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ENGLISH
2nd BACHILLERATO
1st Term
La Inmaculada Padres Franciscanos School
Academic Year 2014/ 2015
1st Term
1. GRAMMATICAL POINTS
1. Conjunction AS. Difference between prepositions AS and LIKE.
2. Conditionals.
3. Concessive clauses.
4. Final ( purpose) clauses.
5. Result clauses.
6. Modal verbs.
2. VOCABULARIO
1. Synonyms: nouns, adjetives, verbs, prepositions,etc.
2. Adjetives+ preposition.
3. FALSE FRIENDS.
4. Conjunctions and connectors.
3. PAU TEXTS ( Pruebas de Acceso a la Universidad).
4. ANNEX. Tenses / prefixes and suffixes.
5. PAU SUGGESTIONS.
1. CONJUNCTION AS
Puede ser conjunción temporal, causal y modal. También puede usarse para expresar una correlación y
además puede significar ´lo que `.
1) Temporal. (cuando, mientras, a medida que ).
´George arrived as I left `.
´The man slipped as he was getting off the train `.
´As the day went on, the weather got worse `.
Seguida de JUST : Just as I sat down, the phone rang.
2) Causal. ( porque, ya que, como )
´As they live near us, we see them quite often.
3) Modal (como).
´As you know, it´s Tom´s birthday tomorrow `.
En este caso puede ir seguido de IF :
´ They looked at me as if I were mad `
AS IF es igual a AS THOUGH ( como si )
Es muy común el uso de IF detrás de los verbos LOOK, SOUND, FEEL y SMELL.
´You look as if you haven´t slept.
4. Correlación
As …as / not so …as
She is as intelligent as they told me.
5) LO QUE.
´Do as you are told `.
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AS y LIKE como preposiciones
Los dos significan como, pero like se usa para decir que algo o alguien es similar a otra cosa o persona.
´ What a beautiful house. It´s like a palace `.
Like va seguido de un nombre o pronombre, mientras que as sólo puede ir seguido de nombre.
´You should have done it like this `.
Like también se usa detrás del verbo TO LOOK cuando éste va seguido de un nombre. Significa “parecerse
a”.
You look like your sister.
Ambas preposiciones pueden ir seguidas de gerundios o de sustantivos, pero as debe llevar such delante.
´Some sports, such as motor-racing, can be dangerous `.
like motor-racing
Expresiones con AS: AS USUAL (como siempre, como de costumbre)
AS A DOCTOR, TEACHER, etc
I work as a doctor. ( Trabajo de doctor)
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CONJUNCTION AS ______ Practice
1. Say what the use of AS is in the following sentences: Time, reason, manner.
1. As I promised, here are the books by Shakespeare. __________________.
2. It started to rain as I arrived at the beach. __________________________.
3. I will make you some coffee as you don´t like tea. ___________________.
4. As he was climbing the ladder, he slipped. ________________________.
5. He is not so clever as everyone thinks. ___________________________.
2. Complete the sentences with AS ( reason ).
1. As tomorrow is a public holiday, ______________________________________________.
2. As it was a nice day, ________________________________________________________.
3. As we didn´t want to wake anyone up, ___________________________________________.
4. As there isn´t anything to eat in the house, ________________________________________.
5. As the door was open, _______________________________________________________.
6. As I didn´t have money for a taxi, ______________________________________________.
3. Use the sentences below to make sentences with AS IF.
she was enjoying it
they hadn´t eaten for ages
she was going to throw it at him
you need a good rest
he was half-asleep
1. They were extremely hungry and ate their dinner very quickly.
They ate their dinner as if ____________________________________________________.
2. When you talked to Jack on the phone last night, he spoke with difficulty. And he
said some strange things. He sounded ___________________________________________.
3. Tom looks very tired. You say to him: You look ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
4. Ann and Tom were having an argument. She was very angry. Suddenly she picked up a
plate. She looked __________________________________________________________.
5. Carol had a bored expression on her face during the concert.
She didn´t look ____________________________________________________________.
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4. Complete each sentence with as if + oración.
1. I´m not a child, but sometimes you talk to me _____________________________________.
2. She doesn´t know me, so why did she smile at me ________________________________?
3. He´s not my boss, but he sometimes acts _________________________________________.
4. Don´t look at me ____________________________________________________________.
5.I love the way she sings. She sings ______________________________________________.
5. Complete with AS y LIKE. AS can also appear as a conjunction.
1. Do you think Ann looks ________________________ her mother.
2. He really gets on my nerves. I can´t stand people _____________________ him.
3. Why didn´t you do it ________________ I told you to do it?
4. He never listens. Talking to him is ____________________ talking to a wall.
5. _________________ I said yesterday, I´m thinking of going to Canada.
6. Tom´s idea seemed a good one, so we did ________________ he suggested.
7. It´s a difficult problem. I never know what to do in situations _____________ this.
8. I´ll phone you tomorrow evening ________________ usual, okay?
9. This coffee is terrible. It tastes __________________ water.
10. Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was ________________ a bomb exploding.
11. She ´s a really good swimmer. She swims ________________ a fish.´
12. My feet are really cold. They´re _______________ blocks of ice.
13. He´s 35 but he sometimes behaves __________________ a child.
14. He´s decided to give up his job ______________ a journalist and become a teacher.
15. His house is full of lots of interesting things: It´s ____________ a museum.
16. Your English is very fluent. I wish I could speak _______________ you.
17. When we asked Jack to help us, he agreed immediately, _______________ I knew he would.
18. While we were on holiday, we spent most of our time doing energetic things _____________
Sailing, water-skiing and swimming.
19. Ann´s been working _____________ a waitress for the last few weeks.
20. I think I prefer this room ____________ it was, before we decorated it.
21. He wastes too much time doing things _______________ sitting in cafés all day.
22. The weather is terrible for the middle of summer. It´s ______________ winter.
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2. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
Van introducidas por la conjunción IF (si). Existen tres tipos.
TYPE I
Oración subordinada condicional
Present simple
Oración principal
-------------------------------------------- Future simple
Modal+infinitive
Imperative
If you work this summer, you will earn some money.
you can meet new people.
If you don´t like this food, have a sandwich.
Otra posible combinación dentro de este tipo consiste en poner el verbo de la subordinada en present
continuous o con la forma TO BE GOING TO y el de la principal en future simple.
If you´re studying tonight, you´ll have to drink some coffee to keep yourself awake.
TYPE II
Oración subordinada condicional
Past simple
-------------------------------------------------
Oración principal
Conditional Simple
Would + Infinitivo
Could
Might
If they drank coffee, they would sleep badly.
El verbo en past simple se traduce al español por pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo.
En este tipo de condicional la forma de pasado del verbo to be es WERE para todas las personas puesto
que se trata de un subjuntivo, aunque es más usado WAS.
If I were / was taller, I´d be happier.
Existe la expresión IF I WERE YOU ( si yo fuera tu, yo de ti, yo en tu lugar ), que se usa para expresar
consejo.
If I were you, I wouldn´t do that.
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TYPE III
Oración subordinada condicional
Past Perfect
Oración principal
-------------------------------------------- Conditional Perfect
Would + HAVE + PP
Could
Might
If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.
El verbo en past perfect se traduce por pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo.
Existe también un tipo de condicional llamado ZERO CONDITIONAL, que consiste en expresar las dos
oraciones en present simple. En este caso la condición siempre se cumple.
If you pour oil on water, it floats.
En las condicionales, el orden de las oraciones no importa. Puede ir primero la subordinada condicional y
después la principal o viceversa. En el primer caso, hay que poner una coma entre ambas.
If you pour oil on water, it floats.
Oil floats if you pour it on water.
Las oraciones condicionales pueden también ir introducidas por la conjunción UNLESS, que se
traduce por SI NO, A NO SER QUE o A MENOS QUE.
UNLESS es igual a IF + NOT, por lo que el verbo de su oración tiene que ser afirmativo.
I won´t go out unless it stops raining.
I won´t go out if it doesn´t stop raining.
Las conjunciones PROVIDED (THAT) , PROVIDING (THAT) y AS LONG AS pueden
sustituir a IF enfatizando la condición. Se traducen por SÓLO EN CASO DE QUE o A CONDICIÓN DE
QUE.
Providing (that) you work harder, you´ll have a rise.
You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.
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CONDITIONALS _________________ Practice
1. Complete with the PAST SIMPLE or CONDITIONAL SIMPLE.
1. What would happen if you (not go) _________________________ to go to work
tomorrow?
2. Many people would be out of work if that factory (close) ___________________ down?
3. Ann gave me this ring. She (be) ____________________ terribly upset if I lost it.
4. If someone (walk) ______________________ in here with a gun, I´d be very frightened.
5. If she sold her car, she (not/ get) ________________________ much money for it.
6. Would George be angry if I (take)_________________________ his bicycle without
asking?
7. They would be disappointed if we (not come) _____________________________.
8. If I was offered the job I think I (take) _____________________________.
9. If I found one hundred pounds in the street, I (keep) ______________________________
it.
10. They´d be rather angry if you (not visit) ____________________________them.
11. If I (know) _____________________ her number, I would telephone her.
12. If I were you, I (not marry) ________________________ him.
13. I´d help you if I (can) ____________________, but I´m afraid I can´t.
14. I wouldn´t mind living in England if the weather (be) _____________________ better.
15. I (give) __________________________ you a cigarette if I had one but I´m afraid I
haven´t.
.
2. Complete with the PAST PERFECT or the CONDITIONAL PERFECT
1. If I (know) __________________________ that you were ill last week, I´d have gone to
see you.
2. Tom (not enter) ____________________________ for the examination if he had known that
It would be so difficult.
3. We might not have stayed at this hotel if George (not recommend) _____________________
_______________________ it to us.
4. It´s good that Ann reminded me about Tom´s birthday. I ( forget) ______________________
________________________ if she hadn´t reminded me.
5. I´d have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I (have) _________________________
your address.
6. Tom got to the station in time.If he (miss) ____________________________the train, he
would have been late for his interview.
7.If you had told me the truth before, I (believe) _________________________________ you.
8. Kathryn wouldn´t have become ill if she (not eat) __________________________________
so many chocolates.
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3. Write the sentences again beginning them with UNLESS.
1. We won´t buy any fish today if it isn´t cheaper than yesterday.
___________________________________________________________________________.
1. If you don´t go to the party, they´ll be disappointed.
___________________________________________________________________________.
2. I can´t help her if she doesn´t want to talk to me.
______________________________________________________________________________.
3. If it doesn´t stop raining, we´ll stay at home.
______________________________________________________________________________.
4. If he doesn´t go to the post office, he won´t buy the stamps.
______________________________________________________________________________.
5. George won´t come out of hospital if he doesn´t feel better.
______________________________________________________________________________.
4.Correct the sentences.
1. If I will have time this afternoon, I´ll visit you. _________________________________________.
2. If I was you, I´d take a taxi. _______________________________________________________.
3. We would have stayed in for dinner if we would have known you were coming.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
4. Unless he phone now, we won´t wait for him.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
5. If it will be warm and sunny tomorrow, we´ll go to the beach.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
6. If I were rich, I´ll buy a yacht. ______________________________________________________.
7. You won´t go to the cinema unless you don´t study.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
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5. Translate.
1. No cogeremos el tren a menos que nos demos prisa.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
2. Si Peter no hubiera conducido tan deprisa, no habría tenido un accidente.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
3. Solo en caso de que me despierte a tiempo, te acompañaré.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
4. Yo de ti, no compraría ese abrigo.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
5. Si no estuviera lloviendo, podríamos comer en el jardín.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
6. No podríamos haber comprado el coche si no nos hubieses prestado el dinero.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
7. A no ser que descanses, mañana no podrás ir a trabajar.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
8. Me casaré sólo en caso de que conozca a un millonario.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
9. Si el tiempo fuera bueno, no me importaría vivir allí.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
10. ¿ Qué harías si alguien robara tu bolso ?
_______________________________________________________________________________.
6. Writing.
1. If you were on a desert island, what would you do? ( 25-50 words)
2. Imagine there have been a fire in your house and you just had time to take some objects. What would
you have taken and why? ( 25-50 words).
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3. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES
Cuando queremos contrastar dos hechos, usamos una oración concesiva, que pueden ir introducidas por las
conjunciones ALTHOUGH, THOUGH o EVEN THOUGH. Otras palabras que pueden expresar estas
oraciones son las preposiciones IN SPITE OF y DESPITE.
a. ALTHOUGH/ THOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH.
1. Significan “aunque”.
2. THOUGH puede usarse en lugar de ALTHOUGH en estilo informal. EVEN
THOUGH es la forma enfática de ALTHOUGH. Es decir, se usa cuando queremos
darle una mayor importancia al hecho de la oración que va introducida por esa
conjunción.
3. Como son conjunciones, las tres van seguidas de una oración.
Although she smokes a lot, she´s quite fit.
I didn´t get the job though I had the necessary qualifications.
Even though I tried hard, I couldn´t solve the problem.
b. DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF
1. Significan “a pesar de”.
2. Van seguidas de un nombre, pronombre o verbo en gerundio
In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
Despite the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
In spite of this, I still love you.
Despite this, I still love you.
I´m not tired in spite of working hard all day.
I´m not tired despite working hard all day.
3. Sólo pueden ir seguidas de una oración cuando van acompañadas de the fact (that).
In spite of the fact that I was tired, I couldn´t sleep.
MAL: In spite of I was tired, I couldn´t sleep.
Despite the fact that I was tired,I couldn´t sleep.
MAL: Despite I was tired, I couldn´t sleep.
