny
He admitted committing the crime
•
Accept / avoid
He didn't avoid meeting him.
•
Imagine
Can you imagine having no money?
•
Regret
Do you regret being married?"
•
Consider
We have to consider going by train.
•
MInd
Do you mind giving me your address?
Nota: Gerundio negativo: not + gerundio: I enjoy not doing anything on holiday.
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Unidad 8. Resumen
2.3. Verbos seguidos por gerundio o por infinitivo sin y con cambio de
significado
2.3.1. Sin cambio de significado
1. Detrás de la mayoría de verbos de
gusto o aversión
I like swimming / to swim in rivers.
2. Detrás de la mayoría de verbos que
indican comienzo.
They started running / to run.
I hate working / to work on Sunday.
Paul began cooking / to cook lunch.
Notas:
•
Begin / start + tiempos continuos  infinitivo:
I'm beginning to get tired.
She was starting to write the letter.
•
Begin / start + understand / know  infinitivo:
In a few days, I started to understand him.
•
Would like / love / hate / prefer  infinitivo
I would like to play tennis.
2.3.2.
VERBOS
FORGET
Con cambio de significado
CONSTRUCCIÓN
+ to infinitivo
+ gerundio
GO ON
+ to infinitivo
+ gerundio
REGRET
+ to infinitivo
+ gerundio
REMEMBER
+ to infinitivo
+ gerundio
STOP
+ to infinitivo
+ gerundio
TRY
+ to infinitivo
+ gerundio
Significado
Olvidarse de hacer
algo.
Olvidarse de algo
que se ha hecho en
el pasado.
Cambiar a una
acción diferente.
Seguir, continuar.
Lamentar informar de
algo.
Lamentarse de algo
pasado.
Acordarse de lo que
hay que hacer.
Recordar un hecho
pasado.
Interrumpir una
acción para hacer
otra
Dejar de hacer algo,
una acción.
Intentar hacer algo.
Probar, experimentar
algo.
EJEMPLO
Don't forget to take your
wallet.
She forgot seeing Mark.
After eating, she went on
to read.
I went on studying until
nine.
I regret to tell you this
He
regrets
studying
medicine.
Remember to take your
wallet.
I don't remember seeing
John.
You should stop to have
a rest.
You
should
smoking.
I tried to read but I
couldn't do it.
stop
He should try studying.
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Unidad 8. Resumen
2.4.
Verb patterns con el infinitivo (estructuras verbales con infinitivo)
2.4.1. Con verbos que implican modificar la conducta de alguien:
S + V + OBJETO PERSONAL + TO + INFINITIVO
VERBOS
EJEMPLO
ADVISE
They advised him to go to the doctor.
ASK
We asked Peter to come early.
ENCOURAGE
He encouraged him not to go to Rome.
FORBID
The government forbade them to smoke.
INVITE
The policeman invited them to stop.
PERMIT
They permit the children to play in the park.
WANT
I want you to come with me.
WOULD LIKE
She would like me to arrive early.
2.4.2.
Con los verbos let y make.
S + V + OBJETO + INFINITIVO SIN TO
VERBOS
EJEMPLO
LET
She didn't let me go.
MAKE
That song made me not sleep.
2.4.3.
Con los verbos de percepción:
S + V + OBJETO + INFINITIVO SIN TO //
VERBOS
S + V + OBJETO + GERUNIDO
EJEMPLO
SEE
They saw me shout.
HEAR
We heard your daughter crying.
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Unidad 8. Resumen
3. Be used to / Get used to
3.1. Be used to: “estar acostumbrado a”
a) Forma: Presente Simple
Afirmativa
SUBJECT
AM / IS / ARE
I
am
You
are
USED TO
GERUND / NOUN PHRASE
getting up early
He
She
It
is
We
You
They
are
used to
this weather
Negativa
AM / IS /
ARE
am
SUBJECT
I
You
NOT
USED TO
not
used to
GERUND / NOUN PHRASE
are
getting up early
He
She
It
is
We
You
They
are
this weather
Interrogativa
AM / IS / ARE
SUBJECT
Am
I
Are
you
he
she
it
Is
we
you
they
Are
•
USED TO
GERUND / NOUN PHRASE
getting up early?
used to
this weather?
Nota: el verbo to be se conjuga en cualquier tiempo verbal.
b) Ejemplos:
We're used to getting up early.
I wasn't used to working so much.
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Unidad 8. Resumen
3.2. Get used to: “acostumbrarse a”
a) Forma: Presente Simple
Afirmativa
SUBJECT
GET
I
You
get
USED TO
GERUND / NOUN PHRASE
getting up early
He
She
It
gets
We
You
They
get
used to
this weather
Negativa
SUBJECT
DO / DOES
I
You
NOT
GET
USED TO
not
get
used to
GERUND / NOUN
PHRASE
do
getting up early
He
She
It
does
We
You
They
do
this weather
Interrogativa
DO / DOES
SUBJECT
GET
USED TO
I
you
Do
Does
he
she
it
Do
we
you
they
•
GERUND / NOUN PHRASE
getting up early?
get
used to
this weather?
Nota: el verbo to get se conjuga en cualquier tiempo verbal.
b) Ejemplos:
I'm getting used to your country
Tom didn't get used to that city.