A pesar de que estaba cansado, no pude dormir.
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CONCESSIVE CLAUSES_____ Practice
1. Complete the sentences with ALTHOUGH, THOUGH,DESPITE o IN SPITE OF.
1. ______________________ being tired, we carried on walking.
2. Karen decided to give up his job _______________________ I advised him not to.
3. They went to the beach _______________________ the bad weather.
4. I love music ____________________ I can´t play a musical instrument.
5. He decided to go home ______________________ he didn´t want to.
6. ________________________ it was raining, we went out for a walk.
7. ________________________ not having slept for two days, he looked perfectly fine.
8. Even ____________________ she didn´t like him, she had to accept the invitation.
9. _________________________ all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
10. _________________________ I had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went
wrong.
11. The heating was on but, ______________________ this, the house was still cold.
12. Even ______________________ she was very unhappy, she couldn´t cry.
13. _________________________ it was very hot, he didn´t take his coat off.
14. ________________________ the fact I hadn´t studied for the exam, I passed it.
15. She didn´t look depressed ________________________ the terrible situation she was going
through.
16. We decided to go swimming _____________________ the rain.
17. _______________________ my children are 12 years old, they still believe in Father
Christmas.
18. _______________________ we worked a lot last year, we didn´t earn enough.
2. Rewrite the sentences using first ALTHOUGH and then IN SPITE OF.
a.It was raining but she didn´t take an umbrella.
_______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
b. The meal was very expensive but he enjoyed it.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c.
Spain lost the match but they played better than Italy
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
d.
She lives on the first floor but she never takes the lift.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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3. Rewrite the sentences again using the words in brackets.
1. In spite of his young age, he had travelled around the world. (although).
Although __________________________________________________________________.
2. Although we enjoy watching films very much, we seldom go to the cinema. (despite)
Despite ___________________________________________________________________.
3. He rescued the little girl although he couldn´t swim very well. ( in spite of)
In spite of _________________________________________________________________.
4. I decided to accept the job although the salary was low. (in spite of).
In spite of _________________________________________________________________.
5. We finally bought the car in spite of the fact that it was very expensive.(although).
Although __________________________________________________________________.
6. Although he´s got lots of money, he never spends a penny. (in spite of).
In spite of __________________________________________________________________.
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4. FINAL CLAUSES
La finalidad en inglés puede expresarse de la siguiente manera:
1. TO+ INFINITIVO. ( para + infinitivo)
Cuando queremos explicar por qué alguien hace algo. Sólo puede emplearse cuando el sujeto del
verbo principal es el mismo que el sujeto de la oración de infinitivo.
We spent the summer in Rome to learn Italian.
MAL: We spent the summer in Rome for to learn Italian.
2. IN ORDER TO/ SO AS TO/ IN ORDER NOT TO/ SO AS NOT TO + INFINITIVO
( a fin de/ con el fin de+ infinitive)
Es más formal que la anterior.También se usa cuando los dos sujetos son iguales.
She went abroad in order to/ so as to find a better job.
He came in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
3. SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + ORACIÓN SUBORDINADA (para+oración subordinada)
Ambas formas se pueden emplear si el sujeto es el mismo en las dos oraciones o también si es
diferente. Estas conjunciones van seguidas de can o will + infinitivo si el verbo de la principal está
en presente o futuro y de could, should o would+ infinitivo si está en pasado.
I´m going to buy my son a computer so (that) / in order that he can practise at home.
I wanted to buy my son a computer so (that)/ in order that he could practise at home.
NOTA IMPORTANTE: Nunca puede expresarse la finalidad con for + gerundio.
MAL: We spent the summer in Rome for learning Italian.
BIEN: We spent the summer in Rome to learn Italian.
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5. FINAL CLAUSES ( CONSECUTIVAS)
Se forman con las siguientes estructuras:
1. SUCH A/AN + adjetivo + sustantivo contable en singular + (that) + oración.
+ adjetivo + sustantivo contable en plural + (that) + oración
+ adjetivo + sustantivo incontable + (that) + oración
Mary´s such a popular person (that) everybody wants to speak to her.
We saw such cheap jeans in the shop (that) we bought three pairs.
It was such sour wine (that) we didn´t drink it.
2. SO + adjetivo + (that) + oración.
He´s so intelligent (that) he´s finished his university studies in three years.
3. SO + adverbio + (that) + oración.
He is walking so slowly (that) he might miss the train.
4. SO MUCH + sustantivo incontable + (that) + oración.
He ate so much bread and butter (that) he had stomachache.
También puede usarse solo: He ate so much (that) he had stomachache.
5. SO MANY + sustantivo contable en plural + (that) + oración
There are so many houses here (that) it´s crowded with people.
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Final and Result clauses ______________ Practice
1. Correct the errors.
1.
2.
3.
4.
It was such a lovely weather that we went to the beach.
They were so intelligent children that we admired them a great deal.
I´ve bought a new sofa for to be more comfortable.
He bought that book for reading something.
2. Complete the sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I´m learning English in order ______________________________________________________.
My brother is so ________________________________________________________________.
We went to the country so that ____________________________________________________.
I´m going to buy a faster computer so as _____________________________________________.
We live in such a huge house ______________________________________________________.
3.Choose the correct answer.
1. I´m going to study harder _____________ pass my exams in June.
a. so to
b. for to
c. in order that
d. in order to
2. We invited lots of children _____________ our son could enjoy his birthday party.
a. in order to
b. so as to
c. so that
d. for that
3. Helen is going to be on a diet ______________ lose weight.
a. so as to
b. so that
c. for
d. in order that
4. They went to the town centre ______________ do some shopping.
a. so as
b. to
c. for to
d. for
5. Let´s take a taxi so that we ___________________ be late.
a. aren´t going to
b. will
c. are to
d. won´t
6. We´ll leave him alone so that he __________________ study.
a. can
b. could
c. would
d. must
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4. Complete the sentences with so, such,or such a(n).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
He was ________________ happy that he invited us for a drink.
They´re ________________ lovely people that we enjoy their company a lot.
Joan is _______________ elegant woman that everybody admires her.
He´s _______________ popular singer that he sells thousands of CDs.
They were ________________ cheap books that we bought quite a few.
Sunday afternoons are _________________ boring that we never know what to do.
5. Rewrite these sentences keeping the meaning of the original sentence as much as possible.
1. The box was so heavy that he couldn´t lift it.
It was such______________________________________________.
2. They were such naughty children that they were punished by the teacher.
The children were _______________________________________________________.
3. The English language is so important that many people learn it every day.
English is such ___________________________________________________________.
4. Sarah was such a young girl that her parents wouldn´t leave her alone.
Sarah was _______________________________________________________________.
5. These people are so poor that they always need help.
They are _________________________________________________________________.
6. Translate these sentences.
a. Se fueron al campo para descansar de la ruidosa ciudad.
_______________________________________________________________________.
b. Vivimos en una casa tan enorme que sólo usamos la planta baja.
_______________________________________________________________________.
c. Comió tan deprisa que se puso enfermo.
_______________________________________________________________________.
d. Me puse el abrigo para no tener frio.
_______________________________________________________________________.
e. Estoy aprendiendo inglés para poder ir a vivir a Londres.
_____________________________________________________.
f. No le dije nada para que no estuviera preocupado.
_____________________________________________________________.
g. Se levantó temprano para poder ser puntual.
_______________________________________________________________________.
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6. MODAL VERBS
Tienen las siguientes características generales:
1. Forman la negación añadiendo el adverbio de negación NOT.
I must not go.
La contracción de CAN es CANNOT o CAN´T, pero nunca CAN NOT.
2. Forman la interrogación invirtiendo el orden sujeto-verbo.
Can you stay?
3. Admiten contracciones:
He mustn´t come.
4. Sirven para construir las question tags.
I must go, mustn´t I?
5. Sirven para sustituir a un verbo previamente mencionado.
I cannot type, but she can.
6. Carecen de participios y de infinitivo,por lo que no pueden enunciarse precedidos de TO.
7. Tienen la misma forma verbal invariable para todas las personas, excepto HAVE TO, que tiene has
en la tercera persona del singular.
She should tell me.
8. Van seguidos de infinitivo sin TO, con excepción de OUGHT TO, HAVE TO y
USED TO.
9. Son defectivos. Tienen sólo una o dos formas y carecen de la mayoría de los tiempos.
Además de infinitivo y, por consiguiente, de futuro y condicional, todos carecen de la forma en –
ing y de todos los tiempos progresivos. Tampoco tienen participio de pasado y carecen, por tanto
de todos los tiempos compuestos.
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CAN (poder)
Tiene dos formas: CAN para el present simple y COULD para el past simple y conditional.
La negación de CAN es CANNOT o CAN´T.
Para los tiempos de que carece se usa el verbo TO BE ABLE TO (ser capaz de).
They won´t be able to go.
Usos
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Poder físico. I can see him now.
Habilidad. I can play the piano.
Permiso. Can I come in?
Prohibición en frases negativas. You can´t go yet.
Posibilidad e imposibilidad. What can we do? We can go to the cinema.
I can´t go to the cinema tonight.
6. Peticiones: Can you do me a favour?
7. Deducción en frases negativas. They can´t be at home. The lights are off.
COULD tiene los mismos usos que CAN. Cuando expresa petición, es más formal que
CAN. También puede expresar:
- especulaciones: This book could be hers.
- sugerencias: We could watch a video tonight.
- críticas: You could have told me the truth!
MAY (poder)
Tiene dos formas: MAY para el present simple y MIGHT para el past simple y
conditional. Para los tiempos de que carece puede emplearse la expresión
TO BE ALLOWED TO ( permitir) como sustituto cuando se usa como permiso.
You won´t be allowed to sing there
Usos
1. Permiso en situaciones formales. May I smoke?
2. Posibilidad. It may rain this afternoon.
MAY expresa la posibilidad de que algo ocurra y CAN expresa la posibilidad de hacer algo.
Para expresar la posibilidad en frases interrogativas, así como la imposibilidad,
utilizamos CAN. Can it be true? It can´t be true.
3. Peticiones corteses. May I have a cup of tea, please?
4. Especulaciones. She may still be asleep because the room is dark.
MIGHT tiene los mismos usos que MAY excepto el 1º y el 3º.
They might invite us to the party.
They might have broken the window while I was having a shower.
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MUST ( Deber )
Tiene esta única forma, que sirve para el present simple y el past simple. Para los
tiempos de que carece puede emplearse TO HAVE TO ( tener que ).
Usos
1. Deber u obligación. Puede tener varios matices:
a. Deber moral. You must obey your parents.
b. Orden. You must paint that door, too.
c. Necesidad que tenemos de hacer algo. I must go now.
La ausencia de obligación o necesidad se expresa con NEEDN´T /DON´T HAVE TO.
We needn´t hurry/ We don´t have to hurry.
2. Prohibición cuando está en negación.
You musn´t do that.
3.Deducción afirmativa o suposición.
The news must be true.
Tanto MUST como TO HAVE TO expresan la necesidad de hacer algo, pero MUST va más ligado a la
voluntad del hablante y TO HAVE TO señala una circunstancia independiente de la voluntad del hablante.
I must write to Ann. I haven´t written to her for ages.
Ann´s eyes are not very good.She has to wear glasses for reading.
In Spain you have to be eighteen to drive a car.
( En España se han de tener 18 años para conducir un coche)
SHALL /SHOULD
1. Usos de SHALL
a. Ofrecimiento. En primera persona del singular. Se traduce por presente de indicativo.
Shall I call a taxi?
b. Sugerencia. En primera persona del plural. Se traduce por presente de indicativo.
Shall we stay at home tonight?
2. Usos de SHOULD
a. Consejo. Se traduce por debería.
You should tell your father.
19
WILL/WOULD
1. Usos de WILL.
a. Como auxiliar de future simple.
I will do it at once.
b. Predicciones, promesas, ofrecimientos.
It will be cloudy tomorrow morning.
I will write to you every day.
I will help you with your bags.
c. Para expresar que se acaba de tomar una decisión en el momento de hablar.
I think I will have a sandwich now.
2. Usos de WOULD.
a. Como auxiliar de conditional. He would like some cheese.
b. Peticiones corteses.
Would you please switch off the light?
c. Invitaciones.
Would you have another drink?
d. Hábito en el pasado. Se traduce por pretérito imperfecto de indicativo del verbo que se
conjuga o por solía seguido del infinitivo del verbo. En este sentido es igual a USED TO.
He would go to his office at 8 o´clock every day.
En cualquier caso no se puede emplear WOULD para expresar hábito o costumbre cuando no
interviene en absoluto la voluntad del sujeto.
He used to suffer from headaches.
OUGHT TO ( Debería )
Equivale practicamente a SHOULD con el significado de debería. No tiene más usos o formas.
Expresa consejo.
You ought to tell him as soon as possible.
20
NEED ( Ser necesario )
No debe confundirse con el verbo ordinario TO NEED (necesitar), verbo de conjugación completa.
Tiene una única forma, que se emplea solamente en frases interrogativas y negativas, aunque es más usual
utilizar en su lugar HAVE TO, especialmente en preguntas.
La negación expresa ausencia de obligación.
Need you be so sarcastic? / Do you have to be so sarcastic?
You needn´t come/ You don´t have to come.
Otros verbos
USED TO ( solía )
Es la única forma que tiene este verbo y sólo se utiliza en past simple.
Expresa hábito o rutina en el pasado, para acciones que se realizaban habitualmente en el pasado y que ya
no se realizan en el presente.
I used to take my nephews to the zoo when they came to town.
HAD BETTER ( sería mejor que )
Expresa consejo y sugerencia. Va seguido de infinitivo sin TO.
It´s getting dark. We had better (we´d better) go home now.
You´d better not tell him the news.
WOULD RATHER ( preferiría )
Expresa preferencia y va seguido de infinitivo sin TO. I would rather stay at home.
Si se comparan dos acciones, el segundo verbo va precedido de THAN.
I would rather laugh than cry.
Puede contraerse en ´d.
Esta forma también puede ir seguida de una oración subordinada, cuyo sujeto es distinto del de would
rather y cuyo verbo va en past simple.
21
MODAL VERBS. Practice
1. Complete with a modal verb.
1. You ________________________ bring an umbrella. It isn´t going to rain.
2. It __________________________ rain, you´d better take a coat.
3. “ ______________________ you tell me the time, please? “
4. ______________________ I borrow your umbrella?
5. Haven´t you eaten for a whole day? You ______________________ be starving!
6. I´m late. ______________________ I call a taxi.
7. Your hands are full. Don´t worry. I _____________________ open the door for you.
8. “ I feel tired and depressed.” “ You ____________________ have a holiday.”
9. You ____________________ be hungry! Not after that huge meal.
10. Jim ____________________ play the piano when he was 4 years old. Mary
____________________ read until she was 6.
11. You _____________________ turn on the light.I can see quite well.
12. “ ____________________ I come in? “ “ Please do.”
13. It´s still quite early. I´m sure it´s not ten o´clock. It _____________________ be ten
o´clock.
14. You ___________________ ask for permission. You can use it whenever you like.
15. _____________________ I use your phone?
16. How can we come back home? ____________________ we get a taxi?
2. Explain the meaning of the modal verb in these sentences: ABSENCE of
OBLIGATION/PERMISSION/ SUGGESTION/ PROBABILITY/ ADVICE/ REQUEST/ ABILITY.
1. It may have been the wind.
2. May I open the window?
3. I think it may rain. Look at those clouds.
4. May I borrow your grammar books?
5. You ought to go today. It may rain tomorrow.
6. Will you help me move this tree?
7. Could you tell me the time, please?
8. I can play tennis very well.
9. You needn´t go to the supermarket. There is enough food.
10. Shall we stay at home or shall we go to the restaurant?
22
3. Choose the suitable modal verb.
1. Take your umbrella. It ___________________ rain in a minute.
a. should
b. can´t
c. may
2. Excuse me, ______________ you tell me the way to Victoria Station, please?
a. may
3.
b. must
c. could
The children ___________ be sleeping now. There are no lights in their bedroom.
a. can´t
b. must
c. can
4. We __________ go to your party tomorrow.
a. can´t
b. ought
c. will be able
5. You ____________ smoke in class.
a. needn´t
b. mustn´t
c. shouldn´t
6. ________________ you speak Italian?
a. may
b. might
c. can
7. This is my advice: you work _____________ so much.
a. mustn´t
b. shouldn´t
c. may
8. You ________________ get up early tomorrow. It´s Sunday.
a. can´t
b. mustn´t
c. needn´t
4. Choose the modal verb that best completes the sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
When I was a child I was used to /used to play football.
You might/should do more physical exercise. It would do you good.
I´m afraid I can´t /mustn´t help you now. I´m too busy.
If you don´t study, you wouldn´t/won´t be able to pass your exams.
We might/can go to the beach on Saturday. It all depends on the weather.
Can/May you ski? Yes, I learnt to ski a long time ago.
I´m not used to / used to reading at night.
23
VOCABULARY
1. SYNONYMS
ADJECTIVES
1. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left.
1. exciting
_______________________
2. sad
_______________________
3. polite
_______________________
4. shy
_______________________
5. amusing
_______________________
6. expensive
_______________________
7. stubborn
_______________________
8. hard-working _______________________
9. boring
_______________________
10. wicked
_______________________
11. curious
_______________________
12. rich
_______________________
13. terrible
_______________________
14. angry
_______________________
15. ugly
_______________________
2.
dreadful
dear
furious
evil
unhappy
unattractive
witty
inquisitive
wealthy
reserved
obstinate
well-mannered
industrious
uninteresting
thrilling
Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left.
1. funny
2. angry
3. glad
4. dull
5. optimistic
6. handsome
7. impolite
8. nice
9. easy
10. intelligent
11. awful
12. quiet
13. cheap
14. strange
15. very big
16. wonderful
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
hopeful
furious
clever
simple
terrible
amusing
huge
marvellous
inexpensive
peculiar
good-looking
pleasant
rude
boring
silent
happy
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3. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left.
1. giddy
____________________________
2. chatty
____________________________
3. stingy
____________________________
4. intentional ____________________________
5. hopeless
____________________________
6. absurd
____________________________
7. mad
____________________________
8. pensive
____________________________
9 immature
____________________________
10. reliable
____________________________
11. disgraceful ____________________________
12. weird
____________________________
13. amiable
_____________________________
14. famished _____________________________
15. conscious _____________________________
insane
dependable
likeable
aware
childish
deliberate
disgusting
dizzy
mean
really hungry
ridiculous
talkative
thoughtful
pathetic
peculiar
4. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left.
1. odd
______________________________ good-looking
2. cheeky
______________________________ pleasant
3. enormous
______________________________ conceited
4. hilarious
_______________________________ terrible
5. bashful
_______________________________ peculiar
6. enjoyable _______________________________ huge
7. ample
_______________________________ stubborn
8. vital
_______________________________ shy
9. attractive _______________________________ enthusiastic
10.unbelievable ______________________________ genuine
11. big-headed _______________________________ rude
12. keen
_______________________________ sufficient
13. authentic
_______________________________ incredible
14. obstinate _______________________________ essential
15. appalling _______________________________ very funny
5. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left.
1. Annoyed
_____________________________
2. Peculiar
_____________________________
3. Impolite
_____________________________
4. Unbelievable _____________________________
5. Hard-working _____________________________
6. wealthy
______________________________
7. enormous
______________________________
8. stubborn
______________________________
9. reliable
______________________________
10. thrilling
______________________________
huge
affluent
industrious
obstinate
irritated
odd
incredible
dependable
exciting
rude
25
VERBS
1. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left.
1. talk
2. love
3. hate
4. fall
5. phone
6. swim
7. leave
8. let
9. ask
10. cry
11. assist
12. get
13. need
14. understand
15. repair
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
depart
help
adore
mend
receive
allow
comprehend
ring
loathe
require
weep
speak
inquire
stumble
bathe
2. Write down a synonym for each of the words on the left.
1. detest
2. inform
3. enter
4. brag
5. purchase
6. accomplish
7. moan
8. vanish
9. spoil
10. put off
11. recollect
12. scare
13. trip
14. alter
15. occur
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
go in
disappear
buy
loathe
stumble
achieve
change
remember
postpone
frighten
ruin
happen/ take place
notify
complain
boast
26
3. Complete the sentences with a synonym of the verbs in brackets in the same form or tense.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Being a gentleman, I allowed the women to ( go in) _______________________ first.
They were all watching the U.F.O. when it suddenly (disappeared) _________________.
This is something I (bought) ___________________ from an antique dealer in Chelsea.
I love watching football, but my wife (loathes) ________________________ it.
He (stumbled) ______________________ and fell as she was leaving the church.
You won´t (achieve) _________________________ anything if you don´t work harder.
The manuscript is basically good but there are still parts of it that need to be (changed)
______________________________.
h. I couldn´t (remember) _____________________________ where I had first met her.
i. The match has been (postponed) __________________________ until next week.
j. Alfred Hitchcock´s films really (frighten) _________________________ me; especially
the one he made about a lot of birds attacking people.
k. Bad weather completely (ruined) ___________________________ the Garden Party.
l. I don´t like the new secretary very much; she´s always (complaining)
____________________ about something or other.
m. Can you tell me in your own words exactly what (happened) ____________________?
n. Would you please (notify) _________________________ me the moment Miss Baker
(gets back) ________________________________?
o. I can´t stand Doreen. She´s always (boasting) ________________________ about the
places she´s been to.
4. Complete the sentences with a synonym of the adjectives in brackets.
1. There´s only one way of describing Hitler. He was completely (insane)___________________.
2. Our new neighbours are very (talkative) __________________________, aren´t they?
3. I wish you´d grow up! You´re so (childish) _____________________________.
4. A good friend is someone who is kind, considerate and totally (dependable) ________________.
5. Our new neighbour isn´t too bad at all. In fact she´s quite (likeable) _______________________.
6. He was one of the most (good-looking) __________________________ men she had ever seen.
7. Have you seen Jane´s house? It´s really (enormous) ______________________.
8. He won´t take my advice. He´s so (stubborn) ______________________.
9. I always get very (dizzy) _______________________ when I stand on the top of high buildings.
10. We had a really (pleasant) _______________________ time in Brighton last week.
11.You must read this story. It´s quite (incredible) _____________________________.
12. Hard work and ambition are (essential) _______________________ if you want to get on in life.
13. I was always very (shy) _______________________ as a child and hated going to parties or
meeting new people.
14. It looked like ( a genuine) an __________________________ Picasso, but it was a copy.
15. You are (conscious) ___________________________ of the fact that he´s married, aren´t you?
16. My son loves school. In fact in some ways he´s too (enthusiastic) _____________________. I
mean, it´s the only thing he talks about.
17. I could eat a horse! I´m (really hungry) _____________________________!
18. David is always telling people how good he is at everything. He´s so (conceited)
_____________________________.
27
19. There´s something very (peculiar) ___________________________ about Mr Brown´s
behaviour today. Haven´t you noticed?
20. I didn´t mean to break it. It wasn´t (deliberate) _____________________________.
21. Take those trousers off! You look (ridiculous) _________________________ in them!
22. Your behaviour last night was absolutely ( disgusting)__________________________.
23. The play last night was (terrible) _______________________ .
24. I think she is going to have a lot of problems with her children. They´re so ( rude )
________________________ to everyone.
2. ADJETIVES + PREPOSITION
1. Nice/kind/good/generous/mean/stupid/silly/intelligent/clever/sensible/(im)polite/rude/ unreasonable OF.
Thank you. It was very kind of you to help me.
Nice/kind/good/generous/mean/(im)polite/rude/(un)pleasant/(un)friendly/cruel TO.
Why were you so rude to Ann?
2. Angry/ annoyed/ furious ABOUT something.
WITH someone FOR doing something.
I was angry about the noise you made.
They were furious with me for not inviting them to the party.
3. Delighted/ pleased/ satisfied/ disappointed WITH.
I was delighted with the present you gave me.
4. Bored/ fed up WITH.
You get bored with doing the same every day.
5. Surprised/ shocked/ amazed/ astonished AT/ BY.
6. Excited/ worried/ upset ABOUT.
Ann is upset about not being invited to the party.
7. Afraid/ frightened/ terrified/ scared OF.
8. Proud/ ashamed OF.
He is always jealous of other people.
I wasn´t aware of the fact that he was married.
11. Good/ bad/ excellent/ brilliant/ hopeless AT.
12. Married/ engaged TO.
I´m terrified of dogs.
I´m not shamed of what I did.
9.Jealous/ envious/ suspicious OF.
10. Aware/ conscious OF.
Everybody was surprised at/by the news.
I´m not very good at repairing things.
Linda is married to an American. (not “with an American).
28
13. Sorry ABOUT something.
FOR doing something.
14. To feel sorry FOR.
I feel sorry for Tom.
15. Impressed BY/ WITH.
16. Famous FOR.
I´m sorry about the noise last night.
I´m sorry for shouting at you yesterday. Aunque es más usual decir
I´m sorry I shouted at you yesterday.
I wasn´t very impressed by/ with the film.
The city of Florence is famous for its arts treasures.
17. Responsible FOR.
You are responsible for all this disaster.
18. Different FROM/ TO.
19. Interested IN.
The film was quite different from/to what I expected.
Are you interested in art?
20. Capable/ incapable OF. I´m sure you are capable of passing the examination.
21. Full OF.
The writing was full of mistakes.
22. Short OF.
I´m a bit short of Money.
23. Tired OF.
Come on, let´s go! I´m tired of waiting.
24. Similar TO.
Your hat is similar to mine.
25. Crowded WITH.
The city centre was crowded with tourists.
29
ADJECTIVES + PREPOSITION _______________ Practice
1. Complete with the right preposition.
1. I don´t feel sorry ______________________ him. All his problems are his own fault.
2. I can´t stop to talk to you now. I´m a bit short __________________ time.
3. The editor is responsible ___________________ what appears in the newspaper.
4. This part of town is lively at night. It´s always crowded __________________ people.
5. I´m not interested ____________________ football.
6. Travelling is great at first but you get tired __________________ it after a while.
7. I´m sorry ____________________ the smell in this room.
8. Man is now capable _________________ destroying the world with nuclear weapons.
9. Britain isn´t famous _________________ its food.
10. Our house is similar _________________ theirs. I think ours is a bit larger.
11. It´s very nice _________________ you to let me use your car. Thank you very much.
12. Why do you always get so annoyed ________________ little things?
13. Mr Davis spends a lot of time gardening. His garden is very well-kept and he´s very proud
_________________ it.
14. I had never seen so many people before. I was ashtonished __________________ the crowds.
15. Bill has been doing the same job for years. He´s bored ________________ it.
16. Did you know that Linda is engaged ______________ a friend of mine?
17. I was disappointed _________________ the film about this book.
18. These days everybody is aware _________________ the dangers of smoking.
19. Are you still upset ________________ what I said to you yesterday?
20. We come from the same town but my accent is different __________________ his.
21. In the cupboard I found a box full _______________ old letters.
22. I felt sorry _______________ the children when we went on holiday. It rained every day.
23. I wasn´t very impressed _________________ the service in the restaurant.
24. I was surprised ______________ the way he behaved.
25. I´m hopeless _______________ repairing things.
26. Why are you so rude ________________ your parents? Can´t you be nice _____________ them?
27. We enjoyed our holiday but we were disappointed ______________ the hotel.
28. She doesn´t often go out at night. She´s afraid ______________ the dark.
29. It wasn´t very polite ______________ him to leave without saying thank you.
30. She is very good ______________ languages. She speaks ten.
30
3. FALSE FRIENDS
Se denominan así las palabras que, aunque se parezcan a otras en castellano, tienen un significado
completamente distinto en inglés.