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Unidad 8. Resumen
4.
Clauses of purpose (oraciones subordinadas finales)
4.1. Uso
Para expresar el propósito de una acción o la finalidad de la misma
4.2. Forma:
ESTRUCTURA
1. to + infinitivo + ...
2. in order to + infinitivo + ...
3. in order not to + infinitivo + ...
4. so as to + infinitivo + ...
5. so as not to + infinitivo + ...
6. in order that + sujeto +
can/could ... + infinitivo + ...
7. so that + sujeto + can/could
... + infinitivo + ..
EJEMPLO
They took exercise to be healthy.
We studied very hard in order to pass all the exams.
I didn't go on holidays in order not to leave our dog alone.
She went to London so as to visit her grandfather.
Tom didn't buy a computer so as not to spend so much money.
We went to England in order that Pam could practice English.
They arrived early so that we could start the meeting on time.
5. Formación de palabras: Combinaciones de nombre, verbo, adjetivo seguidos de
preposición
5.1. Nombre + preposición
NOMBRE
reason, recipe
interest, pride
risk, smell
ban, influence
damage, solution
argument, problem
PREPOSICIÓN
for
in
of
on
to
with
SIGNIFICADO
razón para, receta de
interés en, orgullo de
riesgo de, olor a
prohibición de, influencia en
daño a, solución a
discusion con, problema con
PREPOSICIÓN
about
at
for
from
in
of
on
to
with
SIGNIFICADO
discutir sobre, preocuparse por
reírse de, mirar
buscar, pagar
tomar prestado, recuperarse de
creer en
consistir en, convencer de
concentrate en, depender de
pertenecer a, escuchar
estar acuerdo con, hablar con
PREPOSICIÓN
about
at
for
in
of
on
to
with
SIGNIFICADO
feliz por, entusiasmado con
malo en / bueno en
famoso por, listo para
interesado en, involucrado en
miedo de, orgulloso de
dependiente de, aficionado a
educado con, parecido a
enfadado con, encantado con
5.2. Verbo + preposición:
VERBO
argue, worry
laugh, look at
search, pay
borrow, recover
believe
consist, convince
concentrate, rely
belong, listen
agree, speak
5.3. Adjetivo + preposición:
ADJETIVO
excited, happy
bad, good
famous, ready
interested, involved
afraid, proud
dependent, keen
polite, similar
angry, pleased
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INGLÉS
Unidad 8. Resumen
6. Leer y escribir: Composición de textos escritos
6.1. Adverbios
a) Usos:
USO
EJEMPLOS
1. Modificador del verbo
He walked slowly
2. Modificador del adjetivo
That car is very expensive
3. Modificador de otro adverbio
He walked quite slowly.
4. Modificador de la oración
Perhaps they are at home.
b) Clases de adverbios:
CLASE
1. Adverbios de modo
FORMA
POSICIÓN
EJEMPLOS
Detrás del verbo.
I speak quickly.
Detrás del CD o CI.
I speak English quickly.
Delante del adjetivo o
adverbio al que
modifican.
The exercise was fairly easy.
adj + ly
a little
a bit
slightly
2. Adverbios de
grado
fairly
quite
rather
extremely
really
very
nearly
almost
3. Adverbios
oracionales
They woke up very early.
actually
obviously
perhaps
probably
luckily
Delante del verbo al
que modifican.
Al principio de la
oración (con coma)
They almost had an accident.
Luckily, he arrived on time.
Al principio de la
oración sin coma
Perhaps they’ll come.
Al final de la oración
She missed the bus unfortunately.
Delante del verbo
principal
We actually believed you.
He has probably left the house.
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Unidad 8. Resumen
c) Adverbios y adjetivos con la misma forma:
ADJETIVO
ADVERBIO
EJEMPLOS
early
early
I will get up early and I will arrive in the early hours of the day.
fast
fast
Steve has got a fast car which runs fast.
hard
hard
It's been a hard day because I've worked hard.
late
late
He arrived at a late hour because he left very late.
6.2. A description of a place
Para describir su
ubicación:
Para describir el
lugar:
Para describir los
edificios:
Para describir el
clima:
Para dar razones:
Expresiones para
dar ejemplo:
Para hacer
recomendaciones:
Para dar una
opinión:
Para añadir
información:
Para terminar:
Only five minutes from where I live ...
very close to ...
in the centre of ...
in the town centre ...
on the west coast of ...
It was built ...
It is famous for ...
It has got
It looks / seems ...
It is a bit / quite / very ...
There is / are ...
high
low
ancient
modern
stone
wooden
sunny
changeable
snowy
What I like about ... is
The main reason I like ... is ...
For example
For instance
such as ...
The best thing about it is ...
You should go there if you have the chance
I would definitely recommend a visit to ...
In my opinion,
I believe that...
It seems to me that...
To my mind,
What's more,
In addition,
Furthermore,
Moreover,
, too.
as well.
also
To sum up,
In short,
On the whole,
To conclude,
In conclusion ,
opposite ...
next to ...
near…
busy
peaceful
medium-sized
tiny
huge
attractive
ugly
remote
desolate
brick
architecture
design
layout
facilities
windy
dry
warm
firstly,
secondly,
thirdly,
lastly,
finally,