En la siguiente lista las palabras españolas aparecen en cursiva.
Palabra
Actual
Actual
Significado (inglés/castellano)
_________________ real
_________________ present, current
Actually __________________ en realidad, en efecto
Actualmente ______________ nowadays, at present, at the moment, these days, today
Advise _________________ aconsejar
Avisar _________________ warn
Advice _________________ consejo
Aviso _________________ warn, notice
Argument _______________ discusión, debate, disputa
Argumento ______________ plot (de una novela), topic, matter, issue
Assist __________________ ayudar, auxiliar
Asistir _________________ attend
Attend ________________ asistir a, ir a
Atender _______________ pay attention, take care of, look after
Avocado _______________ aguacate
Abogado _______________ lawyer
Career _______________ carrera (desarrollo de una profesión), años de ejercicio.
Carrera ______________ race (coches, caballos), University studies (carrera universitaria)
Carpet _______________ alfombra, moqueta
Carpeta _______________ folder
Casual _______________ informal, desenfadado
Casual _______________ accidental
Conductor ____________ cobrador/revisor de autobús, director de orquestra
Conductor ____________ driver
Discussion __________
Discusión __________
discusión (intercambio de ideas), debate.
argument
31
Disgust _____________
Disgusto _____________
repugnancia, asco
annoyance, sorrow
Educated ____________
Educado ____________
culto
polite (cortés), trained (preparado)
Embarrassed _________
Embarazada _________
avergonzado, desconcertado
pregnant
Eventually __________
Eventualmente ________
finalmente, en definitiva
temporarily, by chance
Exit _______________
Éxito _______________
salida
success
Firm _______________ empresa
Firma _______________ signatura
Idiom _______________ expresión idiomática, modismo
Idioma ______________ language
In front _____________ delante
Enfrente ____________ opposite
Large _______________ grande
Largo _______________ long
Library _____________ biblioteca
Librería _____________ bookshop
Matters _____________ asuntos
Materias, asignaturas __ subjects
Notes ______________
Notas, calificaciones __
notas, apuntes
marks
Notice _____________ aviso, anuncio
Noticia _____________ news
Parents _____________ padres
Parientes ___________ relatives
Presume ___________ suponer
Presumir __________ be conceited (ser presumido)
32
Pretend __________ fingir
Pretender _________ intend, try, want, seek
Quiet ____________
Quieto ___________
callado
still
Realise ___________
Realizar __________
darse cuenta
do, make
Remove __________
Remover _________
quitar
stir
Sensible _________
Sensible _________
sensato
sensitive
Signature _________
Asignatura ________
firma
subject
Suburb ___________
Suburbio _________
barrio residencial en las afueras (no pobre)
slum
Succeed _________
Suceder _________
tener éxito
happen, occur
Success _________
Suceso _________
éxito
event, happening
Sympathetic _____
Simpático _______
compasivo, comprensivo
nice, friendly
Sympathy ______
Simpatía _______
compasión, pésame
affection, kindness
Vase __________
Vaso __________
jarrón, florero
glass
1. Choose the right words in brackets.
1. Our new neighbours invited us in for a cup of tea this morning. I must say they seem a very ( nice/
sympathetic) couple.
2. The question of equality between the sexes is very ( actual/ current ) nowadays.
3. How many ( idioms/ languages) can you speak?
33
4. Have you heard the ( notice/ news) today?
5. Tau library is ( opposite/ in front of ) Franciscanos school.
6. A ( director/ conductor) is someone who conducts an orquestra.
7. The (plot/ argument) of the film was very interesting but I didn´t like the way it was directed.
8. Can you bring the (vase/ glass), please? I´m going to drink some water.
9. What ( happened/succeeded) when you talked to your friend about it?
10. ( Actually/ At present ) there are a lot of people without jobs.
11. I went to the meeting last Monday. Did you (go/assist)?
12. I´ve forgotten my (carpet/folder) at home. I´ll have to come back.
13. That boy was not ( polite/ educated ). He was very rude to us.
14. Do you know how to ( realize/ make ) a cake?
15. I´m sure this year I´ll pass the course because so far I´m having good ( marks/ notes) at the different
( matters/ subjects ).
16. He didn´t ( intend/ pretend ) to go on holiday in June but his boss made him do it.
17. Mary is a very ( sensitive /sensible) girl. Everything affects her.
18. They are ( educated/ polite) people. They know about everything.
19. I know the ( conductor/ driver ) of this bus.
20. “ Why did you go to see that horrible film? “ “ Nobody ( advised/ warned) us it was a bad film.
21. When we were driving, we saw a terrible accident. We stopped and ( attended/ assisted) the people
because nobody had ( advised/ warned ) the police.
22. She was very happy when the doctor told her she was ( embarrassed/ pregnant ).
23. Do you have to study a lot of ( subjects/ matters ) at school?
24. It was an interesting ( career/ race). The car in the last position finally won it.
25. It was (sensible/ sensitive) to evacuate the building.
34
4. CONJUNCTIONS AND CONECTORS
CONJUNCTIONS
1. Conjunciones coordinantes: AND, OR, BUT.
2. Conjunciones subordinantes:
a. Temporales: AFTER ( después de que ). We went out after the rain had stopped.
( Salimos después de que la lluvia parase).
BEFORE ( antes de que ). Before he started to sing, everybody shouted at him.
( Antes de que empezara a cantar, todos le gritaron).
AS LONG AS ( tanto tiempo como)
Stay as long as you like.
( Quédate el tiempo que quieras.)
TILL, UNTIL ( hasta que). We won´t go away until you return.
No nos iremos hasta que regreses.
WHEN (Cuando).
WHILE (Mientras). I was having a shower while you were reading the paper.
Estuve duchándome mientras leías el periódico.
AS ( Cuando, mientras, a medida que).
WHENEVER ( Siempre que ).
Whenever you tell me the story, I cry.
( Siempre que me cuentas la historia, lloro).
AS SOON AS ( en cuanto, tan pronto como).
I´ll phone you as soon as I can. ( Te telefonearé en cuanto pueda).
SINCE ( desde que).
I haven´t gone to the theatre since I last saw you.
( No he ido al teatro desde que te ví por última vez).
35
BY THE TIME ( para cuando )
I intend to have travelled around the world by the time I am 30.
( Tengo la intención de haber viajado por todo el mundo para cuando tenga 30 años)
THE MOMENT THAT, THE MINUTE THAT, THE INSTANT THAT
(en el momento en que, en el minuto en que, en el instante en que ).
I´ll phone you the moment/minute/instant that he comes back.
(Te telefonearé en el momento/minuto/instante en que él regrese).
b. De lugar:
WHERE ( donde)
WHEREVER ( dondequiera que)
I´ll follow you wherever you go. ( Te seguiré dondequiera que vayas).
c. Causales:
BECAUSE ( porque)
SINCE ( ya que, puesto que)
I want you to go to bed, since it´s time to do it.
( Quiero que te acuestes, ya que (puesto que) es hora de hacerlo.
AS ( ya que, como)
He left early as he had to be home by 10.
( Se marchó temprano ya que tenía que estar en casa a las 10 ).
As he had to be home by 10, he left early.
( Como tenía que estar en casa a las 10, se marchó temprano).
d. Finales:
IN ORDER THAT ( para )
I´ll show you how to do it in order that I can teach you better.
(Te demostraré cómo hacerlo para poder enseñarte mejor).
SO THAT ( para que)
We told him the truth so that he wouldn´t discover it by himself.
(Le contamos la verdad para que él no lo descubriera por sí mismo)
36
e. Consecutivas: SO ( así que )
So I could have gone./ Así que podría haber ido.
SO + adjetivo o adverbio + THAT ( tan …que)
He is so intelligent that he can speak ten languages.
(Es tan inteligente que sabe hablar diez idiomas ).
SUCH + ( A/AN) + adjetivo + nombre + THAT ( tan … que)
He is such an intelligent man that he can speak ten languages.
(Es tan inteligente que sabe hablar diez idiomas )
f. Concesivas: ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, (Aunque ).EVEN THOUGH ( Aunque, aún cuando)
Although I didn´t want to go, I finally accepted.
Though I didn´t want to go, I finally accepted.
Even though I didn´t want to go, I finally accepted.
( Aunque no quería ir, al fin acepté ).
g. Modales:
AS ( Como).
As I told you, I´m studying at university this year.
Como te dije, Estoy estudiando en la universidad este año.
AS IF, AS THOUGH. ( Como si )
Why are you looking at me as if ( though ) you have seen a ghost?
( ¿ Por qué me miras como si hubieras visto un fantasma ?)
h. Condicionales: IF ( si )
If you had told me the truth, it would have been better.
( Si me hubieras dicho la verdad, habría sido mejor).
UNLESS ( si no, a no ser que, a menos que ).
You won´t go out unless you study.
( No saldrás a menos que estudies ).
PROVIDED THAT/ PROVIDING THAT ( con tal de que/
a condición de que )
Providing / provided that you get good marks, I will buy you the car.
( Te compraré el coche a condición de que saques buenas notas ).
AS LONG AS ( con tal que ) I´ll buy you the car as long as you get good marks
37
CONECTORES Y OTRAS EXPRESIONES ÚTILES
BESIDES ( adverbio ) ( además, encima, para colmo, por si fuera poco )
BESIDES THAT ( preposición ) ( aparte / además de eso )
FURTHERMORE ( adverbio ) (además )
MOREOVER ( adverbio ) ( además )
IN ADDITION ( además, por añadidura ) / IN ADDITION TO ( además de )
APART FROM THAT ( por lo demás)
AS WELL AS ( además de, así como también )
AS WELL / TOO / ALSO ( También) ( As well y too en posición final )
( Also en posición intermedia )
BOTH …AND ( tanto … como )
NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO ( no solo … sino también )
EITHER … OR ( o …o )
NEITHER … NOR ( ni … ni )
WHETHER … OR ( si … o )
LIKEWISE ( asimismo, del mismo modo)
OTHERWISE ( de otra manera, de otro modo, si no, aparte de eso )
. The dress is a little long, but otherwise it fits all right
( El vestido es un poco largo, pero aparte de eso le queda bien ).
You must think otherwise ( Debes pensar de otro modo )
OR ELSE ( si no, de otro modo ) We´d better hurry, or else we´ll be late.
( Mejor que nos demos prisa, si no, vamos a llegar tarde ).
ON THE CONTRARY ( al contrario, por el contrario )
38
HOWEVER (sin embargo) ( se usa a principio de oración )
I didn´t tell him the truth; however he discovered it.
( No le conté la verdad; sin embargo la descubrió.
STILL Conjunción ( sin embargo, no obstante, con todo ) ( se usa a principio de oración )
I thought we didn´t have anything to eat; still we found some bread.
( Pensaba que no teníamos nada para comer; sin embargo encontramos pan)
Adverbio ( todavía, aún ) ( se usa en posición media )
I still love him ( todavía le quiero )
YET
Conjunción ( sin embargo, pero, y eso que ) ( se usa a principio de oración)
It´s a simple yet effective solution. ( Es una solución sencilla pero efectiva)
They´ve done it and yet I told them to wait.
( Lo han hecho y sin embargo/ eso que les dije que esperaran).
Adverbio ( todavía, aún : frases negativas) ( se coloca al final de la oración ).
Mary hasn´t arrived yet. ( María todavía no ha llegado).
( ya: frases interrogativas)
Has the teacher come yet? ( ¿ Ha llegado ya el profesor?)
Ocasionalmente puede significar todavía en frases interrogativas cuando se quiere dar énfasis o para
expresar sorpresa.
Hasn´t she gone yet? ( ¿ Todavía no se ha ido ?
THOUGH Adverbio ( sin embargo) Se coloca al final de la oración.
We had to queue for an hour. It was worth it, though.
( Tuvimos que hacer cola durante una hora. Sin embargo valió la pena).
39
INDEED
( De hecho, realmente ) Para introducir información adicional )
Many of the students, indeed 60%, are from overseas.
Muchos de los estudiantes, de hecho alrededor del 60%, son extranjeros.
WHEREAS ( Mientras que )
NEVERTHELESS ( No obstante )
DESPITE, IN SPITE OF ( A pesar de )
CONSEQUENTLY ( En consecuencia)
THEREFORE ( Por lo tanto, por consiguiente)
AS A RESULT ( Como resultado )
BECAUSE ( Porque)
FOR THIS REASON ( Por esta razón )
DUE TO ( Debido a ) + Noun or pronoun
The game was cancelled due to bad weather.
( El juego se canceló debido al mal tiempo).
DUE TO ( THE FACT THAT) (debido a que ) + sentence
El juego se canceló debido a que estaba lloviendo.
(The game was cancelled due to the fact that it was raining)
REGARDING, AS REGARDS, AS FOR, AS FAR AS …IS CONCERNED ), WITH REGARD TO,
IN REGARD TO ( En cuanto a, por lo que se refiere a )
Regarding the project, I don´t think it will be good for the town.
As regards the project, I don´t think it will be good for the town.
As for the project, I don´t think it will be good for the town.
As far as the project is concerned, I don´t think it will be good for the town.
As far as the projects are concerned, I don´t think theyt will be good for the town.
With regard to the project, I don´t think it will be good for the town.
In regard to the project, I don´t think it will be good for the town.
IN THIS REGARD ( Con respecto a esto )
40
IN FACT, ACTUALLY, AS A MATTER OF FACT, REALLY. (De hecho, en realidad)
TO BEGIN WITH/ TO START WITH ( Para empezar …)
To begin with,I want to give an exact account of what happened.
( Para empezar, quiero dar un relato exacto de lo que sucedió).
FIRSTLY / IN THE FIRST PLACE, FOR ONE THING ( En primer lugar)
FIRST OF ALL ( Lo primero de todo)
AT FIRST SIGHT ( A primera vista)
SECONDLY/ IN THE SECOND PLACE. ( En segundo lugar)
FINALLY/ LASTLY ( Finalmente, por ultimo) IN CONCLUSION ( En conclusión)
IN MY OPINION/ IN MY VIEW ( En mi opinión)
FROM MY POINT OF VIEW ( Desde mi punto de vista)
PERSONALLY ( Personalmente)
AS I SEE IT ( Según mi modo de entenderlo).
AS FAR AS I AM CONCERNED ( Por lo que a mí respecta)
AS FAR AS I KNOW ( Que yo sepa)
ON THE ONE HAND… ON THE OTHER HAND ( Por un lado/ parte … por otro lado/parte).
THAT IS / THAT IS TO SAY ( Es decir)
IN OTHER WORDS ( En otras palabras)
IN THE SAME WAY ( De la misma forma)
TO SOME EXTEND/ TO A CERTAIN EXTEND/UP TO A POINT ( Hasta cierto punto, en cierto
modo)
MORE OR LESS ( Más o menos)
ANYWAY ( De cualquier manera) / IN ANY CASE ( En cualquier caso)
ON THE WHOLE/ IN GENERAL ( En general)
BASICALLY ( Básicamente) / ESSENTIALLY ( Esencialmente) / IN ESSENCE ( En esencia)
ACCORDING TO ( Según)
According to the doctor, I´ll improve in a few days.
( Según el doctor, mejoraré en unos dias).
AFTER ALL ( Después de todo)
41
IN CASE ( Por si )
IN ORDER TO ( Para)
ABOVE ALL ( Sobre todo)
IN SHORT ( En resumen)
TO SUM UP ( Resumiendo)
CONJUNCTIONS AND CONNECTORS …………………. Practice
Translate.
1. Estoy de acuerdo con lo que ha dicho. Hasta cierto punto tiene razón.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
2. Desde mi punto de vista los idiomas deben aprenderse desde que se nace.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
3. En primer lugar, no creo que se hayan casado por amor. De otra manera lo habrían demostrado.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
4. No te dejaré salir hasta que me digas la verdad.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
5. Según mi modo de entenderlo, eso es una grave equivocación.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
6. No vine antes a causa de la lluvia.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
7. De cualquier modo regresaré en cuanto pueda.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
8. Por lo que se, los precios subirán todavía más.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
9. No he estado en la biblioteca todavía. Sin embargo, he visitado el comedor.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
10. Según el doctor, mejoraré si tomo estos comprimidos.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
42
11. En realidad, no dije lo que pensaba.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
12. Para empezar, él no está haciendo un trabajo muy bueno.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
13. La verdad es que no llegaron a tiempo. Por tanto, se perdieron el principio de la película.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
14. Me quedaré contigo hasta que haya una habitación libre.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
15. Aunque el asesinato de ese hombre fue la causa inmediata, las verdaderas razones fueron mucho
más complicadas.
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
16. De hecho, no pudimos regresar a tiempo.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
17. Había muchos cuadros en la exposición. No me gustaron, sin embargo.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
18. Ni Pedro ni Juan trabajan en la actualidad.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
19. Por lo que se refiere a los asuntos económicos, creo que no se van a resolver.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
20. Por una parte el autor muestra la pobreza del país, pero por otro lado enseña sus maravillosos
monumentos. __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
1ST TERM SYNONYMS AND GRAMMAR …………………. Practice
Translate
1. Su hermano ( de él ) se le parece a su padre, que es bajo y delgado.
____________________________________________________________________________________.
2. El piano sonaba como si estuviera desafinado
____________________________________________________________________________________.
43
3. Olía como si alguien estuviera cocinando.
____________________________________________________________________________________.
4. James es un chico muy maleducado y además muy engreído.
____________________________________________________________________________________.
5. Siento pena por aquellos niños.
____________________________________________________________________________________.
6. ¿ Quién es el responsable de todo este lío ?
___________________________________________________________________________________
7. Las nubes se desvanecieron de repente. ___________________________________________________.
8. María está casada con Jorge. ___________________________________________________________.
9. Ayer me pasó algo muy extraño. _________________________________________________________.
10. Un amigo tiene que ser alguien de confianza, educado y en absoluto engreído.
___________________________________________________________________________________.
11. Es muy amable por tu parte dejarme usar tu coche.
___________________________________________________________________________________.
12. Estoy encantado con la novela que me prestaste. Me gustó mucho.
___________________________________________________________________________________.
13. Estos productos son muy caros. Necesito encontrar algo más barato.
___________________________________________________________________________________.
14. ¡ Ojalá no hubieras bebido tanto. Ahora no puedes conducir !
___________________________________________________________________________________.
15. Hacía tanto frío que tuvimos que encender la calefacción.
___________________________________________________________________________________.
16. Nos levantamos temprano para no llegar tarde.
___________________________________________________________________________________.
17. ¡ Ojalá hubieras venido a la fiesta ¡ ______________________________________________________.
18. Paré el coche para descansar un rato. Estaba bastante cansado.
___________________________________________________________________________________.
19. A pesar de que había estudiado mucho, no aprobó el examen.
___________________________________________________________________________________.
20. La calle era tan ancha que todas las cafeterías tenían sillas y mesas fuera.
___________________________________________________________________________________.
44
REWRITING
Rewrite the sentences with the beginning given.
1. It isn´t necessary for you to go shopping.
You ________________________________________________________________________.
2. We were going to buy a flat, but he didn´t have enough money.
If __________________________________________________________________________.
3. I haven´t eaten in a restaurant for three months.
The last time _________________________________________________________________.
4. Everyone has replied to the invitation except Robin.
The only _____________________________________________________________________.
5. If he doesn´t pay the rent by Friday, I´m going to be angry.
Unless _______________________________________________________________________.
6. I came to live here five years ago.
I have ________________________________________________________________________.
7. In spite of her rudeness, I still love him.
Even though ___________________________________________________________________.
´
8. Even though he was tired, he went on working.
Despite _______________________________________________________________________.
9. Henry is taller than John.
John isn´t ______________________________________________________________________.
15. He fell off his horse at the last fence, so he didn´t win the race.
If ____________________________________________________________________________.
16. Nothing important happened, so I didn´t ring you.
If anything important had _________________________________________________________.
17. He kept quiet because he didn´t want to be heard.
He kept quiet so that _____________________________________________________________.
45
46
1. Link each of the words or expressions listed below with one word or expression in the column (as
numbered in the text) [1 mark]. Please copy the correct pair of words on your answer sheet, e.g.
‘common and ...’
Frontier
selling
prize
matter
benefit
award (1) and …
border (2) and …
profit (3) and …
sale (4) and …
issue (5) and …
2. Reading comprehension
2.1. Choose the best option [0.75 marks]. Please copy the complete correct option on your answer
sheet.
About 54% of the ticket sales for Hollywood studios come from the United States.
About 54% of all movies are produced in Hollywood studios.
About 45% of the ticket sales for Hollywood studios now come from outside the United States
About 54% of the ticket sales for Hollywood studios come mainly from Europe and Asia.
2.2. Choose the best option [0.75 marks]. Please copy the complete correct option on your answer
sheet.
Hollywood is not interested in looking outside America's borders for new actors and actresses.
Hollywood has rarely looked outside the US for new stars and new markets.
Hollywood is more interested than ever before in looking outside the US for stars and profit.
Hollywood has never been interested in looking outside the US for new talent and new markets.
3. Complete the sentences using information from the text [2 marks]. It is important that phrases
from the text are not reproduced literally, unless this is unavoidable.
a) Hollywood star Javier Bardem was …
b) Hollywood has lost market share because …
c) Illegally copied movies are …
d) More than eighteen billion dollars …
4. Complete with one or more adequate words [1.5 marks]. Do not copy the complete text on your
sheet, only the letter – (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) – followed by the word or words that you find
suitable for the gap. It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally.
Foreign markets may also influence how people get their movies. Different nations … (a) different
levels of technology.Efforts to settle on … (b) next-generation DVD got a lot of attention recently. Sony's Blu-ray
technology for high-definition televisions won the competition with Toshiba's HD DVD format.
Yet DVD sales have dropped … (c) recent years. This may be a sign that people … (d) increasingly
getting their movies off the Internet. The Internet is another front in Hollywood's war on piracy. But
more … (e) that, it presents complex business questions for … (f) industry now built mostly on DVD
and ticket sales.
5. From the information in the text, what are Hollywood’s main problems? (25-50 words) [2 marks]
You are expected to draw information from the text, but please use your own words.
47
6. Which do you think are the reasons for copying movies illegally? (25-50 words) [2 marks]. Express
your own ideas by using your own words.
HOLLYWOOD LOOKS OVERSEAS FOR TALENT AND PROFIT
Synonyms
-
Supporting _______________ secondary
Increasingly ______________ more and more
Look for _________________ try to find
About ___________________ approximately, around, more or less
Each ____________________ every
As ______________________ because, since
Develop _________________ make something bigger and more successful, expand
For example ______________ for instance
Today ___________________ nowadays, these days, now, currently, at present, at the moment, at the present time
Movies __________________ films
Major __________________ very important, primordial, leading, chief, principal, main
More than ________________ over
Worldwide _______________ all over the world, around the world
Released ________________ launched
Release (noun) ____________ announcement
Aim ___________________ aspire, attempt, intend, try
48
1. Link each of the words or expressions listed below with one word or expression in the column (as
numbered in the text) [1 mark]. Please copy the correct pair of words on your answer sheet, e.g.
‘common and ...’
compassion
family
fasten
flowers
custom
tradition (1) and …
mercy (2) and …
relatives (3) and …
blossoms (4) and …
tie (5) and …
2. Reading comprehension
2.1. Choose the best option [0.75 marks]. Please copy the complete correct option on your answer
sheet.
Martenitsi are worn from March 1 until the end of spring.
Martenitsa is a very popular Ukrainian tradition.
The martenitsa symbolises new life, conception, fertility and spring.
The colours of the martenitsa are interpreted as symbols of death and evil.
2.2. Choose the best option [0.75 marks]. Please copy the complete correct option on your answer
sheet.
The name Baba Marta is related to an old lady.
People wearing martenitsi ask Baba Marta for wealth and money.
Only Bulgarians exchange and wear martenitsi.
People always buy martenitsi for themselves.
3. Complete the sentences using information from the text [2 marks]. It is important that phrases
from the text are not reproduced literally, unless this is unavoidable.
a) In Bulgarian folklore the name Baba Marta …
b) People believe that wearing …
c) Martenitsi are always given as …
d) The colours of the martenitsa are interpreted …
4. Complete with one or more adequate words [1.5 marks]. Do not copy the complete text on your
sheet, only the letter – (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) – followed by the word or words that you find
suitable for the gap. It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally.
The martenitsa is also … (a) stylized symbol of Mother Nature. At that early-spring/late-winter time of
the year, Nature seems … (b) of hopes and expectations. The white symbolizes the purity … (c) the
melting white snow and the red symbolizes the setting of the sun which becomes more and … (d)
intense as spring progresses. These two natural resources … (e) the source of life. They are also
associated … (f) the male and female beginnings.
5. From the information in the text, is martenitsa a religious tradition? (25-50 words) [2 marks] You
are expected to draw information from the text, but please use your own words.
6. Do you know any old pagan Spanish tradition? (25-50 words) [2 marks]. Express your own ideas
by using your own words.
50
ABOUT MARTENITSA
Synonyms
Until _____________till
Holiday ___________festivity, festival, public holiday ( A holiday is a day when people do not go to work or school because of a
religious or national festival).
Welcoming ________ receiving
Pagan _____________ popular
Remains ___________continues
Almost ____________ nearly
Unchanged _________ intact, unaltered
Today _____________ these days, nowadays, at the moment, currently, at present,now, at the
Common ___________general, popular, widespread (generalizada)
Wear ______________ put on
More than __________ over
Also _______________ too ( final de oración)
Foreigners __________ foreign people
Exchange ___________interchange
To take off __________ remove
For example _________ for instance
Pick up ____________ gather, (recoger, coger), grasp (agarrar)
Popular ____________accepted, famous
Tradition ___________ custom
Give away __________ give something free
present time
Vocabulary related to the text
Charm/ amulet _______________amuleto
Saint John´s night
Bonfire _____________________ hoguera
Purify ______________________ purificar
Spell _______________________ hechizo
Enchanted ___________________ encantado
Carnival
Wear/ put on a costume _________ ponerse un disfraz
Dress up / disguise_____________ disfrazarse
Parade _______________________ desfile
Float ________________________ carroza
Valentine´s Day
Cards, presents, flowers, roses, chocolates, jewellery, poems, romantic, humorous, parents, relatives, friends, friendship, lovers,
anonymous, to sign.
Ancient ______________________ antiguo
The festival of San Fermín
The running of the bulls __________ el encierro
Folkloric events ________________ acontecimientos folclóricos
51
52
BULLFIGHTING IN CATALONIA
Synonyms
-
Looks like _______________ seems
Ban ____________________ prohibit
Major ___________________ important, primordial, leading, chief (principal, main)
Outlaw ___________________illegalise
Completely _______________ totally, entirely, fully, wholly
Across the region __________from one side of the region to the other
However _________________ yet, still, nevertheless, though (final de oración o posición
intermedia).
Since ____________________because/ as
Surrounding _______________ around
Abuse ____________________ mistreat, misuse
In favour _________________ for
Rivalry ___________________ conflict, antagonism
Including _________________ as well as, together with
Die out __________________ disappear, vanish decline, decay
Dates back ________________ starts
The early 1990s ____________ the beginnings of the nineties
- Hosted ___________________ organised
- More than _________________ over
- Even though _______________ although, though
- Proper ___________________ really
- Actually __________________ in fact, as a matter of fact, indeed, really, truly
54
55
1. Link each of the words/expressions below with a word/expression in the column (as
numbered in the text). Copy the correct pair of words on your answer sheet. [1 mark]
stand out
(1) display and …
(2) struggle and …
(3) sibling and …
(4) gift and …
(5) excel and…
brother or sister
show natural ability fight
2. Reading comprehension
2.1. Choose the best option. Copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet. [0.75
marks]. According to the text,
a) children who are born second usually have problems to find their place in their families and in the
world.
b) in large families, the youngest siblings do not have difficulties to find their place in the family or in
the world.
c) in families with three or more children, the child born in the middle can have problems to find
his/her place in the family.
d) in large families, first-borns have the most difficulties to find their place in the family.
2.2. Choose the best option. Copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet. [0.75
marks]. To help children develop their own identity, parents…
a) … should allow them to decide what the family watches on TV or what they eat at home.
b) … should make it clear that they do not expect the younger children to be like their older siblings.
c) … should encourage the oldest children to transmit their younger siblings their gifts and talents.
d) … should encourage the youngest children to take their oldest sibling(s) as an example to follow.
3. Complete the sentences using information from the text. Do not reproduce phrases from
the text literally, unless this is unavoidable. [2 marks]
a) Oldest or youngest children in a family …
b) Parents can do …
c) Children who can shine …
d) Above all, try not …
4. Complete each gap with one or more adequate words. Do not copy the complete text on
your sheet, only letters (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) followed by the word(s) that you find suitable for
the gap. [1.5 marks]
Praise your middle child ___ (a) the things she does well. Look for the things that make her different
___ (b) her brothers and sisters and encourage her in those areas. Spend at least an ___ (c) a week
with each of your children. Take that child to the park or to a movie: the activity you choose ___ (d)
matter as much as the fact that you are spending one-to-one time with that ___ (e). Finally, don’t
confront children with each other in races, sports ___ (f) other games that encourage
competitiveness.
5. Why do middle children have more difficulties to find their place in the family? You are
expected to draw information from the text, but please use your own words. (25-50 words) [2 marks]
6. Explain the advantages of being an only-child or the oldest child in the family. Express
your own ideas and use your own words. (25-50 words) [2 marks]
56
THE MIDDLE-CHILD SYNDROME
Synonyms
-
Shown ___________________ proved, revealed ( to reveal)
As well as ________________ in addition to, and also
Moms and dads ____________ fathers and mothers
Develop _________________ acquire, make something stronger.
To help their child develop a powerful sense of identity.
To help their child make his sense of identity stronger.
-
For example _______________ For instance
Allow ____________________ permit, enable.
Also _____________________ besides, moreover, furthermore, on top of that, too, in addition.
Gifts _____________________ qualities.
Opportunities _______________ possibilities.
Likely _____________________ possible.
Unique ____________________ matchless.
To encourage _______________ to animate, console, comfort.
Likewise __________________ In the same way, furthermore, moreover, besides, too, also.
Stress (verb) _______________ lay emphasis upon, emphasize.
Vocabulary related to the topic
adoration
affection
agitation
amusement
anger
anguish
annoyance
anxiety
bitterness
contempt
dislike
disappointment
envy
First-born
Succession
Eldest child
Heir
Heiress
To inherit
adoración
afecto
agitación
diversión
cólera, ira
angustia
molestia
ansiedad
amargura
desprecio
aversión
desilusión
envidia
Primogénito
Sucesión
Hijo mayor
Heredero
Heredera
Heredar
excitement
fondness
frustration
gaiety
grief
happiness
hate
homesickness
hope
hopelessness
hostility
The baby of the family
Satisfied
Feeling
Bored ; Weary
Selfish ; Egoistic
Individualistic
entusiasmo
cariño
frustración
alegría
pena
felicidad
odio
nostalgia
esperanza
desesperación
hostilidad
El benjamín/la benjamina
Satisfecho
Sentimiento
Aburrido
Egoísta
Individualistic
57
PRUEBAS DE ACCESO A LA UNIVERSIDAD
BIODIVERSITY AND ITS THREATS
The fragile balance of plants and animals that share (1) the earth took millions of years to develop. Some
life-forms have persisted in nearly (2) their original state, surviving episodes of mass extinction. Some, like
ourselves, are relative outcomers. The ones that have perished (3) will not return. Neither will the thousands
of species that are disappearing each year due in large part to such human influences as habitat destruction,
introduction of invasive species, and overharvesting *. If we continue reducing Earth´s biodiversityat this
rate, the consequences will be profound. The web of life connects (4) the smallest bacterium to the whale.
When we put that web in peril, we become agents of calamity.
Since the development of agriculture some 12,000 years ago, the human population has grown
exponentially. So has Homo Sapiens´ use of the Earth´s resources. Today humans consume or directly use
nearly half the land´s biological production and more than half of all available fresh water.
Humans have long had insatiable appetites and the technology to satisfy them. At present the greatest
threat to Earth´s biodiversity is habitat loss and degradation stemming from ** such activities as commercial
logging *** and fishing. Both (5) are destroying environments and stripping **** them of key species.
Other threats include pollution and invasive human-introduced species.
Loss of habitat not only threatens individual species but also brings more widespread ecological
consequences. In China, for instance, protecting the highland ***** habitat of the panda benefits humans
living at lower elevations: recent floods of unprecedented scale have been attributed to deforested uplands
******.
* overharvesting: (here) the abuse of agriculture.
** stemming from: due to.
*** logging: work of cutting down forest trees for timber.
**** strip of: deprive of, take away from.
***** highlands, uplands: (here) mountainous regions.
Read the preceding text and answer the following questions as specified.
1. Link each of the words or expressions listed below with one word or expression in the column ( as
numbered in the text) ( Share and …) (1mark).
almost
die
have or use in common
the two
link
share(1) and
nearly (2) and
perish (3) and
connect (4) and
both (5) and
58
2. Reading comprehension.
2.1. Choose the best option (0.75 marks). Please copy the complete correct option on your answer shhet.
-
It would be a good idea to protect the highlands where the panda lives, because this
would avoid floods which are dangerous for humans.
In China, the highland panda lives at lower elevations.
It would be a good idea to protect pandas instead of humans.
Recent floods of unprecedented scale have benefited humans living at lower
elevations.
2.2. Choose the best option. (0.75 marks). Please copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet.
-
The main cause of habitat loss is commercial logging.
Habitat loss and degradation are causes of biodiversity.
Habitat loss is the main consequence of degradation.
Habitat loss and degradation can affect Earth´s biodiversity a great deal. They are
threats to it.
3. Complete the sentences using information from the text (2 marks). It is important that phrases from
the text are not reproduced literally, unless this is unavoidable.
a. Biodiversity _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
b. When a species disappears __________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
c. Humans _________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
d. Habitat loss and degradation _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
4. Complete with one or more adequate words (1.5 marks). Do not copy the complete text on your
answer sheet., only the letter-(a),(b),(c),(d),(e),(f)- followed by the word or words that you find
suitable for the gap. It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally.
Since the Swedish botanist Linnaeus (a) _____________________ in the mid 1700s his Systema
Naturae, a system (b) ______________________ classifying living things, taxonomists
(c)_____________________ between 1.5 million (d) _____________________ 1.75 million
species, some 4,500 of them mammals. (e) _____________________ more species have yet to be
named and described (f) ________________________.
5. Which is the principal factor involved in the disappearance of biological species nowadays? (25-50
words) (2 marks). You are expected to draw information from the text, but please use your own
words.
6. From your point of view, what should be done to preserve biodiversity? (25-50 words) (2 marks).
Express your own ideas by using your own words.
59
Synonyms BIODIVERSITY.
-Develop: evolve.
-Persisted: continue, go on.
-Nearly: almost
-Perished: died, extinguished
-Return: come back.
-Disappear:vanish
-Each year: every year
-Due to: because of.
-In large part: partly.
-Such as: like
-Continue: go on
-Reducing: decreasing
-Consequences: effects, results.
- Profound: important, serious, severe.
- Connects: links
- Peril: danger
-Calamity: disaster
-Development: evolution
-Some (L.8): approximately, about, more or less
-Grown: increased.
-Today: these days, at present, nowadays
-More than: over
-Long: for a long time.
-Both…. And: not only….but also
-Widespread: generalised
-For instance: for example
Vocabulary related to the topic
Acid rain _________________ Lluvia ácida
Carbon dioxide ___________ Dióxido de carbono
Chemicals _______________ Productos químicos
Climate change ___________ Cambio climático
Conservation _____________ Conservación
Deforestation _____________ Deforestación
Eco-friendly _____________ Que no daña el medio ambiente
Ecologist ________________ Ecologista
Ecosystem _______________ Ecosistema
Endangered species ________ Especies en peligro
Environment- environmental _ Medio ambiente - medioambiental
Environmentalist __________ Ecologista
Environmentally friendly ____ Que no daña el medio ambiente
Extinction _______________
Extinción
Global warming __________
Calentamiento global, terrestre
Greenhouse effect _________
Efecto invernadero
Noise pollution ___________
Contaminación acústica
Nuclear radiation __________ Radiación nuclear
Ozone layer ______________ Capa de ozono
Pollution/ pollute/ polluting __ Contaminación, contaminar/ contaminante
Radioactive substance/ waste _ Sustancia / residuos radioactivos
Recycle, reuse, reduce ______
Reforestation _____________ Reforestación
Sewage __________________ Aguas residuales
Sewage works _____________ Depuradora
Solar energy
Toxic waste _______________ Residuos tóxicos
Waste separation ___________ Separación de resíduos
Waste disposal _____________ Eliminación de resíduos
Wind power _______________ Energía eólica
To become extinct __________ Extinguirse
To conserve / preserve / protect _ Conservar, mantener en buen estado, proteger
60
PRUEBAS DE ACCESO A LA UNIVERSIDAD
DR. ATKINS’ DIET
Dr. Robert Atkins died on April 17, 2003. He had suffered a severe head injury on April 8 after falling on an icy sidewalk
(1) while walking to work. He was 72.
Atkins first advocated his heterodox weight-loss plan -- which emphasizes meat, eggs and cheese and discourages bread,
rice and fruit – in his 1972 book, ‘ Dr. Atkins’ Diet Revolution ’. Its publication came at a time when the medical establishment
was encouraging (2) a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Most doctors argued that Atkin´s diet could affect kidney function, raise
(3) cholesterol levels and deprive the dieter of important nutrients. Despite (4) this, his book sold 15 million copies, and millions
of people tried the diet. Atkin´s philosophy enjoyed a resurgence in the 1990`s with ‘ Dr. Atkins` New Diet Revolution ’, which
sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.
This year, his approach received some support from half-dozen studies, which showed that people on the Atkins diet lost
weight without endangering their health, and that their overall cholesterol levels changed for the better. Still, many of the
researchers were reluctant to recommend the Atkins diet, saying a large new study now in progress could settle (5) persistent
questions of its long-term effects.
Read the preceding text and answer the following questions as specified.
1. Link each of the words or expressions listed below with one word or expression in the column ( as numbered in the text)
(1mark).
(here) increase
in spite of
(here) resolve
(here) stimulate, support
pavement
sidewalk (1) and
encourage (2) and
raise (3) and
despite (4) and
settle (5) and
2. Reading comprehension.
2.1 Choose the best option (0.75 marks). Please copy the complete correct option on your answer shhet.
-
Dr Atkins died on April 17, 2003. He had suffered a severe offense from a sidewalk.
Dr Atkins died on April 17, 2003, nine days after he had a serious accident.
Dr Atkins died on April 17, 2003. When he died he was walking to work.
Dr Atkins died the day he fell on an icy sidewalk while walking to work.
2.2 Choose the best option. (0.75 marks). Please copy the complete correct option on your answer sheet.
-
Atkins’ first publication was not very successful.
Atkins’ first publication was very successful.
Doctors liked Atkins’ first book. His diet was medically correct.
Doctors recommended Atkins’ first book.
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3. Complete the sentences using information from the text (2 marks). It is important that phrases from the text are not
reproduced literally, unless this is unavoidable.
e.
f.
g.
h.
4.
The medical establishment________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.
According to Atkins ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.
Dr Atkins’ books _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.
The authors of the recent studies ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.
Complete with one or more adequate words (1.5 marks). Do not copy the complete text on your answer sheet.,
only the letter-(a),(b),(c),(d),(e),(f)- followed by the word or words that you find suitable for the gap.
It is important that phrases from the text are not reproduced literally.
_______________ (a) 1973, the American Medical Association said that Atkins’ diet _____________ (b)
very healthy and Congress ordered Atkins to _________________ (c) to the Senate to ____________(d)
his diet. To Atkins, the key dietary problem in obesity was carbohydrates. He ______________ (e)
carbohydrates make some people produce too much insulin, which in turn causes them to ___________(f).
5.
What did Dr Atkins’ diet consist of and how was it received by doctors and by ordinary people ? (25-50 words) (2
marks). You are expected to draw information from the text, but please use your own words.
6.
If you were overweight, would you go on a diet? What would you do? (25-50 words) (2 marks). Express your own ideas
by using your own words.
62
DR. ATKINS´ DIET
Synonyms
-
Severe ______________ serious, important
First ________________ for the first time
Advocated ___________ defended
Emphasizes __________ gives importance to
Discourages _________ gives less importance to
Publication __________ release
Time _______________ moment
Establishment ________ institute, institution, association
Most _______________ the majority of
Affect ______________ alter, change
Deprive _____________ take something away from someone
Despite _____________ in spite of
Resurgence __________ revival
Worldwide __________ all over the world, around the world
Approach ___________ method
Support _____________ approval
Showed _____________ manifested, evidenced
Endangering _________ putting in danger
Overall _____________ total, global
Changed for the better _ improved
Still ________________ yet, nevertheless, however, though ( final de oración y posición intermedia)
Many ______________ a lot of
Reluctant ____________ unwilling ( poco dispuesto a )
Recommend __________ advise, counsel, suggest
Large _______________ big
Persistent ____________ constant, continuous
Effects ______________ consequences, results
Vocabulary related to the topic
-
Eating disorders
Anorexia
Health problems
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4. ANNEX
TENSES: THE PRESENT AND THE PAST
THE PRESENT
Present Simple
Forma
Equivale al presente de indicativo español.
Tiene la misma forma que el infinitivo para todas las personas, excepto para la tercera persona
del singular, que añade generalmente –s.
Afirmativa
I/You/We/They
He /She/It
speak.
speaks.
Negativa
I/You/We/They
He/She/It
don´t speak.
doesn´t speak.
Interrogativa
Do I/you/we/they speak?
Does he/she/it
speak?
Respuestas cortas
Yes, I/you/we/they do.
Yes, he/she/it does.
Interrogativa negativa
Why don´t you give up smoking?
Why do you not give up smoking?
No, I/you/we/they don´t.
No, he/she/it doesn´t.
No olvidemos que don´t y doesn´t son las contracciones de do not y does not respectivamente.
Reglas de ortografía para el present simple
a. Los verbos añaden –s a la tercera persona del singular.
find…….finds
b. Los verbos do y go añaden –es.
do......... does
c. Los verbos acabados en -ss.-sh,-ch,-x,-z añaden –es.
kiss........kisses
brush.....brushes
catch....catches
mix........mixes
buzz.......buzzes ( zumbar)
d. Los verbos acabados en consonante + y cambian la y por i y añaden –es. dry…………dries.
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Uso
a. Para hablar de acciones habituales ( estilos de vida, hábitos, rutina diaria).
Vivianne takes her children to school every day.
Los adverbios de frecuencia acompañan a menudo al present simple en este caso y se colocan
delante del verbo (usually, normally, generally, often, always, seldom, rarely, never, ever,
hardly ever, sometimes, occasionally). . Si se trata de las frases adverbiales every day, now and
then y very often, éstas se colocan al final de la oración.
También se colocan al final de la oración once, twice, three times…a week/month/year, again.
They go to the cinema twice a month.
b. Para hablar de hechos o verdades generales.
The moon turns around the earth.
c. Para hablar de situaciones permanentes.
My father works as a waiter in a hotel.
d. Para hablar de acciones futuras relacionadas con horarios de medios de transporte y del cine,
radio o televisión.
My train leaves at 5.30. /
The film starts at 10.00 pm.
e. Como presente histórico para hablar de hechos acontecidos en el pasado.
Columbus discovers America in 1492.
f. En expresiones como ´How do you spell it? ´ ´What does it mean ?` ´Where do you come
from ?`.
g. En las oraciones subordinadas condicionales del primer tipo.
If you drink too much, you´ll have a headache later.
h. En las oraciones subordinadas temporales, en cuyo caso se traduce por presente de subjuntivo.
I´ll give you a ring when I get home. Te dare un toque por teléfono cuando llegue a casa).
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Present Continuous
Equivale en español a la perífrasis estar (conjugado en presente de indicativo) + gerundio del verbo que se
conjuga.
Forma
Se forma con el presente simple del verbo TO BE + el verbo principal en gerundio.
AFIRMATIVA
I am writing
You/We/They are writing
He/She is writing
NEGATIVA
I´m not writing
You/We/They aren´t writing
He/She isn´t writing
INTERROGATIVA
Am I writing?
Are you/we/they writing?
Is he/she writing?
Recuérdese que podemos contraer las formas del verbo TO BE: I´m, you´re, he´s,etc. y en negativa
exceptuando am not: isn´t y aren´t.
Reglas de ortografía para la forma en –ing (gerundio)
a) Añadimos el sufijo –ing al infinitivo del verbo.
meet ………………………meeting
b) Los verbos terminados en consonante + -e omiten la –e final delante de –ing.
behave…………………….behaving / write……………………..writing
Excepciones:
be……………….being / dye…………………dyeing
c) Los verbos monosilábicos acabados en vocal corta + consonante, excepto X y W, duplican la
Consonante fina delante de –ing.
knit……………..knitting
/
swim………………….. swimming
Si la vocal es doble, no hay duplicación: eat……………eating. / shout ………shouting
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d) Los verbos de dos o tres sílabas que acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante duplican la
la consonante final si el acento recae en la última sílaba.
Occur…………..occurring
Los que reúnen estas características pero llevan el acento en la primera sílaba, no duplican la
consonante: suffer ……………suffering.
e) Los verbos acabados en –ie cambian éstas por y delante de –ing.
lie ………………..lying
f) Los verbos acabados en vocal seguida de –l duplican ésta y añaden –ing en inglés británico
pero no en inglés americano.
Travel……………… travelling.
Uso
1) Para acciones en proceso de realización. Es decir, para acciones que ocurren en el momento de
hablar.
She´s watering the plants now. .
2) Para acciones que están ocurriendo temporalmente, no necesariamente en el momento de hablar.
Tony isn´t playing tennis this year / I´m learning French at the moment.
3)
Para indicar repetición constante de una acción, generalmente con tono de molestia por parte
del hablante. En este caso suele emplearse con el adverbio always (tambíén constantly), que se
colocan delante del verbo en gerundio.
He´s always talking about himself.
4) Para planes futuros que han sido confirmados.
He´s having dinner with us tonight.
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NOTA
El present continuous no se utiliza con los siguientes verbos. Son verbos conectados con los sentidos, el
pensamiento, el deseo, la apariencia y la posesión:
HEAR NOTICE RECOGNISE WANT NEED PREFER LIKE DISLIKE
LOVE HATE SEEM BELONG KNOW MEAN SUPPOSE UNDERSTAND
REALISE BELIEVE FEEL FORGET CARE WISH CONSIST CONTAIN
MATTER REFUSE APPEAR REMEMBER *
THINK* HAVE*.
* REMEMBER ________________ No se usa en tiempo contínuo cuando significa
Tener algún recuerdo de algo
Do you remember our schooldays?
Se usa en tiempo contínuo cuando se refiere a que los
recuerdos están pasado por tu mente en un momento
determinado.
Are you remembering what happened yesterday?
* THINK _________________
No se usa en tiempo contínuo cuando significa creer o
tener opinión de algo.
What do you think of this T-shirt?
Sí se usa en tiempo contínuo cuando significa pensar
I´m thinking about going or not.
* HAVE __________________ No se usa en tiempo contínuo cuando significa tener o
poseer.
I have got a car.
Se usa en tiempo contínuo cuando significa tomar.
I’m having a glass of orange juice for breakfast
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THE PAST
Past Simple
Equivale por lo general en español al pretérito perfecto simple de indicativo o al imperfecto de subjuntivo.
Forma
Afirmativa. Sujeto + verbo en infinitivo sin to terminado en –ed + complementos.
She worked until 8 o´clock last Tuesday.
Si el verbo es irregular, se tiene que usar la forma de cada uno, que corresponde a la
columna de los verbos irregulares.
She lent me some money that I needed.
Negativa. Sujeto + DID + NOT ( DIDN´T) + verbo en infinitivo sin TO + complementos.
She did not work until 8 o´clock last Tuesday.
She did not lend me any money.
Interrogativa. DID + Sujeto + verbo en infinitivo sin TO + complementos.
Did she work until 8 o´clock last Tuesday?
Did she lend me any money?
Interrogativa negativa. DIDN´T + sujeto + verbo en infinitivo sin TO + complementos.
Didn´t she work until 8 o´clock last Tuesday?
Didn´t she lend me any money?
Reglas de ortografía para la –ed del pasado o participio de pasado de los verbos regulares
1. Los verbos acabados en –e, omiten esta vocal delante de –ed.
shave – shaved
live – lived
2. Los verbos monosilábicos acabados en vocal breve + consonante simple duplican la consonante
final delante de –ed.
rub – rubbed
stop - stopped
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3. Los verbos acabados en consonante + y cambian la –y por –i y añaden –ed:
study – studied.
hurry – hurried .
4. Los verbos de dos o más sílabas acabados en vocal breve + consonante simple duplican la consonante
final si el acento cae en la última sílaba.
refer – referred.
5. En el inglés británico, una –l final detrás de una vocal corta siempre se duplica, pero esto no
ocurre en el inglés americano.
travel – travelled.
Uso
1. Acciones pasadas que tuvieron lugar en un momento determinado que se especifica a través de
expresiones de tiempo pasado como yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night, last week, last
month, last year, two years ago, etc.
We went to bed early last night.
2.Con la conjunción WHEN cuando una acción pasada ocurrió después de otra.
When Tom arrived, we had dinner.
Past Continuous
Equivale en español a la perífrasis estar + gerundio en pretérito perfecto simple o pretérito imperfecto (
estuve leyendo / estaba leyendo).
Forma
Igual que el present continuous, pero con el verbo TO BE en Past Simple.
Uso
1. Describir una actividad que estaba ocurriendo en un momento específico del pasado.
At six o´clock I was working in the garden.
2. Una acción pasada que se estaba desarrollando cuando fue interrumpida por otra.
They arrived while we were cooking.
3. Dos acciones que se estaban desarrollando de manera simultánea en el pasado.
I was dusting the chairs while my sister was doing the ironing.
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Present Perfect Simple
Equivale en español al pretérito perfecto compuesto.
Forma
Afirmativa . Sujeto + present simple de TO HAVE ( 3ª persona HAS) + participio de pasado + compl.
I have walked for two hours.
Contracciones: ´ve / ´s.
Negativa. Igual que la afirmativa añadiendo el adverbio de negación NOT detrás de TO HAVE.
Pueden contraerse las formas. HAVEN´T / HASN´T
I have not walked for two hours.
Interrogativa. Igual que la afirmativa invirtiendo el orden sujeto-verbo TO HAVE.
Have you walked for two hours?
Uso
1. Acciones pasadas que tienen alguna repercusión en el presente.
Oh, dear. I ´ve forgotten his name.
2. Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado sin especificar el momento en que sucedieron.
I´ve met your mother in the supermarket.
3. Con los adverbios before, once, twice, several times, que se colocan al final de la oración.
I´ve only been twice.
4. Con el adverbio just, para indicar acciones que se acaban de realizar. Se traduce por la perífrasis
Acabar de + infinitivo en presente de indicativo.
We´ve just come back from London.
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5. Con los siguientes adverbios:
- EVER. Se coloca delante del participio.
Frases interrogativas (alguna vez) Have you ever been to England?
Frases afirmativas (jamás) It´s the worst book I have ever read.
- NEVER. Se coloca delante del participio en frases afirmativas.
I have never been to Egypt, but I´d like to.
- YET. Se coloca al final de oración.
Frases interrogativas (ya). Have you learned the verbs yet?
Frases negativas (todavía) He hasn´t got up yet.
- STILL. Se coloca justo detrás del sujeto.
Frases negativas ( todavía). Se usa para dar énfasis.
I still haven´t found my keys!
- ALREADY. Se coloca delante del participio.
Frases afirmativas. ( ya ) I´ve already done the washing up.
- Con expresiones de tiempo que indican un periodo de tiempo que en el momento de hablar todavía no
se ha completado: today, this week, this month, this year, this morning, etc.
I haven´t done much today.
6.Con las preposiciones FOR y SINCE. Indica en este caso acciones que empezaron en el pasado y
continúan en el presente. Se puede traducir por un presente de indicativo.
FOR significa durante y acompaña a periodos de tiempo: for a week, for two months,
for a fornight, for five years, etc.
SINCE significa desde y acompaña a momentos determinados: since last night, since yesterday,
since 1999, since I was born, since I saw you, etc.
How long have you lived in Cartagena?
I have lived in Cartagena for eleven years.
I have lived in Cartagena since I was six.
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Present Perfect Continuous
Se traduce literalmente.
Forma
Afirmativa. Sujeto + HAVE BEEN ( 3ª persona del singular del present simple: HAS BEEN) + Gerundio
He has been running this morning.
Negativa. Igual, añadiendo el adverbio NOT detrás del verbo TO HAVE.
He has not been running this morning.
Interrogativa. Igual que la afirmativa, pero invirtiendo el orden sujeto-verbo TO HAVE.
Has he been running this morning?
Uso
1. Para expresar durante cuánto tiempo ha estado sucediendo una acción. Suele ir acompañado en este caso
de FOR y SINCE.
We´ve been studying since 9 o´clock.
En este caso se suele traducir por la perífrasis llevar + gerundio en presente de indicativo.
2. Acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que pueden haber acabado recientemente.
You´ve been sleeping all morning.
Past Perfect
Equivale en español al Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto.
Forma
Afirmativa. Sujeto + HAD + PARTICIPIO + Complementos.
We had listened to the song.
Contracción: ´d
Negativa. Añadiendo NOT detrás de HAD.
We had not listened to the song. ( we hadn´t listened to the song)
73
Interrogativa. Invirtiendo el orden sujeto-HAD.
Had we listened to the song?
Uso
1. Indica una acción pasada anterior a otra pasada.
She had had breakfast when I saw her.
2. Con JUST y se traduce por acabar de + infinitivo en pretérito imperfecto de indicativo.
I had just gone out.
Past Perfect Continuous
Es el pasado del Present Perfect Continuous. Lo usamos para decir durante cuánto tiempo había estado
sucediendo algo antes de que otra cosa sucediera.
Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up.
Cuando se usa con FOR o SINCE se traduce por la perífrasis llevar + gerundio en pretérito imperfecto.
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TENSES ………………. Practice
THE PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. Put the verb into the correct tense.
1. Listen! Can you hear all those people next door? They (shout) __________________________
at each other again.
2. I want to lose wait. I (not eat) ________________________ anything today.
3. Why you ( look ) _____________________________________ at me like that?
4. How many cigarettes you (smoke) ____________________________________?
5. The swimming bath ( open ) ______________________ at 9.00 and ( close ) ______________
at 10.30 every day.
6. You ( make) ________________________ a lot of noise. Can you be a bit quieter?
7. ( In the cinema ) It´s a good film, isn´t it? You ( enjoy ) ________________________________it?
8. “ Where your father ( come ) _______________________________________ from? “
“ He ( come ) _____________________________ from Scotland. “
9. I ( play ) ______________________________ the piano, but I (not play) ___________________
very well.
10. If you need money, why you (not get) __________________________________ a job?
11. I have a car but I (not use) ________________________________ it very often.
12. I (not work) ________________________________ this week. I´m on holiday.
13. Please, be quiet. I ( try ) _________________________________ to concentrate.
14. I ( not wear) _________________________ my hat today because it´s very warm.
15. “ What you (do) _______________________________? “
“ I´m engineer”.
THE PAST TENSE
1. Put the correct tense of the verb. Use the PAST SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS.
1. I lit the fire at 6.00 and it ( burn ) ___________________________ brightly when Tom (come)
________________________ in at 7.00.
2.He (not allow) _________________ us to go out as a strong wind (blow) __________________.
3.He was very polite. Whenever his wife entered the room, he (stand) _____________________up.
4. I (watch) _______________________ TV when the phone (ring) _______________________.
I (turn) _____________________ the sound and ( go) ____________________ to answer it.
5. She ( clean) ____________________ her gun when it accidentally (go) _________________off
and (kill) _________________________ her.
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2. Use the PAST SIMPLE or PRESENT PERFECT.
1. “I (not see) _______________________ your aunt recently.” “ No, she (not be)
_________________________ in her house since she (buy) _______________________ her
colour TV.
2. I just (remember) ______________________________ that I (not pay) _____________________
the rent yet.
3. “This is my house”.
“ How long you (live) ________________________ there?”
“ I (live) ________________________ here since 1970.”
4. “ You (be) _____________________________ here before?”
“ Yes, I (spend) ____________________________ my holidays here last year”.
3. Use the PAST SIMPLE or the PAST PERFECT.
1. He (keep) ______________________ at her, wondering where he (see) _____________________
her before.
2. I (think) _______________________ my train (leave) _________________________ at 14.33
and (be) ___________________ very disappointed when I (arrive) ____________________ at the
station at 14.30 and (learn) _____________________ that it just (leave) ___________________.
3. It (be) ____________________ 6 p.m and Jack was tired because he (work) _________________
hard all day.
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PREFIXES
1. UN-
Convierte un adjetivo en su opuesto.
2. OVER- Se traduce por Sobre o Más.
Able __________ Unable.
Charge ________________ Overcharge.
SUFFIXES
1. –FUL
Sirve para convertir un nombre abstracto en un adjetivo. Beauty _______ Beautiful
2. –LESS
Convierte un nombre en un adjetivo. Significa sin o menos. Care _______ Careless
3. – Y
Sirve para convertir un nombre incontable en un adjetivo con el significado de
parecido a o cubierto de. Hair ______________ Hairy.
4. – NESS Convierte un adjetivo en un nombre. Mad _____________ Mandness.
5. –ISH
Sirve para transformar un nombre o adjetivo en adjetivos.
Scotland __________________ Scottish
Child ____________________ Childish
Yellow ___________________ Yellowish
6. –ABLE
Convierte un verbo en un adjetivo.
7. –SHIP
Convierte un nombre en otro abstracto.
Wash ________________ Washable
Fellow ____________________ Fellowship
Dictator ___________________ Dictatorship
8. –HOOD Convierte un nombre en otro abstracto.
Child _____________________ Childhood
Brother ___________________ Brotherhood
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5. PAU SUGGESTIONS
Profª Lourdes Cerezo
Coordinadora PAU Lengua Extranjera: Inglés
Dpto. Filología Inglesa - Facultad de Letras
Campus La Merced - Murcia 30071
T. +34 868 888 797 / [email protected] / http://webs.um.es/lourdesc
PAU
Materia: Lengua Extranjera: Inglés
Para la realización de los ejercicios de la prueba de inglés, se recomienda:
1. Leer el texto, íntegramente.
2. Leer el encabezado de los ejercicios, también íntegramente, para averiguar exactamente
qué se pide en cada uno de ellos. Aunque se supone que ya sabéis qué pide cada ejercicio,
pues habéis practicado durante el curso, es recomendable leer las instrucciones siempre.
3. Realizar los ejercicios en el mismo orden en que aparecen en el examen contribuirá a
una mejor comprensión del texto. Hay que tener en cuenta que sin una adecuada
comprensión del texto es muy difícil realizar la mayor parte de los ejercicios correctamente.
Así pues, aunque respetar el orden de los ejercicios propuestos no es obligatorio, sí es
altamente recomendable.
4. Para el Ejercicio 1, es recomendable que apliquéis vuestros conocimientos léxicos y
gramaticales. Por ejemplo, para averiguar el significado de una determinada palabra, es
aconsejable prestar atención a la propia forma de la palabra. A veces, la palabra en
cuestión puede parecerse a alguna palabra de nuestra lengua materna, y de esa manera
puede averiguarse su significado, aunque sea sólo de manera aproximada.
En este sentido, sin embargo, hay que tener cuidado con los false friends —ya que,
como su nombre indica, son falsos amigos y pueden jugar una mala pasada—. Esto, sin
embargo, no tiene por qué ocurrir en el examen, o en el menor de los casos.
Otra estrategia es tener en cuenta la categoría gramatical (nombre, adjetivo, verbo,
etc.) de las palabras propuestas y de sus sinónimos. Por lo general, suele haber
correspondencia de clase gramatical entre las palabras del texto y los equivalentes
propuestos (excepto, a veces, en el caso de los adverbios, cuyo sinónimo puede ser una
expresión preposicional o de otro tipo, como, por ejemplo, en “legally”: “in accordance with
the law”, “respecting the law”, etc.).
Debéis tener en cuenta que las palabras de la columna están en el mismo orden en
que aparecen en el texto, lo que también os ayudará a localizar el sinónimo adecuado de
entre las palabras/expresiones propuestas. Una vez realizado este ejercicio, podréis utilizar
los sinónimos en los ejercicios de comprensión y expresión escrita en los que se os indica
que no debéis reproducir el texto literalmente. Si realizaseis antes los ejercicios de
comprensión no podríais serviros de la ayuda que proporcionan los sinónimos presentados
en este ejercicio.
78
Profª Lourdes Cerezo
Coordinadora PAU Lengua Extranjera: Inglés
Dpto. Filología Inglesa - Facultad de Letras
Campus La Merced - Murcia 30071
T. +34 868 888 797 / [email protected] / http://webs.um.es/lourdesc
5. Para el Ejercicio 2, es aconsejable releer el texto para decidir cuál de las cuatro opciones
propuestas en cada parte (2.1 y 2.2) es la más adecuada. Una vez hayáis decidido cuál es
la respuesta más adecuada, es necesario copiarla por completo en el cuadernillo.
Únicamente hay que copiar la respuesta correcta en cada caso (2.1 y 2.2).
Por supuesto, lo mejor para seleccionar la respuesta correcta es haber comprendido
el texto. Además, debéis leer detenidamente cada una de las opciones presentadas y
fijaros, por ejemplo, si alguna de ellas contiene información que no se ha dado en el texto,
lo que os ayudará a detectar las opciones incorrectas.
Si hubiere diferencia en la extensión de cada una de las respuestas propuestas, no
debéis dejaros llevar por criterios aleatorios como “la opción más larga es la correcta”, o “la
opción más breve es incorrecta”, etc.
6. En el Ejercicio 3, recordad que las oraciones deben ser completadas con información del
texto pero con vuestras propias palabras, en la medida en que esto sea posible. No se trata
de no repetir ninguna palabra del texto en vuestra respuesta, sino de proponer una oración
en la que queden patentes vuestros propios recursos lingüísticos.
En este ejercicio, conviene localizar la parte del texto a la que se refiere el comienzo
de cada oración propuesta (a-d), comprender bien esa parte y pensar en la mejor manera
de completar la oración en un inglés lo más correcto posible, desde el punto de vista
léxicogramatical,
sin contradecir la información del texto.
Habéis de recordar que el ejercicio pide completar cada opción formando una
oración completa. Una oración no es tal si no se incluye un verbo. Las oraciones sin verbo
no se contarán como tales, por lo que obtendríais 0 puntos en cada respuesta de este tipo.
7. Ejercicio 4: Se trata de completar cada uno de los huecos del texto con la palabra
correcta o, al menos, una palabra adecuada. Se entiende por “palabra correcta” la palabra
que originalmente ocupaba el lugar del hueco antes de su manipulación para la elaboración
del ejercicio. Se entiende por “palabra adecuada” cualquier otra palabra que, no siendo la
que originalmente contenía el texto en ese hueco, puede utilizarse para completarlo por ser
semántica y estructuralmente compatible con la “palabra correcta”. Tanto la palabra
correcta como cualquier otra palabra compatible o adecuada serán aceptadas en el proceso
de corrección y evaluación del examen.
Para la realización de este ejercicio es recomendable, en primer lugar, leer el
fragmento completo. Seguidamente, releer oración por oración, deteniéndose
especialmente en aquéllas oraciones que contengan un hueco para completar. En éstas,
habéis de prestar especial atención a las palabras que preceden y siguen al hueco, y
determinar con cuáles de esas palabras está más directamente relacionado el hueco, en
cuanto al significado y, muy especialmente, en lo que a la sintaxis se refiere.
Ejemplo:
79
Profª Lourdes Cerezo
Coordinadora PAU Lengua Extranjera: Inglés
Dpto. Filología Inglesa - Facultad de Letras
Campus La Merced - Murcia 30071
T. +34 868 888 797 / [email protected] / http://webs.um.es/lourdesc
Environmental Concerns
Earth is the only (0) ... we know of in the universe that can support human life. (1) ..., human
activities are making the planet less fit to live on. As the western world (2) ... on consuming twothirds
of the world's resources while half of the world's population do so (3) ... to stay alive we are
rapidly destroying the (4) ... resource we have by which all people can survive and prosper.
Everywhere fertile soil is (5) ... built on or washed into the sea…
En el hueco 0, la palabra que habéis de proporcionar va ligada, por así decirlo, a la palabra
anterior, “only”. La respuesta correcta es “place”. Una respuesta adecuada puede ser
también “planet”. En el segundo hueco, separado del resto de la oración por un signo de
puntuación (“,”), la palabra que lo completa tiene cierta independencia de lo que sigue en
el texto (debido a la coma), por lo que hay que pensar qué tipo de palabra,
gramaticalmente hablando, encajaría en ese hueco (sustantivo, preposición, conjunción,
etc.). En este caso, la opción correcta es “However”, etc.
8. Ejercicio 5: En este ejercicio, la redacción está basada en la comprensión del texto. Es
decir, hay que responder a la pregunta formulada con información del texto, pero utilizando
vuestras propias palabras. En cierto modo, este ejercicio es una variante más libre del
Ejercicio 3, con la diferencia de que la extensión de vuestra respuesta también debe ser
mayor (entre 25 y 50 palabras).
9. Ejercicio 6. En este caso, la redacción es totalmente libre: habéis de responder a la
pregunta formulada con la información que consideréis oportuna, sin tener en ningún caso
que relacionar vuestra respuesta con la información del texto. De hecho, se valora
especialmente en la corrección de este ejercicio que os “alejéis” del texto lo máximo posible
y proporcionéis una respuesta lo más personalizada posible.
10. Finalmente, para cualquier ejercicio que requiera producción lingüística, es preciso
recordar que una prueba de acceso a la universidad es una situación relativamente formal,
por lo que no es conveniente utilizar expresiones lingüísticas pertenecientes al registro
(demasiado) informal, coloquial o familiar. Por ejemplo, no utilizar “gonna”, sino “going to”,
no abusar de las contracciones, etc.
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